1277

Acknowledgements Acknowl.

A.1 The Properties of Light by Helen Wächter, Markus W. Sigrist by Richard Haglund The authors thank a number of coworkers for their The author thanks Prof. Emil Wolf for helpful discus- valuable input, notably R. Bartlome, Dr. C. Fischer, sions, and gratefully acknowledges the financial support D. Marinov, Dr. J. Rey, M. Stahel, and Dr. D. Vogler. of a Senior Scientist Award from the Alexander von The financial support by the Swiss National Science Humboldt Foundation and of the Medical Free-Electron Foundation and ETH Zurich for the isotopomer studies Laser program of the Department of Defense (Con- is gratefully acknowledged. tract F49620-01-1-0429) during the preparation of this chapter. by Jürgen Helmcke In writing the chapter on frequency-stabilized lasers, A.4 Nonlinear Optics the author has greatly benefited from fruitful coopera- by Aleksei Zheltikov, Anne L’Huillier, Ferenc Krausz tion and helpful discussions with his colleagues at PTB, We acknowledge the support of the European Com- in particular with Drs. Fritz Riehle, Harald Schnatz, munity’s Human Potential Programme under contract Uwe Sterr, and Harald Telle. Special thanks belong to HPRN-CT-2000-00133 (ATTO) and the Swedish Sci- Dr. Fritz Riehle for his careful and critical reading of the ence Council. manuscript. Part of the work discussed in this chapter was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft A.5 Optical Materials and Their Properties (DFG) under SFB 407. by Klaus Bonrad The author of Sect. 5.9.2 is grateful to Dr. Thomas C.12 Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Däubler, Dr. Dirk Hertel, and Dr. Frank Vogesfor fruitful Linear Properties, Manipulation, and stimulating discussions. Generation and Measurement by Matthias Wollenhaupt, Andreas Assion, C.11 Lasers and Coherent Light Sources Thomas Baumert by Gerd Marowsky, Uwe Brinkmann Finally the authors would like to acknowledge Marc As well as the acknowledgements mentioned in the foot- Winter for help in preparing various figures and like notes within the text, we would like to acknowledge to thank Andrea Klumpp as well as Marc Winter for very helpful discussions with A. Borisov, A. Görtler, carefully proofreading the manuscript. J. Ihlemann, R. Pätzel and C. Peth. The patient assis- tance of T. Eggers and J. Jethwa is greatly appreciated D.13 Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques as their support has been central to the edited version by Sune Svanberg of the text. The part Beam Characterization of Excimer The author gratefully acknowledges a most stimulat- Lasers is based upon a contribution from K. Mann and ing collaboration with a large number of colleagues and coworkers, Laserlaboratorium Göttingen. The part UV graduate students in the field of laser-based remote sens- Femtosecond Material Processing is based on a contri- ing. This work was supported by the Swedish Space bution from P. Simon and coworkers, Laserlaboratorium Board, the Swedish Natural Sciences Research Coun- Göttingen. The part High-Intensity UV Femtosecond cil, the FORMAS Research Council, the Knut and Alice Studies is based on a contribution from C. K. Rhodes Wallenberg Foundation and the European Community and coworkers from the University of Chicago, Illinois. within the EUREKA-LASFLEUR (EU380), and the The part 13.5nmTechnology is based on a contribution Access to Large Scale Facility/Research Infrastructure from U. Stamm and coworkers, XTREME technologies, programmes. Göttingen and Jena, Germany. D.16 Optics far Beyond the Diffraction Limit: by Dennis Lo† Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy This work was supported in part by RGC Earmarked by Stefan W. Hell Research Grant of the Hong Kong SAR Government The results summarized in this chapter have been accom- CUHK 4366/99E, and CUHK 4233/03E. plished by collaborative research within the department. 1278 Acknowledgements

Acknowl. We thank M. Bossi and R. Medda for preparation of samples, and A. Schönle, C. Eggeling and V. Westphal for valuable discussions.

D.20 Holography and Optical Storage by Mirco Imlau, Martin Fally The authors acknowledge financial support by the Austrian Science Fund (P-15642) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Mirco Imlau is indebted for a visiting professorship with the University of Vienna that considerably facilitated this work. We thank Romano Rupp for valuable comments and remarks. 1279

About the Authors

Andreas Assion Chapter C.12 Authors Femtolasers Produktions GmbH Andreas Assion joined Femtolasers in January of 2005. Prior to joining Femtolasers, Vienna, Austria he worked with ultrafast lasers on the observation and control of quantum optical [email protected] phenomena in atoms and molecules. He earned his diploma and doctorate studying molecular dynamical effects, including coherent control of complex molecules. After a post-doctoral position with the German Space Agency, he completed his Habilitation 2004.

Thomas E. Bauer Chapter A.5,Sect.5.7

JENOPTIK Polymer Systems GmbH Thomas Bauer is a physicist working at Jenoptik Polymer Systems GmbH (former Coating Department WAHL optoparts) as head of coating department. His main areas of interest are plastic Triptis, Germany optics in general and coating of plastic optics in particular. [email protected]

Thomas Baumert Chapter C.12

Universität Kassel Professor Baumert received is Ph.D. with Prof. Gerber, University of Institut für Physik Freiburg, Germany in 1992. Further positions in his carreer were: Kassel, Germany 1992–1993, post doc with Prof. Zewail, Caltech, Pasadena; 1993–1997, [email protected] “Habilitation”, University of Würzburg, Germany; 1998–1999, head of LIDAR group, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany; 1999 Full Professor of Experimental Physics at University of Kassel, Germany. His research area: Femtosecond spectroscopy and ultrafast laser control of matter. Awards: Gödecke thesis award (1992), Heisenberg-Scholarship of DFG (1997–1998), Philip-Morris-Award (2000).

Dietrich Bertram Chapter C.10

Philips Lighting Prior to joining the CTO office at Philips Lighting as technical officer Aachen, Germany solid-state lighting, Dietrich Bertram headed a project on LED light [email protected] sources at Philips Research. His background education is physics, where he obtained a masters degree at Marburg University in epitaxy of III-V materials and a Ph.D. from the Max-Planck Institute of Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.

Klaus Bonrad Chapter A.5,Sects.5.9.2, 5.10

Schott Spezialglas AG Klaus Bonrad studied chemistry in Darmstadt and received his Ph.D. in Mainz at Division Luminescence Technology the Max-Planck-Institute of Polymer Research for synthesis and characterisation of Mainz, Germany electrooptical macrocycles. After a post-doc position at Virginia Polytechnic Institute [email protected] and State University in Blacksburg/USA he worked for IBM and SCHOTT Spezialglas AG in the field of organic light emitting diodes developing large area displays in Mainz.

Matthias Born Chapter C.10

Philips Research Laboratories Aachen Matthias Born is a physicist and joined Philips Research Aachen, Germany, in 1992. Aachen, Germany He is leading several projects about plasma physics and diagnostics of gas discharges [email protected] with a major topic on mercury-free lamps for general and automotive lighting appli- cations. He is also working as a professor for physics at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf. 1280 About the Authors

Annette Borsutzky Chapter C.11,Sect.11.9

Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Annette Borsutzky studied physics in Bielefeld and Hannover, Fachbereich Physik Germany, where she received in 1992 her Dr. rer. nat. working on Kaiserslautern, Germany nonlinear frequency mixing in crystals and gases. Joining the university [email protected] of Kaiserslautern studies of optical parametric oscillators, diode- pumped solid state lasers as well as the characterization of new Authors nonlinear and laser active materials are at the center of her work.

Hans Brand Chapter C.11,Sect.11.4

Friedrich-Alexander-University of Hans Brand received the degrees Dipl.-Ing. in 1956, Dr.-Ing in 1962 and Erlangen-Nürnberg LHFT Dr.-Ing. habil. in 1962 at the RWTH Aachen, Germany. In 1969 he Department of Electrical, Electronic became professor at the Chair for Microwave Engineering at the FAU and Communication Engineering Erlangen, Germany. His main fields of research are microwaves, Erlangen, Germany [email protected] millimeter wave and terahertz components and systems as well as gas laser and infrared laser technology. In 1996 he became Fellow of the IEEE. He is emeritus since 1998.

Robert P. Breault Chapter B.7

Breault Research Organization, Inc. Robert P. Breault is the Chairman and founder of the Breault Research Organization. Tucson, AZ, USA He works on stray light analysis and suppression. He is the author of the APART stray [email protected] light analysis program, used to analyze the Hubble telescope and many others. He received the B.S. in mathematics from Yale University, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in optical sciences from the University of Arizona. He is a fellow of SPIE and founder and Co-chairman of the Arizona Optics Industry Association.

Matthias Brinkmann Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1, 5.1.9, 5.10

University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Dr. Brinkmann is a professor of optical engineering at the University of Applied Mathematics and Natural Sciences Sciences Darmstadt, Germany. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in Physics from the Darmstadt, Germany Ruhr-Universität Bochum,Germany in 1997 for his work on high-temperature [email protected] superconductors. Prior to joining the University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, he worked as a staff scientist and research manager at Schott Glas corporate research in Mainz, Germany. His main scientific focus covered thermal material properties of glass and microstructured optical glass for photonic applications. His current research activities include integrated waveguide optics and diffractive microoptics for various Photonic applications.

Uwe Brinkmann Chapter C.11,Sect.11.7

Bovenden, Germany Uwe Brinkmann obtained his education in physics at the universities [email protected] Munich, Heidelberg, Hannover, and worked in laser research at the Universität Cologne before joining Lambda Physik, Göttingen, as Head of Research and Development. Since 1988 self-employed, he edited the German periodical Laser und Optoelektronik over 20 years and is a contributing editor to Laser Focus World since 1987.

Robert Brunner Chapter B.8,Sect.8.1

Carl Zeiss AG Robert Brunner graduated from the University of Ulm in 1994 and Central Research and Technology received his Ph.D. degree in the field of near-field optical microscopy. Jena, Germany Since 1998 he works at the Research Center of Carl Zeiss, where he is [email protected] the responsible Lab Manager for microstructured optics. His current research interests are hybrid diffractive/refractive optics, subwavelength structures, refractive microoptics, and high resolution optics. About the Authors 1281

Geoffrey W. Burr Chapter D.20

IBM Almaden Research Center Geoffrey W. Burr received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering (EE) and B.A. in Greek San Jose, CA Classics from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1991. That year Eta [email protected] Kappa Nu selected him as the Alton B. Zerby Outstanding EE Senior in the U.S. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1993 and 1996, respectively, under the supervision of Professor

Demetri Psaltis. Since that time, Dr. Burr has worked at the IBM Almaden Research Authors Center in San Jose, California, where he is currently a Research Staff Member. He has worked extensively in holographic data storage, volume holography, signal processing and systems tradeoffs in data storage, and optical information processing. Dr. Burr’s current research interests also include nanophotonics, numerical modeling for design optimization, and phase-change nonvolatile memory. He is a member of SPIE, OSA, IEEE, Eta Kappa Nu, and Tau Beta Pi.

Karsten Buse Chapter A.5,Sects.5.9.3

University of Bonn Karsten Buse received his Ph.D. from the University of Osnabrück, Germany. Institute of Physics Since 2000 he is holding the Heinrich Hertz professorship for physics at the Bonn, Germany University of Bonn. His research focus is on nonlinear-optical and photosensitive [email protected] dielectric materials like nonlinear and photorefractive crystals. He authored and co-authored more than 150 publications and more than 20 patents in this field.

Carol Click Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1.2, 5.1.3, 5.10

Schott North America Dr. Click received her Ph.D. from the University of Missouri – Rolla in Regional Research and Development ceramic engineering focused in contamination in phosphate laser Duryea, PA, USA glasses. She is now involved in the research and development necessary [email protected] to commercialize Schott’s inorganic low-temperature reactive bonding technology for producing light-weighted Zerodur optics and precision optical components.

Mark J. Davis Chapter A.5,Sects.5.5, 5.10

Schott North America Mark Davis earned his Ph.D. in Geology from Yale University in 1996, focusing on Regional Research and Development the kinetics of nucleation in glass-forming melts and related topics. Since then, his Duryea, PA, USA research has centred on the development of new glass-ceramic materials for a range of [email protected] applications, in addition to continued efforts towards a more fundamental understanding of crystallization processes.

Wolfgang Demtröder Chapter D.13,Sects.13.1, 13.2

TU Kaiserslautern Wolfgang Demtröder studied Physics, Mathematics and Science of Music at the Department of Physics Universities of Münster, Tübingen and Bonn. He received his Ph.D. in 1961 with Kaiserslautern, Germany Prof. Paul in Bonn. He was research assistant in Freiburg, visiting fellow at JILA in [email protected] Boulder, Colorado and since 1970 he is Professor of Physics at the University of Kaiserslautern, and visiting Professor at the Universities at Stanford (USA), Kobe (Japan), New South Wales in Sydney (Australia) and at the Technical University in Lausanne (Switzerland). His fields of research are high resolution laser spectroscopy of molecules and metal-clusters, time resolved spectroscopy, spectroscopy of collision processes. He received the Max Born Prize in 1994 and the Heisenberg Medal 2001. 1282 About the Authors

Henrik Ehlers Chapter A.6

Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. Henrik Ehlers is working in the field of optical thin films. He studied Department of Thin Film Technology physics in Hannover, Germany, and is currently head of the Process Hannover, Germany Development Group in the department of Thin Film Technology at the [email protected] Laser Zentrum Hannover. The focus of the group is on R&D in modern deposition processes, in situ process monitoring, and advanced process Authors automation.

Rainer Engelbrecht Chapter C.11,Sect.11.4

Friedrich-Alexander-University of Rainer Engelbrecht studied electrical engineering at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen-Nürnberg and received his diploma and Dr. degree in 1995 Department of Electrical, Electronic and and 2001, respectively. The doctoral thesis was on gas analysis in CO2 Communication Engineering lasers by diode laser spectroscopy. His current research fields are Erlangen, Germany [email protected] nonlinear fiber optics, Raman fiber lasers and low-noise photo receivers.

