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Protozoonların Sınıflandırması.Pdf TAKSONOMİ - SINIFLANDIRMA Canlılar, belirli kurallarla sınıflandırılır Yeni tür tanımlanması, mevcut türlerin taksonomik yerinin değişmesi vb. nedenle sınıflandırma sürekli değişir Canlı, çekirdek zarı olup - olmamasına göre, Prokaryot ve Ökaryot Belli bir hücresel yapıya sahip olmayan virus ve viroidler bu gruba girmez, tümü parazit Prokaryotlar (Monera) bitkisel kökenli (Bakteri, mavi-yeşil algler) Ökaryotlardan ise protozoa ve metazoalar önemli Alan (Domain) Evren (Alem, Kingdom, Regnum), Alt evren (Subregnum), Şube (Kök, Filum= Phylum), Altşube (Subphylum), Üstsınıf (Superclass), Sınıf (Class), Altsınıf (Subclass), Takım (Order, Ordo), Alttakım, Takımaltı (Subordo, Suborder), Üst aile (Superfamily), Aile (Familia), Alt Aile (Subfamily), Cins (Genus), Alt cins (Subgenus) Tür (Species) Alttür (Subspecies) Natura - Doğa Mundus - Fiziksel dünya Naturalia – Canlılar Biota, Vitae Domain Eukaryota Bikonta Excavata Metamonada Trichozoa Filum Parabasalia Sınıf Tritrichomonadea Takım Tritrichomonadida Aile Dientamoebidae Alt aile Protrichomonadinae Cins Histomonas Tür Histomonas meleagridis ANİMALİA ALT EVREN: PROTOZOA Tek hücreli, en gelişmiş canlı, Vücut değişken, sitoplazma ve çekirdekli Hücre içi organeller gelişmiş Hareket organelleri ve üreme karışık Çoğunlukla hücre içi parazit Beslenme ozmoz, fagositoz, pinositoz yoluyla Sindirim artığı genellikle amonyak Protozoa - Protista Şube: Sarcomastigophora – Mastigophora, Opalinata, Sarcodina Şube: Apicomlexa Şube. Ciliophora – Postciliopdesmatophora, Rhabdophora, Crytophora Şube: Myxozoa Şube: Ascetospora Şube:Microspora http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQBE94x5TfE 1.Şube SARCOMASTİGOPHORA Çekirdek tek tip, eşeyli üreme varsa singami şeklinde Hareket organeli kamçı, yalancı ayak, bazen ikisi Alt Şube 1: MASTİGOPHORA Trofozoitlerde bir / daha fazla kamçı Eşeysiz üreme simetrik, ikiye bölünme Bazı türlerde eşeyli üreme var Sınıf 1: Zoomastigophora Kloroplast yok, bir / daha fazla kamçı var, bazen ameboid formlar görülür. Cinsiyet var - yok 7 önemli takım Takım 1. Proteromonadida Takım 2. Retortomonadida Takım 3. Trichomonadida Takım 4. Oxymonodida Takım 5. Diplomonodida Alttakım: Enteromonadida, Diplomonadina Takım 6. Hypermastigida Alttakım 1. Lophomonadida Alttakım 2. Trichonymphina Alttakım 3. Spirotrichonymphina Takım 7. Kinetoplastida Alttakım: Bodonina, Trypanosomatina Takım 1. Proteromonadiada 1 - 2 çift kamçılı, kinetoplastsız, golgi ve kist dönemi var, tümü parazit Cins: Karatomorpha, Preteromonas Takım 2. Retortomonadida 2- 6 kamçılı (biri arkaya döner), fibrille sınırlanmış ventralde sitostomal bölgeyle ilgili, golgi ve mitokondri yok, kist dönemi var Cins: Chilomastix, Retortamonas Takım 3. Trichomonadida Parabazal cisim var, mitokondri yok, tek çekirdekli , 4-6 kamçılı, eşeyli üreme ve kist dönemi yok. Tümü parazit Cins: Dientamoeba, Histomonas, Trichomonas Monocercomonas Takım 4. Oxymonodida Bir - fazla çekirdek, her biri 4 kamçılı, Bir / daha fazla aksositil Golgi, mitokondri yok, bazılarında kist ve eşeyli üreme Tümü parazit Cins: Monocercomonas, Oxymonas Tak.5. Diplomonodida 1-2 karyomastigont, her bir mastigont (kamçı, kinetozom ve diğer