Martin Fally Chapter D.20,Sect.20.1

University of Vienna Martin Fally earned both his Ph.D. in physics (1996) and his habilitation in solid-state Faculty of Physics, Department for physics (2003) from the Vienna University, Austria. Since then he is Associate Experimental Physics Professor at the Department for Experimental Physics. In 2003–2004 he held Vienna, Austria a Mercator Visiting- Professorship at the University of Osnabrück, Germany. He [email protected] authored or co-authored more than 40 publications in the fields of structural phase transitions (experimental and theoretical), quasi one-dimensional systems (theoretical), neutron-scattering, neutron-diffraction, photorefractive materials, holographic scattering (experimental and theoretical). In 2001 he was awarded the Prize of the City of Vienna for research in natural sciences.

Yun-Hsing Fan Chapter A.5,Sects.5.3, 5.10

University of Central Florida Ms. Yun-Hsing Fan is currently a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Optics/CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics University of Central Florida. Her current research is to develop novel electronic Orlando, USA liquid crystal (LC) lenses and fast-response infrared phase modulators for optical [email protected] communications. Her future work will focus on polarization-independent LC lens and fast switching polymer-network LC modulators for far-infrared and visible regions.

Enrico Geißler Chapter B.8,Sect.8.2

Carl Zeiss AG Enrico Geißler completed his studies of electrical engineering at the Central Research and Technology University of Applied Sciences Jena, Germany, in 1998. Since Jena, Germany graduation he has been at the Research Center of Carl Zeiss, where he is [email protected] currently Senior Scientist for Digital Visualization Systems. His current research interests are spatial light modulators and MEMS.

Ajoy Ghatak Chapter B.8,Sect.8.7

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Ajoy Ghatak has published more than 170 research papers in Physics Department international journals and is the co-author (with Professor Thyagarajan) New Delhi, India of six books. He is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA) [email protected] and is the recipient of the 2003 OSA Esther Hoffman Beller award, the International Commission for Optics Galileo Galilei award and the CSIR S.S. Bhatnagar award. His areas of interests are fiber optics and quantum mechanics. About the Authors 1283

Alexander Goushcha Chapter B.9

SEMICOA Dr. Alexander Goushcha (aka Gushcha) is a Chief Scientist and CTO at SEMICOA, Costa Mesa, CA, USA a California-based manufacturer of high-reliability silicon transistors and [email protected] optoelectronics. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in Physics from the Institute for Physics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv (Ukraine). He has been working in the fields of semiconductor physics and technology, biophysics and molecular

electronics, and nonlinear optics at the Institute for Physics, Kyiv, Ukraine, MPI Authors Strahlenchemie, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany, and UC Riverside, CA. Dr. Goushcha is the author of about 100 technical papers in referred journals and holds 10 patents and patent applications.

Daniel Grischkowsky Chapter D.17

Oklahoma State University Daniel R. Grischkowsky is a Regents Professor and the Bellmon Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Optoelectronics at Oklahoma State University. He received his B.S. from Oregon State Stillwater, OK, USA University in 1962 and his Ph.D. degree in physics from Columbia University in 1968. [email protected] In 1969 he joined the IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, where he developed and experimentally verified the adiabatic following model in 1972. In 1982 his research group developed the optical-fiber pulse compressor, and later in 1989 developed the technique of THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). In 1993 he relocated to Oklahoma State University to pursue THz-TDS applications. He is a fellow of The American Physical Society (APS), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and The Optical Society of America (OSA). He was awarded the Boris Pregel Award (1985) by the New York Academy of Sciences for the development of the optical fiber pulse compressor, the R.W. Wood Prize (1989) from OSA for distinguished contributions to the field of optical pulse compression, particularly for pioneering work on the use of optical fibers for generating ultrashort pulses of light, and the William F. Meggers Award (2003) from OSA for seminal contributions to the development and application of THz time-domain spectroscopy.

Richard Haglund Chapter A.1

Vanderbilt University Professor Halund earned his Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics from Department of Physics and Astronomy the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He was staff member, Nashville, TN, USA Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1975 to 1984. Since 1984 he is [email protected] Professor of Physics at Vanderbilt University. He was Alexander von Humboldt awardee in 2003. His current research activities are in nonlinear optics in metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles; size and dimensional effects in metal-insulator transitions; and ultrafast mid-infrared laser processing of polymers and organic materials.

Stefan Hansmann Chapter C.11,Sect.11.3

Al Technologies GmbH Stefan Hansmann received his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Darmstadt for his work on simulation and realization of DFB laser [email protected] diodes. He worked 10 years in the field of optoelectronics at the research center of Deutsche Telekom and become the head of a research group focusing on the application of photonic technologies in telecommunication. Thereafter he served as a technical manager in several companies of III/V semiconductor industry and is now the chief technical officer of AL Technologies GmbH in Darmstadt, commercializing high speed InP based semiconductor laser technology. 1284 About the Authors

Joseph Hayden Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1, 5.4, 5.10

Schott North America Dr. Joseph Hayden has a B.S. in Physics from Saint Joseph’s University and a Ph.D. in Regional Research and Development Chemical Physics from Brown University. He joined the Schott Group in 1985, where Duryea, PA, USA he has worked in glass composition and process development with emphasis on laser, [email protected] nonlinear and technical glasses. He is presently an Executive Scientist at Schott’s North American Regional R&D site in Duryea, Pennsylvania. Authors

Joachim Hein Chapter C.11,Sect.11.13

Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Dr. Joachim Hein is a scientist at the faculty of physics of the University of Jena since Institute for Optics and Quantum many years. He is working on femtosecond-lasers, new laser materials for broad-band Electronics amplification and applications of ultra-high peak power light sources. He is an expert Jena, Germany for diode-pumped high-energy laser systems as well as solid-state laser design and [email protected] modelling.

Stefan W. Hell Chapter D.16

Max Planck Institute Stefan W. Hell is credited with having both conceived and validated the for Biophysical Chemistry first viable concept for breaking Abbe’s diffraction-limited resolution Göttingen, Germany barrier in a light-focusing microscope. He leads the Department of [email protected] NanoBiophotonics at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry as well as the High-Resolution Optical Microscopy division at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg.

Jürgen Helmcke Chapter C.11,Sect.11.14

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Until his retirement at the end of 2003, Dr. Jürgen Helmcke headed (PTB) Braunschweig the department “Quantum Optics and Length Unit” at the Former Head Quantum Optics and Length Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, Germany. Unit (retired) His main interests are in the fields of precision laser spectroscopy, laser Braunschweig, Germany [email protected] cooling, optical and atom interferometry, and optical frequency measurements. From 1977 to 1978 he spent a year as NATO scholar with Dr. John L. Hall at the Joint Institute of Astrophysics in Boulder, CO. In 1999, together with F. Riehle, H. Schnatz, and T. Trebst, J. Helmcke received the Helmholtz Price of Metrology for the paper “Atom interferometer in the time domain for precision measurements”.

Hartmut Hillmer Chapter C.11,Sect.11.3

University of Kassel Professor Hillmer received his doctor and habilitation degrees from Stuttgart and Institute of Nanostructure Technologies Darmstadt University, respectively. He worked 10 years in telecommunication and Analytics (INA) industry (German Telekom and NTT Japan) on design, implementation and Kassel, Germany characterization of fast and tunable semiconductor lasers. As a full professor at Kassel [email protected] University since 1999, he deals with optical MEMS and nanotechnology and is a coordinator in the Hess Nano Network (nnh-9). He published more than 200 papers, holds 14 patents and received the European Grand Prix of Innovation Awards 2006

Günter Huber Chapter C.11,Sect.11.2

Universität Hamburg Guenter Huber is Professor of Physics at the Institute of Laser-Physics, University of Institut für Laser-Physik Hamburg, Germany. His research on solid-state lasers includes the growth, Department Physik development and optical spectroscopy of laser materials, new diode-pumped lasers in Hamburg, Germany the near infrared and visible spectral region, as well as up-conversion lasers. He is [email protected] Fellow of the Optical Society of America and received the Quantum Electronics and Optics Prize of the European Physical Society in 2003. About the Authors 1285

Mirco Imlau Chapter D.20,Sect.20.1

University of Osnabrück Dr. Imlau studied physics at the University of Cologne, where he Department of Physics received his Osnabrück, Germany Ph.D. for work on centrosymmetric photorefractive crystals. Since 2002 [email protected] he is Junior-Professor at the University of Osnabrück and team leader of the photonics work group. His research is focused on the field of condensed matter and optics, in particular on nonlinearities of optical Authors materials (optical damage, nonlinear light scattering, photoswitchable compounds, unconventional photorefractive materials, space charge waves). Having his expertise in holography, he authored more than 40 publications in refereed journals, 4 book articles, and 8 international patents.

Kuon Inoue Chapter B.8,Sect.8.6

Chitose Institute of Science and Kuon Inoue received his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo, Japan in Technology 1970. Since 1967, he worked at the Department of Physics, Shizuoka Department of Photonics University. In 1984, he joined the faculty of the Research Institute for Chitose, Japan Electronic Sciences, Hokkaido University. After retirement in 2001, he [email protected] is now a guest Professor at Chitose Institute of Science and Technology and is a Fellow of the Toyota Physics and Chemistry Research Institute. He has worked in solid-state physics, laser spectroscopy in solids, and photonic crystals.

Thomas Jüstel Chapter C.10

University of Applied Sciences Münster Thomas Jüstel received his Ph.D. in coordination chemistry in 1995 in the group of Steinfurt, Germany Prof. Dr. K. Wieghardt. He worked on luminescent materials for light sources and [email protected] emissive displays in the Philips Research Laboratories Aachen, Germany from September 1995 to February 2004. In March 2004 he became a Professor for Inorganic Chemistry at the University for Applied Sciences in Münster, Germany. His present research deals with phosphors for LEDs and luminescent nanoparticles.

Jeffrey L. Kaiser Chapter C.11,Sect.11.5

Spectra-Physics Jeffrey Kaiser is a product manager in the Spectra-Physics division of Newport Division of Newport Corporation Corporation. He has held a variety of positions in marketing, product development, Mountain View, CA, USA engineering, and manufacturing for gas lasers. He holds several patents in gas-laser [email protected] technology. He received his M.S. in Applied Physics from Stanford University and B. S. in Physics from Purdue University. 1286 About the Authors

Ferenc Krausz Chapter A.4,Sect.4.2

Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik Ferenc Krausz was awarded his M.S. in Electrical Engineering at Garching, Germany Budapest University of Technology in 1985, his Ph.D. in Quantum [email protected] Electronics at Vienna University of Technology in 1991, and his “Habilitation” degree in the same field at the same university in 1993. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering as Associate Authors Professor in 1998 and became Full Professor in the same department in 1999. In 2003 he was appointed as Director of Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, and since October 2004 he has also been Professor of Physics and Chair of Experimental Physics at Ludwig Maximilian’s University of Munich. His research has included nonlinear light-matter interactions, ultrashort light pulse generation from the infrared to the X-ray spectral range, and studies of ultrafast microscopic processes. By using chirped multilayer mirrors, his group made intense light pulses comprising merely a few wave cycles available for a wide range of applications and utilized them for pushing the frontiers of ultrafast science into the attosecond regime. His most recent research focuses on attosecond physics: the control and real-time observation of the atomic-scale motion of electrons. He co-founded Femtolasers GmbH, a Vienna-based company specializing in cutting-edge femtosecond laser sources.

Eckhard Krätzig Chapter A.5,Sects.5.9.3

University of Osnabrück Eckhard Krätzig received his Ph. D. degree in physics from the Johann Physics Department Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany in 1968. Osnabrück, Germany Then he joined the Philips Research Laboratories Hamburg, where he [email protected] headed the Solid State Physics Group. Since 1980 he has been a Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Osnabrück. During the last years his research interests were focused on photorefractive effects and light-induced charge-transport phenomena.

Stefan Kück Chapter C.11,Sect.11.2

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Dr. Kück is working group leader for laser radiometry at the Physikalisch-Technische Optics Division Bundesanstalt, the German National Metrology Institute. He obtained his Ph.D. in Braunschweig, Germany 1994 and habilitated in 2001 in the field of solid-state lasers. His main research topic [email protected] is the development of new methods, procedures and standards for the high-precision measurement of laser power and laser pulse energy.

Anne L’Huillier Chapter A.4,Sect.4.2

University of Lund Anne L’Huillier defended her Ph.D. thesis in Paris in 1986. She worked at the Department of Physics Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique in Saclay, France, until 1995 and then moved to Lund, Sweden Lund University, Sweden, where she became professor in 1997. Her current research [email protected] is on the generation of high-order harmonics of laser light in gases and its application to attosecond science. In 2003, she got the Julius Springer prize for Applied Physics together with F. Krausz. She became member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2004.

Bruno Lengeler Chapter D.18

Aachen University (RWTH) Bruno Lengeler is emeritus professor of physics and former head of II. Physikalisches Institut a physics institute at Aachen university. He is a solid-state physicist who Aachen, Germany has worked for many years on spectroscopy and imaging with [email protected] synchrotron radiation, in particular on the development of parabolic refractive X-ray lenses. He was Director of Research at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. About the Authors 1287

Martin Letz Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1.1, 5.1.4, 5.1.6, 5.1.7, 5.10

Schott Glas Dr. Martin Letz studied physics at the universities of Braunschweig, Materials Science, Central Research Stuttgart (Germany) and Tartu (Estonia) and finished his Ph.D. in 1995 Mainz, Germany at Stuttgart University in the field of theoretical solid state physics with [email protected] a work on magnetic polarons. In the following he worked as a post- doctoral fellow at Queen’s University, Kingston (Canada) and at the University of Mainz (Germany). During this time he performed Authors investigations on statistical physics of strongly correlated quantum-mechanical systems of strongly correlated classical systems, light scattering and on the dynamics of the glass transition in molecular fluids. In 2001 Martin Letz joined the central research of Schott Glass.

Gerd Leuchs Chapters A.2, A.3

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Gerd Leuchs studied physics and mathematics at Cologne and received his Ph,D. in Institute of Optics, Information and 1978. After research years in USA, he headed the German gravitational wave Photonics detection group, then became technical director at Nanomach AG, Switzerland. Since Erlangen, Germany 1994 he has been Professor of Physics at the University of Erlangen, since 2003 also [email protected] director of the Max Planck research group of optics, information and photonics.

Norbert Lindlein Chapters A.2, A.3

Friedrich-Alexander University of Norbert Lindlein received in 1996 his Ph.D. from the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen-Nürnberg (Germany). In 2002 he finished his habilitation in physics and is Max-Planck Research Group a member of the Physics Faculty of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg since. His Institute of Optics Information and research interests include the simulation and design of optical systems, diffractive Photonics Erlangen, Germany optics, microoptics and optical measurement techniques using interferometry or [email protected]. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors. uni-erlangen.de

Stefano Longhi Chapter C.11,Sect.11.1

University of Politecnico di Milano Stefano Longhi is Associate Professor of Physics of Matter at the Department of Physics Polytechnic Institute of Milan. He has authored more than 100 papers in Milano, Italy the fields of laser physics, photonics, nonlinear and quantum optics. longhi@fisi.polimi.it Professor Longhi is Fellow of the Institute of Physics and member of the J. Physics-B editorial board. In 2003 he was awarded with the Fresnel Prize of the European Physical Society.

Ralf Malz Chapter C.11,Sect.11.6

LASOS Lasertechnik GmbH Ralf Malz studied physics at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena 1984-1989 and Research and Development received his Ph.D. in1993 at the same university. Then he worked at Carl-Zeiss-Jena Jena, Germany and later LASOS in the field of CO2 waveguide and slab lasers. His current work is on [email protected] argon-ion, HeNe lasers, diode-laser modules and fiber coupling.

Wolfgang Mannstadt Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1.4, 5.8, 5.10

Schott AG Dr. Wolfgang Mannstadt studied physics and received his Ph.D. from the Philipps Research and Technology Development University in Marburg. His main research field is the materials simulation with ab Mainz, Germany initio DFT methods. He received a Feodor-Lynen fellowship from the Humboldt [email protected] Foundation and worked as a research assistent in the group of Prof. A.J. Freeman at the Northwestern University in Evanston. His current work in the R&D department at Schott is focuses on the simulation of materials properties with DFT and nanostructured optical materials. 1288 About the Authors

Gerd Marowsky Chapter C.11,Sect.11.7

Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V. Dr. Gerd Marowsky graduated in 1969 from the University of Göttingen, Germany Göttingen, Germany in the fields of experimental and theoretical [email protected] physics and mineralogy, and is currently director of Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen. He has made numerous scientific contributions to the general field of lasers and high-field interactions. Current research interests Authors include quantum electronics in general, lasers, laser applications in environmental research, nonlinear optics, nonlinear inorganic and organic materials, and applications of short-duration ultraviolet laser pulses. Dr. Marowsky is well know in Canada as the Sector-Coordinator in Materials–Physical Technologies, a Science and Technology Agreement that supports numerous collaborations between Canadian and German scientists. Gerd Marowsky is also professor at the University of Göttingen, Germany and holds adjunct professor positions in Electrical and Computer Engineering at both Rice University, Houston and the University of Toronto.

Dietrich Martin Chapter B.8,Sect.8.4

Carl Zeiss AG Dietrich Martin received the B.Sc. (University of Technology, Dresden) Corporate Research and Technology in 1992, the M.Sc. (University of Oldenburg) in 1997. He earned his Ph. Microstructured Optics Research D. from the University of Kassel in 2002 working on optical properties Jena, Germany of alkali metal clusters. He joined the Corporate R&D Department of [email protected] Carl Zeiss and is engaged in research on microstructured and variable optical components.

Bernhard Messerschmidt Chapter B.8,Sect.8.3

GRINTECH GmbH Bernhard Messerschmidt studied physics at the Jena University, Germany and Research and Development, Management graduated with a Ph.D. in 1998 from the Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics in Jena, Germany Jena on modelling and optimization of ion exchange processes in glass for the [email protected] generation of GRIN lenses. From 1994 to 1995, he was a research fellow at the Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, New York. In 1999, he established the company Grintech as a co-founder and is currently one of the principal managers of Grintech and responsible for research and development.

Katsumi Midorikawa Chapter C.11,Sect.11.12

RIKEN Dr. Katsumi Midorikawa is a director and chief scientist of the Laser Technology Laser Technology Laboratory Laboratory at RIKEN. He received his Ph. D. degree from Keio University in Saitama, Japan Electrical Engineering. His research interests currently focus on ultrashort [email protected] high-intensity laser – matter interaction and its application, including the generation of coherent X-ray and femotosecond laser processing.

Gerard J. Milburn Chapter D.14

The University of Queensland Milburn’s research is largely in the fields of quantum optics, quantum Center for Quantum Computer measurement and control, and quantum computing and has published Technology more than 200 papers and three books. He is a Fellow of the Australian School of Physical Sciences Academy of Science and The American Physical Society. He is St. Lucia, QLD, Australia [email protected] currently an Australian Research Council Federation Fellow at The University of Queensland. About the Authors 1289

Kazuo Ohtaka Chapter B.8,Sect.8.6

Chiba University In 1965 Dr. Kazuo Ohtaka graduated from Department of Applied Center for Frontier Science Physics, University of Tokyo where he was assistant professor since Photonic Crystals 1967. Since 1998 he was Professor of Department of Applied Physics of Chiba, Japan Chiba University and since 2000 he is Professor of the Center for [email protected] Frontier Science, Chiba University. In 2000 he obtained the Best Papers Award of the Physical Society of Japan. He is currently working in the Authors field of photonic crystals, their fundamentals and applications.

Motoichi Ohtsu Chapter D.15

Department of Electronics Engineering Dr. Ohtsu is a Professor of the University of Tokyo. As a founder of nanophotonics, he The University of Tokyo is a director of several national projects for nanophotonic devices, storage and Tokyo, Japan fabrication. He has authored more than 400 technical papers and 50 books. He holds [email protected] 100 patents. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and has been awarded more than ten prizes from academic institutions including the I. Koga gold metal from URSI. He was also awarded the Medal with Purple Ribbon from the Japanese Government.

Roger A. Paquin Chapter A.5,Sects.5.9.4, 5.10

Advanced Materials Consultant Roger Paquin is an independent materials consultant specializing in materials and Oro Valley, AZ, USA processes for dimensionally stable components for optical and precision instrument [email protected] systems, with emphasis on Be, SiC and composites for mirrors and structures. He has published over 50 papers and book chapters and teaches short courses on the subject. Mr. Paquin is a Fellow of SPIE, The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Klaus Pfeilsticker Chapter D.19,Sect.19.1

Universität Heidelberg Dr. Klaus Pfeilsticker is a professor of physics at the University of Institut für Umweltphysik Heidelberg since 2004. Before he worked at the Max-Planck-Institut für Fakultät für Physik Kernphysik, Heidelberg, the Alfred Wegner Institut, Bremerhaven, the und Astronomie Research Center, Jülich and at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Administration (NOAA), Boulder. His main research interests are the photochemistry and the radiative transfer of the atmosphere. His recent research focuses on the photochemistry, budget and trend of reactive halogen species in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, the spectral solar irradiance and its variability, and photon path length distribution of solar photons in clear and cloudy skies.

Ulrich Platt Chapter D.19,Sect.19.1

Universität Heidelberg Dr. Ulrich Platt is a professor of physics at the University of Heidelberg since 1989, Institut für Umweltphysik before he worked at the research Center Jülich and at the University of California, Fakultät für Physik Riverside. His main interests are atmospheric chemistry of free radicals and und Astronomie spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric constituents. He is the co-inventor of the Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] DOAS technique. His current research centres on reactive halogen species in the troposphere and their role in the tropospheric chemistry as well as on remote sensing of trace gas distributions in the atmosphere.

Markus Pollnau Chapter C.11,Sect.11.2.4

University of Twente Markus Pollnau obtained his Diploma and Ph.D. in physics from the Universities of MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Hamburg, Germany, and Bern, Switzerland, respectively. Following research at the Enschede, The Netherlands University of Southampton, UK, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technlogy, [email protected] Lausanne, Switzerland, he was appointed full professor at the University of Twente, The Netherlands, in 2004. Currently, he works on light generation in integrated dielectric structures. He has co-authored over 200 international publications. 1290 About the Authors

Steffen Reichel Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1.1, 5.1.6, 5.1.7, 5.1.8, 5.10

SCHOTT Glas Dr. Reichel is an electrical engineer with extensive experience in optics Service Division Research and electromagnetics. He got his Ph.D. in Er-doped fiber amplifiers and and Technology Development worked on several topics in electromagnetics, wave and laser optics, Mainz, Germany optical fibers/waveguides, and geometrical optics. He is Senior [email protected] Member of the IEEE and worked for Lucent Technologies and is now Authors manager of the Physical Science Group at Schott.

Hans-Dieter Reidenbach Chapter D.21

University of Applied Sciences Cologne Dr. Reidenbach is Professor at the University of Applied Sciences Institute of Communications Engineering Cologne and head of the research laboratory Medical Technology. He Institute of Applied Optics and Electronics obtained the Dr.-Ing. degree from the University of Erlangen. His Cologne, Germany scientific work resulted in new applications of laser beams, incoherent [email protected] optical radiation and high frequency currents in operative endoscopy, transanal surgery and interstitial thermotherapy. Currently his research is on optical irradiation and psychophysical behaviour.

Hongwen Ren Chapter A.5,Sects.5.9, 5.10

University of Central Florida Dr. Hongwen Ren received his Ph.D. degree from Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine College of Optics and Photonics Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1998. After that, he was Orlando, FL, USA faculty member of the North Liquid Crystal R&D Center, Chinese Academy of [email protected] Sciences as an assistant professor. In August 2001, he joined the College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida (UCF) as a research Scholar. Dr. Ren’s current research interests and projects are liquid crystal/polymer dispersions, nanoliquid crystal device, and adaptive e-lens.

Detlev Ristau Chapter A.6

Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. Detlev Ristau is a physicist with an extensive research background in optical thin film Department of Thin Film Technology technology. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Hannover in 1988 and Hannover, Germany authored more than 200 technical papers. Current research activities include the [email protected] development and precise control of ion processes as well as the measurement of the power handling capability and losses of optical components.

Simone Ritter Chapter A.5,Sects.5.3, 5.10

Schott AG Dr. Simone Ritter studied Chemistry in Leipzig and Tübingen and Division Research and Technology received her Ph.D. 1994 for syntheses, characterization, structures and Development reactivity of complexes with rhenium-nitrogen-multi-bonds. For the last Material Development 7 years, she worked as scientific referent for coloured and optical Mainz, Germany [email protected] glasses at Schott. Her research involves development and characterization of glasses with new optical properties.

Evgeny Saldin Chapter C.11,Sect.11.11

Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) Dr. Evgeny Saldin is an expert in the field of physics of charged particle Hamburg, Germany beams, accelerators, and free electron lasers. He has authored a book on [email protected] free electron lasers and more than a hundred papers in peer-reviewed. About the Authors 1291

Roland Sauerbrey Chapter C.11,Sect.11.13

Forschungszentrum Roland Sauerbrey is the Scientific Director of the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. Dresden-Rossendorf and a professor at the Technical University of Dresden. After Dresden, Germany receiving his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Würzburg in 1981 he worked as [email protected] a professor at Rice University in Houston, Texas. In 1994 he moved to the Friedrich-Schiller-University in Jena where he stayed until 2006 as a professor of

physics. During the last 20 years he has been actively involved in the emerging field of Authors relativistic light – matter interaction and the development of ultrashort pulse, ultrahigh-intensity lasers. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Physics.

Evgeny Schneidmiller Chapter C.11,Sect.11.11

Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) Evgeny Schneidmiller is an expert in the field of physics of charged particle beams, Hamburg, Germany accelerators, and free electron lasers. He has authored a book on free electron lasers [email protected] and more than a hundred papers in peer-reviewed journals.

Bianca Schreder Chapter A.5,Sects.5.1.5, 5.6, 5.10

Schott Glas Dr. Bianca Schreder studied Chemistry in Würzburg and received her Division Research and Technology Ph.D. from the Department of Physical Chemistry for her work on Development Laser Spectroscopy on II–VI-Semiconductor Nanostructures. She is Material Development now working in the Research and Development Department at Schott Mainz, Germany [email protected] Glas, Mainz. Her work involves investigation and development of glass systems with special optical properties.

Christian G. Schroer Chapter D.18

Dresden University of Technology Christian G. Schroer made his doctoral studies in mathematical physics Institute of Structural Physics at the Research Centre Jülich (doctoral degree University of Cologne Dresden, Germany in 1995). After a visit as postdoctoral fellow to the University of [email protected] Maryland, he worked as a research and teaching assiociate at Aachen University in the field of X-ray optics and microscopy. After his Habilitation in 2004, he was a staff scientist at DESY in Hamburg until he responded to a call to the chair of Structural Physics of Condensed Matter at Dresden University of Technology in early 2006.

Markus W. Sigrist Chapter C.11,Sect.11.10

ETH Zurich, Institute of Quantum Markus W. Sigrist is Professor of Physics at ETH Zurich (Switzerland) and Adjunct Electronics Professor at Rice University in Houston (USA). His current research involves Department of Physics development and implementation of tunable mid-infrared laser sources and sensitive Zurich, Switzerland detection schemes for spectroscopic trace gas analyses in environmental, industrial [email protected] and medical applications. He published 2 books and over 150 papers. He is Fellow of OSA and Topical Editor of Applied Optics. 1292 About the Authors

Glenn T. Sincerbox Chapter D.20,Sect.20.2

University of Arizona Glenn Sincerbox is currently a Professor Emeritus of the College of Optical Sciences Optical Sciences of the University of Arizona where he was a Professor of Optical Sciences and the Tucson, AZ, USA Director of the Optical Data Storage Center; a Center that performed leading-edge [email protected] research on advanced optical storage materials, systems and techniques. Prior to that, Mr. Sincerbox was with IBM Research for 34 years holding numerous technical and Authors management positions.He has published over 50 technical papers and presented over 60 papers. He holds 40 US Patents and has 70 patent publications. His research was primarily in the field of optical storage with emphasis on holographic storage. He is a fellow of the OSA and has been active for over 15 years in the International Commission for Optics holding positions as vice president and treasurer.

Elisabeth Soergel Chapter B.8,Sect.8.5

University of Bonn Elisabeth Soergel studied physics at the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Institute of Physics in Munich. She received her Diploma and Ph.D. from the Max-Planck Bonn, Germany Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching in the field of scanning probe [email protected] microscopy. After a postdoc stay at the IBM research laboratory in Rüschlikon, Switzerland, she joined the University of Bonn in 2000 with the main research field on visualization of ferroelectric domains by scanning probe techniques.