organellerin oluşturduğu yapı) 1-4 kamçılı, tipik olarak biri arkaya döner Mitokondri, golgi yok. Kist dönemi var, özgür /parazit Alttakım 1. Enteromonadida 1- 4 kamçı, Kamçı sayısı birden fazlaysa biri arkaya döner. Tümü parazit Cins: Enteromonas, Trimitus Alttakım 2. Diplomonadina 2 çekirdekli, vücut simetrik, her bir mastigont (kamçı, kinetozom ve diğer organellerin oluşturduğu yapı) biri arkaya dönen 4 kamçılı. mikrotübüller var, Özgür - parazit Cins: Giardia, Hexamita Takım 6. Hypermastigida Birçok kamçı ve parabazal cisim var. Kamçı taşıyan kinetozomlar tam / kısmi daire üzerinde, plaklar içinde veya boyuna / spiral şekilde dağılmış. Tek çekirdekli, mitokondri yok, iğ iplikçikleri çekirdek dışında. Bazılarında kist ve eşeyli üreme Tümü parazit Alttakım 1. Lophomonadida Çekirdek dışı organeller düzenli, bölünme sırasında tüm eski yapılar kaybolur, gençlerde yeniden oluşur Cins: Lophomonas, Microjoenia Alttakım 2. Trichonymphina: Vücut, ön rostral (gagaya benzer), arka postrostral bölgeye ayrılır. 2- 4 mastigont sistemi var. Bölünmede mastigont sistemi eşit şekilde ikiye ayrılır, yeni sistem oluştuğunda eski yapılar kısmen - tamamen korunur. Cins: Barbulanympha, Trichonympha Alttakım 3. Spirotrichonymphina Flagellar bant, ön uçta başlar ve vücut etrafında spiral şekilde döner. Cins: Spirotrichonympha Takım 7. Kinetoplastida Cepten 1-2 kamçı çıkar, kamçı tipik, aksoneme paralel ve aksiyal çubuklu Tek mitokondri vücut boyunca uzanır ve kinetozomlara yakın bölgede bulunan ve DNA içeren kinetoplastla birlikte Golgi cisimleri kamçı cepleri bölgesinde. Çoğu parazit, bazıları özgür Alttakım 1. Bodonina: Tipik olarak eşit olmayan 2 kamçının biri öne, diğeri arkaya gider, dalgalı zar yok. Özgür - parazit Cins: Bodo, Cryptobia, Rhynchomonas Alttakım 2. Trypanosomatina Serbest veya dalgalı zarla vücuda bağlı tek kamçı Kinetoplast çok küçük, Tümü parazit Cins: Leptomonas, Crithidia, Leishmania,Trypanosoma ALT ŞUBE 2. OPALİNATA Hareket kirpiklerle Kirpikler kinetozomların ön tarafından çıkar, vücudu oblik sıralar gibi örter. Sitostom yok. Enine, ikiye bölünerek çoğalır, bölünme simetrik. Tümü parazit Sınıf 1. Opalinatea: Alt şubenin özelliklerini taşır Takım Openilida: Alt şubenin özelliklerini taşır Cins: Opalina, Protoopalina, Cepedea ALT ŞUBE 3. SARCODİNA Yalancı ayak / protoplazmik akımla hareket eder. Bazı cinslerde (Naegleria) kamçılı dönem var, ancak bunlar gelişme dönemlerine özgü. Çoğalma eşeysiz ve ikiye bölünmeyle, Çoğu özgür Üst sınıf: Rhizopoda: Hareket özgür türlerde yalancı ayaklarla, parazitlerde protoplazmik akımla Sınıf: Lobosea: Tek çekirdekli, yalancı ayaklar lobut gibi Takım 1. Amoebida: Tipik, tek çekirdekli mitokondri var, kamçılı dönem yok, genellikle eşeysiz ürer Alttakım 1. Tubulina Vücut dallı-dalsız silindir şeklinde Cins: Entemoeba, Iodomoeba, Endolimax Alttakım 2. Acanthapodina Ayaklar ince uçlu, Kist formları var. Cins: Acanthomoeba Takım 2. Schizopyrenida Vücut silindir gibi, tek çekirdekli, türlerin çoğunda kamçılı dönem var Cins: Naegleria Sınıf 2. Mycetozoea: Tek - çok hücreli, plasmodium benzeri, bitkilerde zorunlu hücre içi parazit. Plasmodiophorida takımı önemli Spongospora subterranea ŞUBE 2. APİCOMPLEXA Bazı dönemlerde apikal kompleks (polar halka, mikronem, roptri, subpelliküler