Steffen Steinberg Chapter C.11

LASOS Lasertechnik GmbH Steffen Steinberg studied physics and received his doctoral degree at Jena, Germany Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, with a work on manipulation of laser [email protected] light with integrated optical devices. Later his work concentrated on different applications of gas and solid-state laser technology especially laser display technology and fiber optical devices. Currently he is working as Sales Manager at LASOS in Jena, Germany.

Sune Svanberg Chapter D.13,Sect.13.3

Lund University Sune Svanberg made his Ph.D. in Physics at Göteborg University in 1972. He became Division of Atomic Physics professor and head of the Atomic Physics Division, Lund University, in 1980. He is Lund, Sweden also Director of the Lund Laser Centre, a European Large Scale Infrastructure. He is [email protected] fellow of the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America, member of 5 academies and three-fold honorary doctor. His present research fields include basic atomic laser spectroscopy and applications of laser spectroscopy to environmental and medical research.

Orazio Svelto Chapter C.11,Sect.11.1

Politecnico di Milano Orazio Svelto is Professor of Quantum Electronics at the Politecnico di Milano and Department of Physics the Director of the Milan Section at the Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies Milan, Italy (IFN), Milan, Italy, belonging to the Italian National Research Council (CNR). His orazio.svelto@fisi.polimi.it current research activities include ultrashort-pulse generation and applications, physics of laser resonators and techniques of mode selection, laser applications in biology and biomedicine, and physics of solid-state lasers, also including the generation of femtosecond laser pulses, down to the record value of 3.8 fs recently established by the group, and to the applications of these ultrashort pulses. He is the author of Principles of Lasers (1998). Professor Svelto is Fellow of the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and a member of several Italian academies including the “Accademia dei Lincei”. He was the recipient of the Italgas Prize for research and technology innovation, the Quantum Electronics Prize of the European Physical Society and the Charles H. Townes Award of the Optical Society of America. About the Authors 1293

Bernd Tabbert Chapter B.9

Semicoa Bernd Tabbert received his Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg, Engineering Department Germany in 1994. For several more years his research focused on Costa Mesa, CA, USA optical studies of impurity atoms and bubbles in cryogenic liquids [email protected] including a project at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is now working as an engineering manager for a semiconductor manufacturer developing sensors for medical X-ray applications. Authors

K. Thyagarajan Chapter B.8,Sect.8.7

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Professor Thyagarajan has published more than 125 research Physics Department publications and is the co-author (with Professor Ajoy Ghatak) of six New Delhi, India books. He has held visiting positions at Thomson-CSF, France and the [email protected] University of Florida. He is a Fellow of the Optical Soceity of America and was awarded the title of “Officier dans l’ordre des Palmes Académiques” by the French Government in 2003. His current research interests are optical fiber amplifiers and guided wave nonlinear optics.

Mary G. Turner Chapter B.7

Engineering Synthesis Design, Inc. Dr. Turner has been involved with the development of optical software and conducted Tucson, AZ, USA training on optical design and optical software for the previous 12 years. She wrote [email protected] a chapter on “Optical Aberrations” in The Optics Encyclopedia and on “Reflecting and Catadioptric Objectives” in the Optical Engineer’s Desk Reference. She is a fellow of SPIE and a member of SID and OSA.

Giuseppe Della Valle Chapter C.11,Sect.11.1

Polytechnic Institute of Milan Dr. Giuseppe Della Valle received his Ph.D. in Physics from the Polytechnic Institute Department of Physics of Milan, Italy, in 2005. He is currently Assistant Professor of Physics at the Physics Milan, Italy Department of the same Institute.. His research activity is mainly devoted to solid- [email protected] state lasers and optical devices based on doped glass substrates operating in the near infrared for telecom and metrological applications.

Michael Vollmer Chapter D.19,Sect.19.2

University of Applied Sciences Michael Vollmer studied physics in Heidelberg where he received his Brandenburg Ph.D. and habilitation, working on optical spectroscopy of metal Department of Physics clusters. Presently he is Professor of Experimental Physics working in Brandenburg, Germany the fields of infrared thermal imaging, spectroscopy, atmospheric optics, [email protected] and didactics of physics. He is author of two books and member of the editorial boards of several journals.

Silke Wolff Chapter A.5,Sects.5.2, 5.10

SCHOTT Spezialglas AG Dr. Silke Wolff, laureate of R&D award, is an expert in glass devel- Department of Research & Technology opment with an origin in analytical chemistry. Her main areas of Development, Material Development research are innovative optical glasses, including market and Optical Glasses customer-related material development, application, optimization Mainz, Germany [email protected] of production processes and patent protection. Actual topics are exceptional optical properties, suitability for reheat hot forming and/or precision moulding and environmental compatibility. 1294 About the Authors

Matthias Wollenhaupt Chapter C.12

Universität Kassel Matthias Wollenhaupt did research in high-resolution laser spectroscopy with Institut für Physik applications to aerospace and atmospheric chemistry. His current research in Kassel, Germany femtosecond laser spectroscopy is focused on pulse-shaping techniques for the design [email protected] of tailored femtosecond laser pulses as a tool to control ultrafast light-induced processes. His scientific interests range from basic research, such as quantum control

Authors of molecular dynamics to applications of non-linear optics and materials processing.

Shin-Tson Wu Chapter A.5,Sects.5.9, 5.9.1, 5.10

University of Central Florida Dr. Wu is a Fellow of the IEEE, SID and OSA. He is a recipient of the IEEE College of Optics and Photonics Outstanding Engineer Award, SID Special Recognition Award, ERSO (Taiwan) Orlando, FL, USA Special Achievement Award, Hughes Team Achievement Award, and Hughes Annual [email protected] Outstanding Paper Award. Professor Wu has co-authored 2 books: “Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays” (2001), and “Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals” (1993), 4 book chapters, over 200 journal papers, and 18 issued patents.

Helen Wächter Chapter C.11,Sect.11.10

ETH Zurich, Institute of Quantum Helen Wächter is a Ph.D. student at the Institute of Quantum Electronics Electronics of ETH Zurich after receiving her physics diploma from Department of Physics ETH in 2003. Her main research interests are in the field of IR laser Zurich, Switzerland spectroscopy and trace-gas monitoring. This includes the development [email protected] of new coherent light sources by difference frequency generation (DFG) and new sensitive detection schemes. Her emphasis is on isotope-selective trace-gas analysis.

Mikhail Yurkov Chapter C.11,Sect.11.11

Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) Dr. Mikhail Yurkov is an expert in the field of physics of charged Hamburg, Germany particle beams, accelerators, and free electron lasers. He has authored [email protected] a book on free electron lasers and more than a hundred papers in peer-reviewed journals.

Aleksei Zheltikov Chapter A.4,Sect.4.1

M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Aleksei Zheltikov’s current research is related to nonlinear-optical processes in Physics Department photonic-crystal fibers and nanostructures. Moscow, Russia [email protected] 1295

Detailed Contents

List of Abbreviations ...... XXIII

Part A Basic Principles and Materials

1 The Properties of Light Richard Haglund ...... 3 1.1 Introduction and Historical Sketch ...... 4 Cont. Detailed 1.1.1 From the Greeks and Romans to Johannes Kepler ...... 4 1.1.2 From Descartes to Newton ...... 4 1.1.3 Newton and Huygens ...... 5 1.1.4 The 19th Century: The Triumph of the Wave Picture ...... 5 1.2 Parameterization of Light ...... 6 1.2.1 Spectral Regions and Their Classification ...... 6 1.2.2 Radiometric Units ...... 7 1.2.3 Photometric Units ...... 7 1.2.4 Photon and Spectral Units ...... 8 1.3 Physical Models of Light ...... 9 1.3.1 The Electromagnetic Wave Picture ...... 9 1.3.2 The Semiclassical Picture: Light Quanta ...... 12 1.3.3 Light as a Quantum Field ...... 13 1.4 Thermal and Nonthermal Light Sources ...... 14 1.4.1 Thermal Light ...... 15 1.4.2 Luminescence Light ...... 16 1.4.3 Light from Synchrotron Radiation ...... 17 1.5 Physical Properties of Light ...... 17 1.5.1 Intensity ...... 17 1.5.2 Velocity of Propagation ...... 18 1.5.3 Polarization ...... 18 1.5.4 Energy and Power Transport ...... 20 1.5.5 Momentum Transport: The Poynting Theorem and Light Pressure ...... 21 1.5.6 Spectral Line Shape ...... 21 1.5.7 Optical Coherence ...... 23 1.6 Statistical Properties of Light ...... 24 1.6.1 Probability Density as a Function of Intensity ...... 24 1.6.2 Statistical Correlation Functions ...... 25 1.6.3 Number Distribution Functions of Light Sources ...... 26 1.7 Characteristics and Applications of Nonclassical Light ...... 27 1.7.1 Bunched Light ...... 27 1.7.2 Squeezed Light ...... 27 1.7.3 Entangled Light ...... 28 1296 Detailed Contents

1.8 Summary ...... 29 References ...... 29

2 Geometrical Optics Norbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs ...... 33 2.1 The Basics and Limitations of Geometrical Optics ...... 34 2.1.1 The Eikonal Equation ...... 34 2.1.2 The Orthogonality Condition of Geometrical Optics ...... 35 2.1.3 The Ray Equation ...... 35 2.1.4 Limitations of the Eikonal Equation ...... 36 2.1.5 Energy Conservation in Geometrical Optics ...... 38 2.1.6 Law of Refraction ...... 38 ealdCont. Detailed 2.1.7 Law of Reflection ...... 39 2.2 Paraxial Geometrical Optics ...... 39 2.2.1 Paraxial Rays in Homogeneous Materials ...... 39 2.2.2 Refraction in the Paraxial Case ...... 42 2.2.3 The Cardinal Points of an Optical System ...... 44 2.2.4 The Imaging Equations of Geometrical Optics ...... 49 2.2.5 The Thin Lens ...... 51 2.2.6 The Thick Lens ...... 52 2.2.7 Reflecting Optical Surfaces ...... 55 2.2.8 Extension of the Paraxial Matrix Theory to 3 × 3 Matrices .. 56 2.3 Stops and Pupils ...... 60 2.3.1 The Aperture Stop ...... 60 2.3.2 The Field Stop ...... 61 2.4 Ray Tracing ...... 61 2.4.1 Principle ...... 61 2.4.2 Mathematical Description of a Ray ...... 62 2.4.3 Determination of the Point of Intersection with a Surface . 63 2.4.4 Calculation of the Optical Path Length ...... 65 2.4.5 Determination of the Surface Normal ...... 65 2.4.6 Law of Refraction ...... 65 2.4.7 Law of Reflection ...... 66 2.4.8 Non-Sequential Ray Tracing and Other Types of Ray Tracing ...... 67 2.5 Aberrations ...... 67 2.5.1 Calculation of the Wave Aberrations ...... 68 2.5.2 Ray Aberrations and the Spot Diagram ...... 68 2.5.3 The Seidel Terms and the Zernike Polynomials ...... 69 2.5.4 Chromatic Aberrations ...... 71 2.6 Some Important Optical Instruments ...... 72 2.6.1 The Achromatic Lens ...... 72 2.6.2 The Camera ...... 74 2.6.3 The Human Eye ...... 77 2.6.4 The Telescope ...... 78 2.6.5 The Microscope ...... 82 References ...... 84 Detailed Contents 1297

3 Wave Optics Norbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs ...... 87 3.1 Maxwell’s Equations and the Wave Equation ...... 88 3.1.1 The Maxwell Equations ...... 88 3.1.2 The Complex Representation of Time-Harmonic Waves .... 94 3.1.3 Material Equations ...... 95 3.1.4 The Wave Equations ...... 98 3.1.5 The Helmholtz Equations ...... 99 3.2 Polarization ...... 102 3.2.1 Different States of Polarization ...... 105 3.2.2 ThePoincaréSphere...... 105

3.2.3 Complex Representation of a Polarized Wave ...... 106 Cont. Detailed 3.2.4 Simple Polarizing Optical Elements and the Jones Calculus 106 3.3 Interference ...... 108 3.3.1 Interference of Two Plane Waves ...... 108 3.3.2 Interference Effects for Plane Waves with Different Polarization States ...... 111 3.3.3 Interference of Arbitrary Scalar Waves ...... 115 3.3.4 Some Basic Ideas of Interferometry ...... 119 3.4 Diffraction ...... 123 3.4.1 The Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves ...... 123 3.4.2 The Equivalence of the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Formula and the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves ...... 125 3.4.3 The Fresnel and the Fraunhofer Diffraction Integral ...... 126 3.4.4 Numerical Implementation of the Different Diffraction Methods ...... 135 3.4.5 The Influence of Polarization Effects to the Intensity Distribution Near the Focus ...... 138 3.5 Gaussian Beams ...... 143 3.5.1 Derivation of the Basic Equations ...... 143 3.5.2 The Fresnel Diffraction Integral and the Paraxial Helmholtz Equation ...... 145 3.5.3 Propagation of a Gaussian Beam ...... 146 3.5.4 Higher-Order Modes of Gaussian Beams ...... 147 3.5.5 Transformation of a Fundamental Gaussian Beam at a Lens ...... 151 3.5.6 ABCD Matrix Law for Gaussian Beams ...... 152 3.5.7 Some Examples of the Propagation of Gaussian Beams .... 153 References ...... 154

4 Nonlinear Optics Aleksei Zheltikov, Anne L’Huillier, Ferenc Krausz ...... 157 4.1 Nonlinear Polarization and Nonlinear Susceptibilities Aleksei Zheltikov ...... 159 4.2 Wave Aspects of Nonlinear Optics Anne L’Huillier ...... 160 1298 Detailed Contents

4.3 Second-Order Nonlinear Processes ...... 161 4.3.1 Second-Harmonic Generation ...... 161 4.3.2 Sum- and Difference-Frequency Generation and Parametric Amplification ...... 163 4.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Processes ...... 164 4.4.1 Self-Phase Modulation ...... 165 4.4.2 Temporal Solitons ...... 166 4.4.3 Cross-Phase Modulation ...... 167 4.4.4 Self-Focusing ...... 167 4.4.5 Four-Wave Mixing ...... 169 4.4.6 Optical Phase Conjugation ...... 169

ealdCont. Detailed 4.4.7 Optical Bistability and Switching ...... 170 4.4.8 Stimulated Raman Scattering ...... 172 4.4.9 Third-Harmonic Generation by Ultrashort Laser Pulses .... 173 4.5 Ultrashort Light Pulses in a Resonant Two-Level Medium: Self-Induced Transparency and the Pulse Area Theorem ...... 178 4.5.1 Interaction of Light with Two-Level Media ...... 178 4.5.2 The Maxwell and Schrödinger Equations for a Two-Level Medium ...... 178 4.5.3 Pulse Area Theorem ...... 180 4.5.4 Amplification of Ultrashort Light Pulses in a Two-Level Medium ...... 181 4.5.5 Few-Cycle Light Pulses in a Two-Level Medium ...... 183 4.6 Let There be White Light: Supercontinuum Generation ...... 185 4.6.1 Self-Phase Modulation, Four-Wave Mixing, and Modulation Instabilities in Supercontinuum-Generating Photonic-Crystal Fibers ... 185 4.6.2 Cross-Phase-Modulation-Induced Instabilities ...... 187 4.6.3 Solitonic Phenomena in Media with Retarded Optical Nonlinearity ...... 189 4.7 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy ...... 193 4.7.1 The Basic Principles ...... 194 4.7.2 Methods of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy ...... 196 4.7.3 Polarization Nonlinear Raman Techniques ...... 199 4.7.4 Time-Resolved Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering ...... 201 4.8 Waveguide Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering ...... 202 4.8.1 Enhancement of Waveguide CARS in Hollow Photonic-Crystal Fibers ...... 202 4.8.2 Four-Wave Mixing and CARS in Hollow-Core Photonic-Crystal Fibers ...... 205 4.9 Nonlinear Spectroscopy with Photonic-Crystal-Fiber Sources ...... 209 4.9.1 Wavelength-Tunable Sources and Progress in Nonlinear Spectroscopy ...... 209 4.9.2 Photonic-Crystal Fiber Frequency Shifters ...... 210 Detailed Contents 1299

4.9.3 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy with PCF Sources ...... 211 4.9.4 Pump-Probe Nonlinear Absorption Spectroscopy using Chirped Frequency-Shifted Light Pulses from a Photonic-Crystal Fiber ...... 213 4.10 Surface Nonlinear Optics, Spectroscopy, and Imaging ...... 216 4.11 High-Order Harmonic Generation Anne L’Huillier, Ferenc Krausz ...... 219 4.11.1 Historical Background ...... 219 4.11.2 High-Order-Harmonic Generation in Gases ...... 220 4.11.3 Microscopic Physics ...... 222 4.11.4 Macroscopic Physics ...... 225 ealdCont. Detailed 4.12 Attosecond Pulses: Measurement and Application ...... 227 4.12.1 Attosecond Pulse Trains and Single Attosecond Pulses ..... 227 4.12.2 Basic Concepts for XUV Pulse Measurement ...... 227 4.12.3 The Optical-Field-Driven XUV Streak Camera Technique ... 230 4.12.4 Applications of Sub-femtosecond XUV Pulses: Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Atomic Processes ...... 234 4.12.5 Some Recent Developments ...... 236 References ...... 236

5 Optical Materials and Their Properties Matthias Brinkmann, Joseph Hayden, Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel, Carol Click, Wolfgang Mannstadt, Bianca Schreder, Silke Wolff, Simone Ritter, Mark J. Davis, Thomas E. Bauer, Hongwen Ren, Yun-Hsing Fan, Shin-Tson Wu, Klaus Bonrad, Eckhard Krätzig, Karsten Buse, Roger A. Paquin ...... 249 5.1 Interaction of Light with Optical Materials Matthias Brinkmann, Joseph Hayden ...... 250 5.1.1 Dielectric Function Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel ...... 250 5.1.2 Linear Refraction Carol Click ...... 255 5.1.3 Absorption Carol Click ...... 258 5.1.4 Optical Anisotropy Martin Letz, Wolfgang Mannstadt ...... 261 5.1.5 Nonlinear Optical Behavior and Optical Poling Bianca Schreder ...... 265 5.1.6 Emission Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel ...... 269 5.1.7 Volume Scattering Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel ...... 271 5.1.8 Surface Scattering Steffen Reichel ...... 275 5.1.9 Other Effects Matthias Brinkmann ...... 278 1300 Detailed Contents

5.2 Optical Glass Silke Wolff ...... 282 5.2.1 Chronological Development ...... 282 5.2.2 Compositions of Modern Optical Glass ...... 283 5.2.3 Environmentally Friendly Glasses ...... 287 5.2.4 How to Choose Appropriate Optical Glasses ...... 288 5.3 Colored Glasses Simone Ritter ...... 290 5.3.1 Basics ...... 290 5.3.2 Color in Glass ...... 292 5.4 Laser Glass ealdCont. Detailed Joseph Hayden ...... 293 5.4.1 Common Laser Glasses and Properties ...... 293 5.4.2 Laser Damage ...... 297 5.4.3 Storage and Handling of Laser Glass ...... 300 5.5 Glass–Ceramics for Optical Applications Mark J. Davis ...... 300 5.5.1 Overview ...... 300 5.5.2 Properties of Glass–Ceramics ...... 301 5.5.3 Applications ...... 306 5.6 Nonlinear Materials Bianca Schreder ...... 307 5.6.1 Overview on Nonlinear Optical Materials ...... 307 5.6.2 Application: All Optical Switching ...... 312 5.6.3 Second Harmonic Generation in Glass ...... 313 5.6.4 Glass Systems Investigated for Nonlinear Effects ...... 313 5.6.5 NL-Effects in Doped Glasses ...... 314 5.7 Plastic Optics Thomas E. Bauer ...... 317 5.7.1 Moulding Materials ...... 317 5.7.2 Manufacturing Methods ...... 319 5.7.3 Manufacturing Process ...... 320 5.7.4 Coating and Component Assembly ...... 322 5.7.5 New Developments ...... 322 5.8 Crystalline Optical Materials Wolfgang Mannstadt ...... 323 5.8.1 Halides, CaF2 ...... 323 5.8.2 Semiconductors ...... 325 5.8.3 Sapphire ...... 325 5.8.4 Optic Anisotropy in Cubic Crystals ...... 326 5.9 Special Optical Materials Hongwen Ren, Yun-Hsing Fan, Shin-Tson Wu ...... 327 5.9.1 Tunable Liquid Crystal Electronic Lens Shin-Tson Wu ...... 327 Detailed Contents 1301

5.9.2 OLEDs Klaus Bonrad ...... 333 5.9.3 Photorefractive Crystals Eckhard Krätzig, Karsten Buse ...... 339 5.9.4 Metal Mirrors Roger A. Paquin ...... 346 5.10 Selected Data Matthias Brinkmann, Joseph Hayden, Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel, Carol Click, Wolfgang Mannstadt, Bianca Schreder, Silke Wolff, Simone Ritter, Mark J. Davis, Hongwen Ren, Yun-Hsing Fan, Shin-Tson Wu, Klaus Bonrad, Roger A. Paquin ...... 354

References ...... 360 Cont. Detailed

6 Thin Film Optical Coatings Detlev Ristau, Henrik Ehlers ...... 373 6.1 Theory of Optical Coatings ...... 374 6.2 Production of Optical Coatings ...... 378 6.2.1 Thermal Evaporation ...... 379 6.2.2 Ion Plating and Ion-Assisted Deposition ...... 381 6.2.3 Sputtering ...... 382 6.2.4 Ion-Beam Sputtering ...... 384 6.2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) ...... 384 6.2.6 Other Methods ...... 386 6.2.7 Process Control and Layer Thickness Determination ...... 386 6.3 Quality Parameters of Optical Coatings ...... 388 6.4 Summary and Outlook ...... 391 References ...... 393

Part B Fabrication and Properties of Optical Components

7 Optical Design and Stray Light Concepts and Principles Mary G. Turner, Robert P. Breault ...... 399 7.1 The Design Process ...... 399 7.2 Design Parameters ...... 402 7.3 Stray Light Design Analysis ...... 410 7.4 The Basic Equation of Radiation Transfer ...... 412 7.4.1 Stray Radiation Paths ...... 413 7.4.2 Start from the Detector ...... 413 7.4.3 The Reverse Ray Trace ...... 414 7.4.4 Field Stops and Lyot Stops ...... 415 7.5 Conclusion ...... 416 References ...... 416 1302 Detailed Contents

8 Advanced Optical Components Robert Brunner, Enrico Geißler, Bernhard Messerschmidt, Dietrich Martin, Elisabeth Soergel, Kuon Inoue, Kazuo Ohtaka, Ajoy Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan ...... 419 8.1 Diffractive Optical Elements Robert Brunner ...... 419 8.1.1 The Fresnel Zone Plate Lens ...... 420 8.1.2 Subwavelength Structured Elements ...... 427 8.2 Electro-Optic Modulators Enrico Geißler ...... 434 8.2.1 Phase Modulation ...... 435 ealdCont. Detailed 8.2.2 Polarization Modulation ...... 436 8.2.3 Intensity Modulation ...... 436 8.3 Acoustooptic Modulator Enrico Geißler ...... 438 8.3.1 Intensity Modulator ...... 439 8.3.2 Frequency Shifter ...... 439 8.3.3 Deflector ...... 439 8.4 Gradient Index Optical Components Bernhard Messerschmidt ...... 440 8.4.1 Ray Tracing in Gradient Index Media ...... 442 8.4.2 Fabrication Techniques ...... 442 8.4.3 Application ...... 444 8.5 Variable Optical Components Dietrich Martin ...... 449 8.5.1 Variable Lenses ...... 450 8.5.2 New Variable Optical Components ...... 458 8.5.3 Outlook on Variable Optical Components ...... 458 8.6 Periodically Poled Nonlinear Optical Components Elisabeth Soergel ...... 459 8.6.1 Fundamentals ...... 459 8.6.2 Fabrication of Periodically Poled Structures ...... 460 8.6.3 Visualization of Ferroelectric Domain Structures ...... 461 8.6.4 Applications ...... 461 8.7 Photonic Crystals Kuon Inoue, Kazuo Ohtaka ...... 463 8.7.1 Photonic Band Structures ...... 464 8.7.2 Unique Characteristics ...... 466 8.7.3 Applications ...... 469 8.7.4 Summary ...... 471 8.8 Optical Fibers Ajoy Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan ...... 471 8.8.1 Historical Remarks ...... 471 8.8.2 The Optical Fiber ...... 472 Detailed Contents 1303

8.8.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibers ...... 473 8.8.4 Modes of a Step-Index Fiber ...... 473 8.8.5 Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) ...... 476 8.8.6 Pulse Dispersion in Optical Fibers ...... 477 8.8.7 Fiber Bragg Gratings ...... 482 8.8.8 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) ...... 483 8.8.9 Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA) ...... 487 8.8.10 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers ...... 489 8.8.11 Microstructured Fibers ...... 493 References ...... 494

9 Optical Detectors Cont. Detailed Alexander Goushcha, Bernd Tabbert ...... 503 9.1 Photodetector Types, Detection Regimes, and General Figures of Merit ...... 505 9.1.1 Types of Photodetectors ...... 505 9.1.2 Sources of Noise ...... 505 9.1.3 Detection Regimes ...... 507 9.1.4 Figures of Merit ...... 508 9.2 Semiconductor Photoconductors ...... 510 9.2.1 Photoconductors – Figures of Merit ...... 510 9.2.2 Photoconductors: Materials and Examples ...... 511 9.3 Semiconductor Photodiodes ...... 512 9.3.1 Semiconductor Photodiode Principles ...... 512 9.3.2 Photodiodes – Figures of Merit ...... 515 9.3.3 Semiconductor Photodiodes – Materials ...... 521 9.4 QWIP Photodetectors ...... 527 9.4.1 Structure and Fabrication of QWIPs ...... 527 9.4.2 QWIPs – Properties and Figures of Merit ...... 528 9.4.3 Applications of QWIPs ...... 529 9.5 QDIP Photodetectors ...... 529 9.5.1 Structures and Fabrication of QDIPs ...... 529 9.6 Metal–Semiconductor (Schottky Barrier) and Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodiodes ...... 530 9.6.1 Schottky Barrier Photodiode Properties ...... 530 9.6.2 Metal–Semiconductor–Metal (MSM) Photodiode ...... 532 9.7 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) ...... 532 9.7.1 APD: Principles, Basic Properties, and Typical Structures ... 532 9.7.2 APD: Main Characteristics and Figures of Merit ...... 534 9.7.3 Materials Used to Fabricate APDs ...... 536 9.8 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Phototransistors ...... 537 9.8.1 Photosensitive Bipolar Transistor ...... 537 9.8.2 Darlington Phototransistor (Photo-Darlington) ...... 538 9.8.3 Field-Effect-Based Phototransistors ...... 538 1304 Detailed Contents

9.9 Charge Transfer Detectors ...... 539 9.9.1 MOS Capacitor ...... 539 9.9.2 CCDs Employed as Charge-Coupled Image Sensors (CCISs) .. 543 9.9.3 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Detectors ...... 545 9.10 Photoemissive Detectors ...... 546 9.10.1 Photoemissive Cell ...... 546 9.10.2 Photomultiplier ...... 547 9.10.3 Single-Channel Electron Multipliers and Microchannel Plates ...... 548 9.11 Thermal Detectors ...... 549

ealdCont. Detailed 9.11.1 Mechanical Displacement ...... 549 9.11.2 Voltage ...... 549 9.11.3 Capacitance ...... 550 9.11.4 Electrical Resistance ...... 551 9.12 Imaging Systems ...... 553 9.12.1 CCD Arrays and CMOS Arrays ...... 554 9.12.2 p–i–n Photodiode Arrays ...... 555 9.12.3 Vidicon ...... 555 9.13 Photography ...... 555 9.13.1 Black and White Photography ...... 555 9.13.2 Color Photography ...... 556 9.13.3 Photography: Properties and Figures of Merit ...... 558 References ...... 560