tübüller, konoid) var. Çoğu mikropora sahip Bazı mikrogametler hariç, kamçı, kirpik yok Hepsi parazit, singamiyle çoğalır Sınıf: Sporozoasida Konoid varsa, koni şeklinde. Üreme, birbirini izleyen, eşeyli ve eşeysiz şekilde. Ookistler, enfektif sporozoit içerir. Erginler, vücudun bükülmesiyle hareket eder (kayma har.) Kamçı, bazı gruplarda mikrogametlerde var. Yalancı ayak yok, olsa dahi beslenme amacıyla kullanılır Apicomplexa örnekleri Altsınıf 1. Gregarinasina Olgun gamontlar büyük ve ekstra sellüler Gametler izogamik yapıda Zigotlar, ookistleri gametosit içinde oluşturur Omurgasız, sindirim kan. / vücut boş.da yaşar Takım 1. Archigregarinorida Biyolojide gametogoni, merogoni, sporogoni görülür Annelida, hemikordata ve mantolu hayvanlarda görülür Takım 2. Eugregarinorida Merogoni yok, Gametogoni, sporogoni var Artropod ve Annelid parazitleri Blastogregarinorina, Aseptatorina Septatorina , 3 alt takım Çok sayıda cins, tür. Nematopsis sp. (sucul kabuklu) Takım 3. Neogregarinorida Böceklerde yaşar. Alt sınıf 2. Coccidiasina Olgun gamontlar küçük ve intrasellüler. Sizigi çoğunlukla yok Biyoloji, tipik olarak şizogoni, gametogoni ve sporogoni şeklinde Takım 1. Agamococcidiorida Merogoni ve gametogoni yok Takım 2. Protococcidiorida Merogoni yok, omurgasızlarda parazit Takım 3. Eucoccidiorida Merogoni var, omurgalı /omurgasızlarda parazit Alt takım 1. Adeleorina Mikrogamont, 1-4 mikrogamet oluşturur Sporozoitler zarfla kaplı Cins: Adelea, Haemogregarina, Klossiella Alttakım 2. Eimeriorina Makro -mikrogamont çok sayıda gamet oluşturur Zigot hareketsiz Sporozoitler, ookist içinde sporokistlerle çevrili Cins: Eimeria, Isospora, Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Eimeria sp. Alt Takım 3. Haemospororina Makro, mikrogamet bağımsız Konoid yok Mikrogamont, kamçılı 8 mikrogamet oluşturur Zigot hareketli, esnek (ookinet) Sporozoit çıplak, Arakonaklı gelişir, Merogoni omurgalı, sporogoni omurgasızda Kan emici vektörlerle taşınır Cins: Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium Alt sınıf 3: Piroplasmasina Armudumsu, yuvarlak, çomak şeklinde veya ameboid Konoid, ookist, spor, kisti yok Kamçı ve subpelliküler mikrotübül yok Polar halka, rhoptri var Merogoni omurgalılarda, sporogoni omugasızlarda Sporozoitler tek zarla çevrili. Vektörü keneler Cins: Babesia, Theileria ŞUBE 3: ASCETOSPORA Sporu tek - çok hücreli, bir - daha fazla sporoplazma, polar kapsülsüz ve flamentsiz Omurgasızlarda parazit Stellatospora, Occlusporosomes sınıfını kapsar. ŞUBE 4: MYXOZOA Tümü parazit Bir - fazla polar kapsül, sporoplazma, sporları multisellüler orijinli Sınıf 1. Myxosporoea Sporlar 1-2 sporoplazmalı, 1-6 (tipik 2) polar kapsüllü Trofozoitleri gelişmiş, çoğalma bu dönemde Balık ve soğuk kanlılarda Takım 1. Bivalvulida: Spor duvarı 2 valfli Alttakım 1. Bipolarina: Polar kapsülller sporun zıt uçlarında yerleşmiş Balık, Myxidium, Sphaeromyxa cinsi Alt Tak. 2. Eurysporina Sporlar 2-4 polar kapsüllü Balıklarda parazitlenen Ceratomyxa, Sphaerospora cinsi önemli S Sphaerospora Alt tak. 3. Platysporina Bir uçta (kaynaşma yeri) 2 polar kapsüllü sporları var Polar kapsül eğer tek değilse, sporlar bilateral simetrik Balıklarda Myxobolus (Myxosoma), Henneguya, Thelohanellus cinsi
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