Part C Coherent and Incoherent Light Sources

10 Incoherent Light Sources Dietrich Bertram, Matthias Born, Thomas Jüstel ...... 565 10.1 Incandescent Lamps ...... 565 10.1.1 Normal Incandescent Lamps ...... 565 10.1.2 Tungsten Halogen Lamps ...... 566 10.2 Gas Discharge Lamps ...... 566 10.2.1 General Aspects ...... 566 10.2.2 Overview of Discharge Lamps ...... 567 10.2.3 Low-Pressure Discharge Lamps ...... 567 10.2.4 High-Pressure Discharge Lamps ...... 570 10.3 Solid-State Light Sources ...... 574 10.3.1 Principle of Electroluminescence ...... 574 10.3.2 Direct Versus Indirect Electroluminescence ...... 575 10.3.3 Inorganic Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ...... 575 10.3.4 Organic LEDs ...... 578 10.4 General Light-Source Survey ...... 581 References ...... 581 Detailed Contents 1305

11 Lasers and Coherent Light Sources Orazio Svelto, Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Della Valle, Stefan Kück, Günter Huber, Markus Pollnau, Hartmut Hillmer, Stefan Hansmann, Rainer Engelbrecht, Hans Brand, Jeffrey Kaiser, Alan B. Peterson, Ralf Malz, Steffen Steinberg, Gerd Marowsky, Uwe Brinkmann, Dennis Lo†, Annette Borsutzky, Helen Wächter, Markus W. Sigrist, Evgeny Saldin, Evgeny Schneidmiller, Mikhail Yurkov, Katsumi Midorikawa, Joachim Hein, Roland Sauerbrey, Jürgen Helmcke ...... 583 11.1 Principles of Lasers Orazio Svelto, Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Della Valle ...... 584 11.1.1 General Principles ...... 584

11.1.2 Interaction of Radiation with Atoms ...... 590 Cont. Detailed 11.1.3 Laser Resonators and Modes ...... 595 11.1.4 Laser Rate Equations and Continuous-Wave Operation .... 602 11.1.5 Pulsed Laser Behavior ...... 605 11.2 Solid-State Lasers Günter Huber, Stefan Kück, Markus Pollnau ...... 614 11.2.1 Basics ...... 614 11.2.2 UV and Visible Rare-Earth Ion Lasers ...... 619 11.2.3 Near-Infrared Rare Earth Lasers ...... 636 11.2.4 Mid-Infrared Lasers ...... 660 11.2.5 Transition-Metal-Ion Lasers ...... 674 11.2.6 Overview of the most Important Laser Ions in Solid-State Lasers ...... 694 11.3 Semiconductor Lasers Hartmut Hillmer, Stefan Hansmann ...... 695 11.3.1 Overview ...... 695 11.3.2 Resonator Types and Modern Active Layer Materials: Quantum Effects and Strain ...... 698 11.3.3 Edge-Emitting Laser Diodes with Horizontal Resonators ... 703 11.3.4 Basics of Surface-Emitting Lasers with Vertical Resonators (VCSELs) ...... 720 11.3.5 Edge-Emitting Lasers and VCSELs with Low-Dimensional Active Regions ...... 725 11.3.6 Lasers with External Resonators ...... 725

11.4 The CO2 Laser Rainer Engelbrecht, Hans Brand ...... 726 11.4.1 Physical Principles ...... 726 11.4.2 Typical Technical Designs ...... 737 11.5 Ion Lasers Jeffrey Kaiser, Alan B. Peterson ...... 746 11.5.1 Ion-Laser Physics ...... 747 11.5.2 Plasma Tube Design ...... 749 11.5.3 Ion-Laser Resonators ...... 751 11.5.4 Electronics ...... 753 11.5.5 Ion-Laser Applications ...... 755 1306 Detailed Contents

11.6 The HeNe Laser Ralf Malz ...... 756 11.6.1 The Active Medium ...... 756 11.6.2 Construction and Design Principles ...... 758 11.6.3 Stabilization ...... 762 11.6.4 Manufacturing ...... 763 11.6.5 Applications ...... 764 11.7 Ultraviolet Lasers: Excimers, Fluorine (F2), Nitrogen (N2) Gerd Marowsky, Uwe Brinkmann ...... 764 11.7.1 The Unique Properties of Excimer Laser Radiation ...... 765 11.7.2 Technology of Current Excimer Lasers and the N2 Laser .... 765

ealdCont. Detailed 11.7.3 Applications ...... 770 11.7.4 Outlook: Radiation in the EUV ...... 775 11.8 Dye Lasers Dennis Lo† ...... 777 11.8.1 Overview ...... 777 11.8.2 General Description ...... 777 11.8.3 Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Lasers ...... 777 11.8.4 Tunable Dye Lasers Pumped by High-Power Short-Wavelength Lasers ...... 778 11.8.5 Colliding-Pulse Mode-Locked Dye Lasers ...... 778 11.8.6 Tunable Continuous-Wave Dye Lasers ...... 779 11.8.7 Advanced Solid-State Dye Lasers ...... 779 11.9 Optical Parametric Oscillators Annette Borsutzky ...... 785 11.9.1 Optical Parametric Generation ...... 786 11.9.2 Phase Matching ...... 787 11.9.3 Optical Parametric Oscillators ...... 790 11.9.4 Design and Performance of Optical Parametric Oscillators ...... 790 11.10 Generation of Coherent Mid-Infrared Radiation by Difference-Frequency Mixing Markus W. Sigrist, Helen Wächter ...... 801 11.10.1 Difference-Frequency Generation (DFG) ...... 802 11.10.2 DFG Laser Sources ...... 809 11.10.3 Outlook ...... 813 11.11 Free-Electron Lasers Mikhail Yurkov, Evgeny Saldin, Evgeny Schneidmiller ...... 814 11.11.1 Principle of Operation ...... 814 11.11.2 Current Status and Perspective Applications of Free-Electron Lasers ...... 815 11.11.3 Suggested further reading ...... 819 11.12 X-ray and EUV Sources Katsumi Midorikawa ...... 819 11.12.1 X-Ray Lasers ...... 819 11.12.2 High-Order Harmonics ...... 822 Detailed Contents 1307

11.13 Generation of Ultrahigh Light Intensities and Relativistic Laser–Matter Interaction Roland Sauerbrey, Joachim Hein ...... 827 11.13.1 Laser Systems for the Generation of Ultrahigh Intensities ...... 827 11.13.2 Relativistic Optics and Laser Particle Acceleration ...... 834 11.14 Frequency Stabilization of Lasers Jürgen Helmcke ...... 841 11.14.1 Characterization of Noise, Stability, Line Width, Reproducibility, and Uncertainty of the Laser Frequency ...... 842

11.14.2 Basics of Laser Frequency Stabilization ...... 845 Cont. Detailed 11.14.3 Examples of Frequency-Stabilized Lasers ...... 852 11.14.4 Measurement of Optical Frequencies ...... 863 11.14.5 Conclusion and Outlook ...... 864 References ...... 864

12 Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Linear Properties, Manipulation, Generation and Measurement Matthias Wollenhaupt, Andreas Assion, Thomas Baumert ...... 937 12.1 Linear Properties of Ultrashort Light Pulses ...... 938 12.1.1 Descriptive Introduction ...... 938 12.1.2 Mathematical Description ...... 939 12.1.3 Changing the Temporal Shape via the Frequency Domain . 947 12.2 Generation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses via Mode Locking ...... 959 12.3 Measurement Techniques for Femtosecond Laser Pulses ...... 962 12.3.1 Streak Camera ...... 963 12.3.2 Intensity Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation ...... 963 12.3.3 Interferometric Autocorrelations ...... 966 12.3.4 Time–Frequency Methods ...... 967 12.3.5 Spectral Interferometry ...... 976 References ...... 979

Part D Selected Applications and Special Fields

13 Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques Wolfgang Demtröder, Sune Svanberg ...... 987 13.1 Stationary Methods Wolfgang Demtröder ...... 987 13.1.1 Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, Laser-Induced Fluorescence ...... 998 13.1.2 Laser Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams ...... 999 13.1.3 Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy ...... 1003 13.1.4 Polarimetry and Ellipsometry ...... 1009 13.1.5 Optical Pumping and Double Resonance ...... 1011 1308 Detailed Contents

13.2 Time-Resolved Methods Wolfgang Demtröder ...... 1012 13.2.1 Basic Principles ...... 1012 13.2.2 Wavelength-Tunable Short Pulses ...... 1013 13.2.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy ...... 1017 13.2.4 Coherent Time-Resolved Spectroscopy ...... 1022 13.2.5 Applications of Short Laser Pulses ...... 1026 13.3 LIDAR Sune Svanberg ...... 1031 13.3.1 Introduction ...... 1031 13.3.2 Instrumentation ...... 1033

ealdCont. Detailed 13.3.3 Atmospheric LIDAR Applications ...... 1035 13.3.4 LIDAR Monitoring of Condensed Targets ...... 1039 13.3.5 Unconventional LIDAR Applications ...... 1046 13.3.6 Discussion and Outlook ...... 1047 References ...... 1048

14 Quantum Optics Gerard Milburn ...... 1053 14.1 Quantum Fields ...... 1053 14.2 States of Light ...... 1055 14.3 Measurement ...... 1058 14.3.1 Photon Counting ...... 1059 14.3.2 Homo-/Heterodyne Detection ...... 1060 14.4 Dissipation and Noise ...... 1061 14.4.1 Quantum Trajectories ...... 1063 14.4.2 Simulating Quantum Trajectories ...... 1066 14.5 Ion Traps ...... 1066 14.6 Quantum Communication and Computation ...... 1070 14.6.1 Linear Optical Quantum Computing ...... 1072 References ...... 1077

15 Nanooptics Motoichi Ohtsu ...... 1079 15.1 Basics ...... 1079 15.2 Nanophotonics Principles ...... 1080 15.3 Nanophotonic Devices ...... 1082 15.4 Nanophotonic Fabrications ...... 1085 15.4.1 Photochemical Vapor Deposition ...... 1085 15.4.2 Photolithography ...... 1086 15.4.3 Self-Organized Deposition and Nanoimprinting ...... 1086 15.5 Extension to Related Science and Technology ...... 1088 15.6 Summary ...... 1088 References ...... 1089 Detailed Contents 1309

16 Optics far Beyond the Diffraction Limit: Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Stefan W. Hell ...... 1091 16.1 Principles of STED Microscopy ...... 1092 16.2 Nanoscale Imaging with STED ...... 1094 References ...... 1097

17 Ultrafast THz Photonics and Applications Daniel Grischkowsky ...... 1099 17.1 Guided-Wave THz Photonics ...... 1101 17.1.1 Subpicosecond Electrical Pulses ...... 1101 17.1.2 Sample Fabrication ...... 1101 ealdCont. Detailed 17.1.3 Generation and Measurement of the Pulses ...... 1102 17.1.4 Electrooptic Sampling of Pulses on Transmission Lines ..... 1103 17.1.5 THz Shockwave Generation on Nonlinear Transmission Lines ...... 1104 17.1.6 Transmission Line Theory ...... 1105 17.1.7 THz-TDS Characterization of Transmission Lines ...... 1106 17.1.8 Guided-Wave THz-TDS Characterization of Dielectrics ...... 1110 17.1.9 THz Waveguides ...... 1110 17.2 Freely Propagating Wave THz Photonics ...... 1116 17.2.1 An Optoelectronic THz Beam System ...... 1116 17.2.2 Other THz Transmitters ...... 1122 17.2.3 Other THz Receivers ...... 1132 17.2.4 THz-TDS with Freely Propagating THz Pulses ...... 1134 17.2.5 THz-TDS of Liquids ...... 1143 17.2.6 cw THz Photomixing Spectroscopy ...... 1145 References ...... 1145

18 X-Ray Optics Christian G. Schroer, Bruno Lengeler ...... 1153 18.1 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter ...... 1154 18.2 X-Ray Optical Components ...... 1156 18.2.1 Refractive Optics ...... 1156 18.2.2 Reflective Optics ...... 1158 18.2.3 Diffractive Optics ...... 1159 References ...... 1162

19 Radiation and Optics in the Atmosphere Ulrich Platt, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Michael Vollmer ...... 1165 19.1 Radiation Transport in the Earth’s Atmosphere Ulrich Platt, Klaus Pfeilsticker ...... 1166 19.1.1 Basic Quantities Related to Radiation Transport ...... 1166 19.1.2 Absorption Processes ...... 1166 19.1.3 Rayleigh Scattering ...... 1166 19.1.4 Raman Scattering ...... 1167 19.1.5 Mie Scattering ...... 1168 1310 Detailed Contents

19.2 The Radiation Transport Equation ...... 1169 19.2.1 Sink Terms (Extinction) ...... 1169 19.2.2 Source Terms (Scattering and Thermal Emission) ...... 1169 19.2.3 Simplification of the Radiation Transport Equation ...... 1170 19.2.4 Light Attenuation in the Atmosphere ...... 1171 19.3 Aerosols and Clouds ...... 1172 19.4 Radiation and Climate ...... 1174 19.5 Applied Radiation Transport: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Properties ...... 1176 19.5.1 Trace Gases ...... 1176 19.5.2 The Fundamentals of DOAS ...... 1176

ealdCont. Detailed 19.5.3 Variations of DOAS ...... 1178 19.5.4 Atmospheric Aerosols ...... 1179 19.5.5 Determination of the Distribution ofSolarPhotonPathLengths...... 1181 19.6 Optical Phenomena in the Atmosphere Michael Vollmer ...... 1182 19.6.1 Characteristics of Light Scattering by Molecules and Particles ...... 1182 19.6.2 Mirages ...... 1185 19.6.3 Clear Sky: Blue Color and Polarization ...... 1186 19.6.4 Rainbows ...... 1187 19.6.5 Coronas, Iridescence and Glories ...... 1189 19.6.6 Halos ...... 1191 19.6.7 The Color of the Sun and Sky ...... 1193 19.6.8 Clouds and Visibility ...... 1195 19.6.9 Miscellaneous ...... 1196 References ...... 1197

20 Holography and Optical Storage Mirco Imlau, Martin Fally, Hans Coufal†, Geoffrey W. Burr, Glenn T. Sincerbox ...... 1205 20.1 Introduction and History Mirco Imlau, Martin Fally ...... 1206 20.2 Principles of Holography Hans Coufal†, Glenn T. Sincerbox ...... 1207 20.2.1 Recording of Holograms and Wavefront Reconstruction ... 1207 20.2.2 Classification Scheme ...... 1208 20.2.3 Recording Geometries ...... 1212 20.2.4 Holography Techniques ...... 1214 20.2.5 Holographic Recording Materials ...... 1215 20.3 Applications of Holography ...... 1217 20.3.1 Holographic Data Storage ...... 1217 20.3.2 Holography in Archaeology ...... 1217 20.3.3 Holographic Interferometry ...... 1218 20.3.4 Holography in Medicine and Biology ...... 1219 20.3.5 Diffractive Optics with Computer-Generated Holograms ... 1220 Detailed Contents 1311

20.3.6 Security Aspects of Holography ...... 1220 20.3.7 Holographic Scattering for Material Analysis ...... 1220 20.3.8 Atomic-Resolution Holography ...... 1221 20.3.9 Neutron Diffractive Optics ...... 1222 20.4 Summary and Outlook ...... 1222 20.5 Optical Data Storage Hans Coufal†, Geoffrey W. Burr, Glenn T. Sincerbox ...... 1223 20.6 Approaches to Increased Areal Density ...... 1225 20.6.1 Short-Wavelength Lasers ...... 1225 20.6.2 Increased Numerical Aperture ...... 1226 20.6.3 Magnetic Super-resolution ...... 1226

20.7 Volumetric Optical Recording ...... 1227 Cont. Detailed 20.7.1 Volumetric Addressing Techniques ...... 1228 20.7.2 Addressing by Depth of Focus ...... 1228 20.7.3 Two-Photon Absorption for Addressing of a Bit Cell ...... 1229 20.7.4 Interferometry ...... 1229 20.7.5 Persistent Spectral Hole Burning (PSHB) ...... 1230 20.7.6 Holographic Storage ...... 1230 20.7.7 Holographic Multiplexing ...... 1232 20.7.8 Media ...... 1233 20.7.9 Write-Once Read-Many ...... 1233 20.7.10 Read–Write ...... 1234 20.7.11 Nonvolatile Read–Write Storage ...... 1234 20.7.12 Phase-Conjugate Read Out for Read–Write Systems ...... 1235 20.7.13 Write-Once Systems Using Spinning Disks ...... 1237 20.7.14 Content-Addressable Storage ...... 1238 20.8 Conclusion ...... 1239 References ...... 1239

21 Laser Safety Hans-Dieter Reidenbach ...... 1251 21.1 Historical Remarks ...... 1252 21.2 Biological Interactions and Effects ...... 1253 21.2.1 Fundamental Interactions ...... 1253 21.2.2 Effects of Laser Radiation on the Eye and Skin ...... 1257 21.3 Maximum Permissible Exposure ...... 1260 21.3.1 Threshold values and ED-50 ...... 1260 21.3.2 MPE Values for the Eye ...... 1261 21.3.3 MPEs given as Radiant Exposure and Irradiance ...... 1263 21.4 International Standards and Regulations ...... 1267 21.5 Laser Hazard Categories and Laser Classes ...... 1268 21.5.1 Accessible Emission Limits ...... 1268 21.5.2 Description of the Laser Classes ...... 1269 21.6 Protective Measures ...... 1270 21.6.1 Technical and Engineering Measures ...... 1270 21.6.2 Administrative Measures ...... 1270 21.6.3 Personal Protective Equipment ...... 1272 1312 Detailed Contents

21.6.4 Beyond Optical Hazards ...... 1272 21.6.5 Future Regulations ...... 1273 21.7 Special Recommendations ...... 1273 References ...... 1275

Acknowledgements ...... 1277 About the Authors ...... 1279 Detailed Contents ...... 1295 Subject Index ...... 1313 ealdCont. Detailed 1313

Subject Index

β-Barium-Borate BBO 1014 active mode locking 612 anti-bunching 27 1-propanol 1144 active protective measures 1266 antireflection (AR) 430, 719, 807 2-D band structure 465 adaptive control 955 antireflection coating 2-D photonic crystal 463 adaptive optics 1035 – plastic lens 322 3-D band structure 465 addressing technique 1229 AOM (acoustooptic modulator) 3-D photonic crystal 463 – depth of focus 1228 957 3-D photonix bandgap 466 – volumetric 1228 AOM (angular overlap model) 3-D-milling 319 adiabatic process 1085 617 3d–3d transition 615 administrative measures 1270, 1271 AOPDF (acoustooptic programmable 3-level system 618, 619 AEL (accessible emission limit) dispersive filter) 957 4f2 (Pr3+) 620 1268 APCVD (atmospheric pressure 4f–4f transition 615, 623 AEOLUS project 1035 chemical vapor deposition) 4-level system 618, 619 aerosol 1183 385 90◦ hologram 341 AFM (atomic force microscope) APD (avalanche photodiode) 700 532 A afocal system 79 aperture 401, 402 air mass 1184, 1185, 1193 aperture stop 60 Index Subject Abbe number 72, 257, 283, 421 airborne LIDAR system 1039 – for telescope 81 ABCD law 597 Airy disc 134 apochromatic lens 72 ABCD matrix 152 alchemy 734 applications of holography 1217 aberration 67, 952 alexandrite 677 AR (antireflection) 430, 719, 807 – astigmatism 70 Allan standard deviation 843 archaeology 1217 – chromatic 71 all-optical switch 471 areal density 1225 –coma 69 alumina 734 argon-ion laser 779 – curvature of field 70 AM mode locking 612 Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) – distortion 71 ammonia 1144 818 – point aberrations 69 amplified spontaneous emission arrayed waveguide (AWG) 718 – Seidel terms 69 (ASE) 486, 833 ARS (angle-resolved scattering) – spherical 69 amplitude hologram 1208 389 – Zernike polynomials 71 amplitude transmission hologram ASE (amplified spontaneous ablation 1256 1208 emission) 486, 833 absolute phase 939 – static 1208 asymmetric pulse shape 945 absorbance 258 –thick 1208 athermalization 426, 427 absorption 255, 258, 586, 1254 AND gates 1083 athermats 427 – coefficient 101, 521, 1107, 1254 angle-resolved scattering (ARS) atmospheric optics 1182 – cross section 270 389 atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor – hologram 1209 angular deposition (APCVD) 385 – mechanism 259 – aperture 60 atom interferometer 858 – of hemoglobin 1254 – frequency 6 atom photonics 1088 – of the retinal pigment epithelium – magnification 45 atomic-force microscope (AFM) (RPE) 1255 – multiplexing 1214 700 – of water 1254 – numerical implementation 136 atomic-resolution holography 1221 acceptor state 467 – overlap model (AOM) 617 attenuator 449, 1270 accessible emission limit (AEL) – propagation factor 124 aurora 1197 1265, 1268 – spectrum of plane waves 123, 128 autocorrelation 964, 1134 acetonitrile 1144 – subtense 1262 automated assembly 320 achromatic lens 72 ANL (Argonne National Laboratory) auxiliary magnetic field 250 achromatization 422 818 avalanche breakdown 518 acoustooptic modulator (AOM) 957 annus mirabilis 29 avalanche photodiode (APD) 532 acoustooptic programmable anomalous refraction 469 aversion response 1266 dispersive filter (AOPDF) 957 ANSI Z136.1 1265, 1267 AWG (arrayed waveguide) 718 1314 Subject Index

B Bragg CB (conduction band) 695 – condition 702 CCD (charge-coupled device) 539, B field enhancement 1126 – reflection 1160 543, 554, 1215 Ba0.77Ca0.23TiO3 (BCT) 344 – scattering 605, 1153, 1161 CCIS (charge-coupled image sensor) background-limited infrared – wavelength 702 539 photodetector (BLIP) 509 Bravais lattice 262 CCRF (capacitively coupled RF) ball lens 54 BRDF (bidirectional reflectance 738 band structure 695 distribution function) 412 CD (compact disk) 1223 band–band transition 719 Brewster angle 251, 604 CdSe 1126 band-edge laser 470 Brewster window 727 CdTe 1126, 1143 bandgap 695 brilliance 817 Ce3+ lasers 620 bandwidth 507, 604 Brillouin zone (BZ) 464 CENELEC 1267 barium titanate BaTiO3 344 BTO (Bi12TiO20) 344 centroid 405 BCT (Ba0.77Ca0.23TiO3) bulk modulator 434 channeled substrate laser 707 barium-calcium titanate 344 bulk photovoltaic currents 340 Chappuis absorption band 1194 beam bunching 27 charge carrier excitation and – diameter 1262 buried heterostructure (BH) 708 recombination 340 – divergence 596, 1269 charge transfer device 505 – expander 79, 832, 1033 C charge transfer image sensor (CTIS) – spot size 596 539 –waist 596 calcite 264 charge transport 340 ujc Index Subject beat frequency 842 calculation 410 charge-coupled device (CCD) 539, beat note 1034 CALIPSO 1035 1215 Beer’s law 259 camera 75, 77 charge-coupled image sensor (CCIS) benzene 1144 – astronomical 75 539 BH (buried heterostructure) can 11 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 708 capacitively coupled RF (CCRF) 311 Bi12TiO20 (BTO) 344 738 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) bidimensional Dirac δ-function carbon dioxide 726 379, 443 600 carbon tetrachloride 1144 chemiluminescence 17 bidirectional reflectance distribution cardinal points of an optical system Cherenkov radiation 1100, 1106 function (BRDF) 412 44 Cherenkov-type cone 1107 bidirectional scattering function carrier chief ray 61, 401 410 – collection efficiency 516 chirp 939 binary phase grating 423 – confinement 696 chirped mirror 953 bipolar laser 719 – envelope phase 939 chirped pulse 1115 birefringence 262 – frequency 942 chirped pulse amplification (CPA) birefringent plate 604 – ionization rate 519, 534 827, 951, 1047 BK7 946 – lifetime 1116, 1119 chromatic aberrations 71 black-body radiator 13 – mobility 521 CIPM (Comité International des blazed binary grating 434 – oscillation 939 Poids et Mesures) 854 blazed diffraction grating 423, 951 – photogenerated 515 circular polarization 105 blazed profile 423 CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman circularly polarized blink reflex 1266 scattering) 169, 1046 –left(lcp) 19 BLIP (background-limited infrared CAT (coplanar air transmission) – right (rcp) 19 photodetector) 509 1108 class of laser 1264–1266 Bloch-type plane wave 465 cathodoluminescence 16 classification of laser 1268 blue laser 1226 catoptrics 4 clock transition 861, 862 blue mountains 1194 cavity 721 cloud optical thickness 1196 blue-light hazard 1262 – mode 595, 605 cloud optics 1195 BluRay format 1225 – optical length 601 CMOS (complementary bolometer 1126 – photon lifetime 600 metal–oxide–semiconductor Boltzmann statistics 592 – Q-factor 601 detector) 539, 545, 554 Born–Oppenheimer approximation – ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) CO2+ laser 691 1085 1017 CO2 laser 726 boxcar arrangement 972 – round trip 962 – coaxial laser 744 Subject Index 1315

– cooling 736 collisional broadening 593 CPM (corrugation pitch modulation) – DC-excited 737 collisional deactivation 594 714 – dissociation 732 color Cr2+ laser 686 2+ – efficiency 736 –sky 1193–1195 Cr :Cd0.55Mn0.45Te 689 – electrical excitation 731 –sun 1193 Cr2+:CdSe 689 – emission lines 729 color center laser 615, 802 Cr2+:ZnS 688 –energylevel 728 color holography 1215 Cr2+:ZnSe 688 – fast axial gas flow 737, 743 combustion 1046 Cr2+-doped chalcogenide crystal – Fermi resonance 728 – lidar techniques 1046 686 – five-temperature model 732 Comité International des Poids et Cr3+ laser 677 – gas chemistry 735 Mesures (CIPM) 854 + Cr3 -doped colquirite crystal 678 – gas premix 733 communication system 332, 446, Cr4+ laser 679 – material 734 478, 857, 1268 4+ – microwave excitation 740 compact disk (CD) 1223 Cr :Mg2SiO4 683 4+ – output power 736 complementary Cr :YAG 683 – physical principle 726 metal–oxide–semiconductor Cr:GaAs 1104 – resonator 742 detector (CMOS) 539 CRDS (cavity-ring-down – RF discharge 739 complex amplitude 95, 115 spectroscopy) 1017 – RF-excited 738 complex refractive index 254 CRI (color rendering index) 576 – Rigrod analysis 727 composite hologram 1209, 1211 critical angle 1155, 1158 – saturation intensity 731 compression moulding 320 critical inversion 589, 603 – sealed-off 727, 733 compressively strained 698 critical object 411 Index Subject – slab laser 742 Compton scattering 1154, 1155 critical pump rate 589, 603 – small-signal gain 730 computer generated fringe pattern cross phase modulation (XPM) 167, – TEA laser 744 1215 173, 491 – tunable CO2 laser 745 computer generated hologram cross section 586 – vibrational state 728 1215, 1220 cross-correlation 964 – waveguide laser 740 conducting polymer 1111 crosstalk 1230 coagulation 1256 conduction band (CB) 695 crown glass 258 coating 322, 373 conductivity 96 crystal optics 1160 – electroless nickel 352 confocal beam parameter 12 CTE (coefficient of thermal – plastic lens 322 confocal microscopy 1229 expansion) 301 – quality parameter 388 confocal resonator 598 CTIS (charge transfer image sensor) – theory 374 conical refraction 469 539 COC (cyclic olefin copolymer) 426 contact copy 1215 cutoff frequency 520 codirectional coupling grating 718 continuous wave (CW) 585 CVD (chemical vapor deposition) coefficient of thermal expansion continuous-wave optical parametric 311, 379, 443 (CTE) 301 oscillator (CW-OPO) 791 CW (continuous wave) 585 coherence 589 contra-directional coupling grating CW-OPO (continuous-wave optical –area 589 718 parametric oscillators) 791 – length 23, 1132 COP (cyclic olefin polymer) cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) 426 – time 23, 590 426 cyclic olefin polymer (COP) 426 coherent anti-Stokes Raman COP/COC (cyclic olefin polymer and cyclic olefin polymer and copolymer scattering (CARS) 169, 1046 copolymer) 318 (COP/COC) 318 coherent detection 1034 coplanar air transmission (CAT) cyclohexane 1144 coherent radiation 583, 1013 1108 cylindrical lens 448 coherent scattering 273 coplanar transmission 1101 coherent transients 1143 – line 1105, 1118 D Cole–Davidson (C–D) fractional corona 1189–1191 exponent β 1141 corpuscular 5 damping rate 1119 colliding-pulse mode locking 779 correlations-at-a-distance 28 dark decay of holograms 341 colliding-pulse mode-locked (CPM) corrugation pitch modulation (CPM) DARPA (United States Defense dye laser 1120 714 Advanced Research Projects colliding-pulse, passively coupled-cavity waveguide 470 Agency) 1232 mode-locked dye laser 1102 CPA (chirped pulse amplification) DAST 1143 collinear autocorrelation 966 827, 951, 1047 data rate 1228 1316 Subject Index

DBR (distributed Bragg reflector) –tensor 97, 262 direct laser acceleration (DLA) 703 – waveguide 1115 839 DBR laser 712 dielectrics 96 directionality 590 DCF (dispersion-compensating fiber) diethylzinc (DEZn) 1085 directly pumped Pr3+ lasers 624 481 difference frequency 1126 direct-write 1234 decay length 1081 difference-frequency generation discharge defect mode 467 (DFG) 160, 462 – microwave 574 degenerate four-wave mixing difference-frequency mixing (DFM) – sodium 574 (DFWM) 169, 194 786 – sulphur 574 denaturation 1256 difference-frequency spectrometer discharge lamp 568, 572 Denisyuk geometry 1213 1145 – color rendering 572 dense wavelength division differential absorption LIDAR – high-pressure 571, 572 multiplexing (DWDM) 307, 446, (DIAL) 1032 – low-pressure mercury 568 492 differential equation for a ray 36 – luminous efficiencies 572 density of states (DOS) 464 differential group delay (DGD) 481 – mercury lamp 571 depleted field effect transistor differential ray tracing 67 – metal halide 571, 572 structure (DEPFET) 538 diffractice optics 1153 disk manufacturing process 1228 depletion region 512 diffraction 123 dispersion 948 deposition techniques 322 – angular spectrum of plane waves – compensator 470 depth of field 75, 76 123 – management 948 depth of penetration 1254 – at a circular aperture 133 – relation 253, 257 ujc Index Subject – in water 1255 – at a rectangular aperture 132 dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) desorption 1087 – Debye integral 131 481 detection – Fraunhofer integral 126, 129 dispersive prism 604 – coherent 1034 – Fresnel integral 126, 127 dispersive pulse broadening 1115 – heterodyne 1034 – Fresnel integral in Fourier domain dissolved organic matter (DOM) detectivity 509, 519 128 1042 – photoconductor 511 – Fresnel–Kirchhoff 126 distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) – pyroelectric detector 551 – grating 320, 745 703 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron – Huygens wavelet 125 distributed feedback (DFB) 470, DESY 817 – impulse response 125 605, 702, 781 DEZn (diethylzinc) 1085 – intensity near the focus 131, 138, divalent rare-earth ions 621 DFB (distributed feedback) 470, 140 divergence angle 12 605, 702, 781 – limit 1079, 1085 diverging lens 446 DFB laser 712 –loss 600 DOE (diffractive optical element) DFG (difference-frequency – numerical implementation 135, 420 generation) 160, 462 139 DOM (dissolved organic matter) DFM (difference-frequency mixing) – point spread function 132 1042 786 – Rayleigh–Sommerfeld formula donor state 467 DFWM (degenerate four-wave 125 Doppler broadening 22, 594, 735 mixing) 169, 194 – Strehl ratio 132 Doppler effect 849 DGD (differential group delay) 481 – transfer function of free space 125 DOS (density of states) 464 DIAL (differential absorption diffraction-limited spot size 1094 double heterostructure 696 LIDAR) 1032 diffractive optical element (DOE) double Rayleigh scattering (DRS) diamond CNC-machining 319 420 488 diamond lattice 465 diffractive optics 1217, 1220 double resonance 1011 diatomic molecule 23 diffusion current 339, 514 double-balanced mixer 847 dielectric digital holography 1215 double-exposure interferometry – constant 253 digital versatile disk (DVD) 1223 1218 – cylinder 465 diode laser pumping 588 – heterodyne technique 1218 – function 89, 253, 1129 diode pumping 637 – phase-shift technique 1218 – material 90 dioptrics 5 double-heterostructured microcavity –media 252 dipolar field distribution 1105 468 – media anisotropic 262 dipole 265 doubly resonant OPO configurations – mirror 597 –matrix 591 (DRO) 791 – susceptibility 96 Dirac δ function 591 drift photocurrent 514 Subject Index 1317

DRO (doubly resonant OPO eikonal equation 34, 35 – cross section 269 configurations) 791 – limitations 36 – lifetime 270, 617 DRS (double Rayleigh scattering) Einstein coefficients 270 – quantum efficiency 687 488 EL (electroluminescence) 17, 334, EMT (effective medium theory) Drude 1118 574 428, 433 – theory 1118 EL (exposure limit) 1253 end pumping 638 DVD (digital versatile disk) 1223 ELA (excimer laser annealing) 772 endomicroscopy 447 DWDM (dense wavelength division electric endoscope 445 multiplexing) 307, 446, 492 – displacement 88, 250 endoscopic holography 1219 DX center 1234 – energy density 90 endoscopy 447 dye laser 777 –field 250 energy level diagrams of RE3+ 616 – chief misgiving 780 – polarization 95, 96 energy transfer 1081 – continuous-wave 779 – vector 88 energy transport 20, 253 – DFB waveguide 782 electric dipole 1080 energy utilization factor 607 – end-pumped 779 – transition 591 engineering controls 1270 – flashlamp-pumped 777 electrical engineering measures 1271 – Nd:YAG microchip pumped DFB – fixing 345 enhanced light–matter interaction 782 electric-dipole allowed 591 468 – single-mode operation 779 electro-holography 1215 entangled light 28 – solid-state 779 electroluminescence (EL) 17, 334, entrance pupil 60 – tunable 778 574 entrance window 61 dye-doped – direct 575 envelope 938 Index Subject – polymer 780 – indirect 575 – function 940 – polymeric materials 781 electromagnetic (EM) 584 environmental health criteria 1252 –sol-gel 780 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) ENVISAT 1041 dynamic hologram 1208, 1210 740 EOM (electrooptic modulator) 434, dynamic wave plate 436 electromagnetic wave 90 847, 852 electron accelerator 113 equi-frequency surface (EFS) 469 E electron energy distribution function Er lasers at 1.5 µm 652 (EEDF) 732 Er3+ lasers 630 ECDL (extended-cavity diode lasers) electron wavelength 724 Er3+-doped Yb3+ 657 852 electron-beam lithography 1086 Er-based upconversion laser 630 eclipse 1197 electronic band structure 725 erbium iron garnet 1110 EDFA (erbium-doped fiber electronic Kerr effect 971 erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) amplifiers) 480 electronic wave function 480 edge-lit hologram 1214 (eigenfunction) 724 erbium-doped fiber laser 659 EEDF (electron energy distribution electrooptic (EO) Er-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) function) 732 – detection 1133 614 EFDA (Er-doped fiber amplifiers) – effect 278, 1100 error function (erf) 22 614 – modulator (EOM) 434, 847, 852 error signal for frequency control effective areal density 1229 – sampling 1103, 1105 848 effective dose ED-50 1260 – shutter 608 ESA (excited-state absorption) effective medium theory (EMT) electrowetting on dielectrics (EWOD) 618–620, 630, 675, 678, 679, 685, 428, 433 451 690, 691, 694 effective refractive index 725 elementary holographic grating ESRF (European Synchrotron EFS (equi-frequency surface) 469 1208 Radiation Facility) 1158 eidola 4 ellipsometry 200, 1009 ethanol 1144 eigenfrequency 736 elliptic polarization 105 Euler equation 94 eigenfunction (electronic wave elliptical mirror 1158 European directive 1273 function) 724 elliptically graded multilayer 1161 European Synchrotron Radiation eigenfunction (photon wave function) EM (electromagnetic) 584 Facility (ESRF) 1158 725 embossed hologram 1209, 1212 EUV (extreme ultraviolet) 55, 775, eigenvalue (effective refractive index) EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) 1160 725 740 evanescent wave 102, 124, 1080 eigenvalue (quantized energy level) emerald 678 EWOD (electrowetting on dielectrics) 724 emission 269 451 1318 Subject Index

excess noise factor 508, 534 finite-difference time domain (FDTD) Fraunhofer hologram 1209, 1211 excimer laser annealing (ELA) 772 178, 1081 Fredholm homogeneous integral excited-state absorption (ESA) first Born approximation 277 equation 600 618–620, 630, 675, 678, 679, 685, first-harmonic detection 863 free induction decay 1132 690, 691, 694 first-in first-out (FIFO) 1230 free space propagation 152 exciton–polariton 1081 first-order correlation function free-electron laser (FEL) 814 exit pupil 60, 415 25 free-electron-laser in Hamburg exit window 61 flames 1136 (FLASH) 818 experimentum crucis 5 FLASH (free-electron-laser in free-flowing jet 779 exposure limit (EL) 1253 Hamburg) 818 freely propagating wave THz extended source 1262 flatness of setting sun 1185 photonics 1116 extended-cavity diode lasers (ECDL) flint glass 258 free-running laser 610 852 fluorescence free-space propagation 596, 597 external cavity diode laser (ECDL) – sunlight-induced 1044 frequency 1141 809 fluorescent lamp 568 frequency comb 959 extinction coefficient 258 fluorescent marker 1094 frequency comb generator extraordinary axis 263 fluorinated hydrocarbons 1039 864 extraordinary waves 608 FM mode locking 612 frequency cutoff 1113 extreme ultraviolet (EUV) 55, 775, focal length 45, 52, 399, 401, 403 frequency doubling 219, 462, 614, 1160 – relation between object and image 837, 964, 1015 eye 77 space 48 frequency modulation 436 ujc Index Subject eye movements 1262 – thick lens 53 frequency reproducibility eye-safety considerations 1048 focal plane 45 845 focal point 45 frequency uncertainty 845 F focal ratio 399, 401 frequency-domain phase focal-plane resolution 1094 measurement (FDPM) F number 76 focus 975 Fabry–Pérot resonator 597 – intensity distribution 129 frequency-resolved optical gating Faraday rotator (FR) 847 – point spread function 132 (FROG) 971 far-field fluorescence 1094 – polarization effects 138 Fresnel far-field microscopy 1092 FOM (figure of merit) 311, 787, – formula 251, 256 far-infrared gas laser 746 806, 1084 – hologram 1209, 1211 fast switch 1102 Fourier analyses 939, 1100 – Kirchhoff diffraction 126 FBG (fiber Bragg grating) 482 Fourier hologram 1209, 1212 –lens 320 FDPM (frequency-domain phase Fourier sum 1105 – number 134 measurement) 975 Fourier transform 1132 – zone plate 1153, 1161 FDTD (finite-difference time domain) –plane 952 – zone plate (FZP) 420 178, 1081 – spectroscopy 1126 – zone plate lens 331 Fe2+ laser 692 Fourier-transform pulse shaper Fresnel diffraction 126, 127 feedback control 955 955 – Fourier domain 128 FEL (free-electron laser) 814 Fourier-transform-limited pulse 943 – numerical implementation 137 – applications 816 four-level laser 587, 606 fringe visibility 23 – radiative instability 814 – fast switching 606 FROG (frequency-resolved optical – resonance wavelength 814 – scheme 602 gating) 971 – user facility 816 four-wave mixing (FWM) 160, 173, – technique 973 femtosecond laser 863 492 – traces 971 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) 482 FOV (field of view) 403, 414 full width at half maximum (FWHM) fiber laser 719 fovea 1253 591, 938, 1091 field angle 61 FR (Faraday rotator) 847 full-view hologram 1214 field effect transistor (FET) 532 fractal method 1215 fundamental infrared (IR) 801 field of view (FOV) 403, 414 fractal multiplexing method 1215 FWHM (full width at half maximum) field stop 61, 415 Franck–Condon principle 1085 591, 938, 1091 – for telescope 81 Fraunhofer diffraction 126, 129 FWM (four-wave mixing) 160, 173, FIFO (first-in first-out) 1230 – at circular aperture 133 492 figure of merit (FOM) 311, 787, – at rectangular aperture 132 FZP (Fresnel zone plate) 331, 420, 806, 1084 – numerical implementation 137 1153, 1161 Subject Index 1319

G geometrical optics 33 GTI (Gires–Tournois interferometer) – energy conservation 38 953 GaAs 344, 1126, 1132 – limitations 34 guided mode 465 GaAs TEF transmitter chip 1122 geoscience laser altimeter system guided-wave THz photonics GaAs trap enhanced field (TEF) THz (GLAS) 1039 1101 source 1122 ghost reflection 399 guided-wave THz-TDS 1110 Gabor geometry 1212 Gires–Tournois interferometer (GTI) GVD (group velocity dispersion) GAC (grating assisted coupler) 953 186, 468, 478, 948, 1111, 1113 718 GLAS (geoscience laser altimeter GVD (zero-group-velocity gain system) 1039 dispersion) 189 – coefficient curves 656 glass 657 – coupled (GC) 712 – optic design 320 H – coupling 714 glass–ceramics – photoconductor 508, 510 – properties 301 half-wave voltage 436 – phototransistor 537 glasses 250–314 halo 1191–1193 –PMT 548 – colored 290 – computer simulation 1192 GaP 1132 – dielectric properties 303 –survey 1192 gas discharge – doped 261, 312, 315 halophosphate phosphors 569 – high-pressure 567 –fiber 662 harmonic frequency chain 863 – low-pressure 567 – halide 314 harmonic mode-locking 612 gas in scattering media absorption – laser 293 HAYABUSA 1039 spectroscopy (GASMAS) 1046 – multicomponent 269 HCl 1144 Index Subject gas laser 604, 726, 735, 746, 764, – nonlinear 267, 308 HDPE (high-density polyethylene) 768, 841 – optical 249, 258 1115 –CO2 laser 726 – oxide 313 HDSS (holographic data storage – excimer 764 –power 295 systems) 1232 –HeNe 756, 855 – properties 288 HDTV (high-definition television) –ion 746 – systems 284 1223 GaSb 1126 global minimum 404 heavy water 1144 GASMAS (gas in scattering media global warming 1036 helicity 6 absorption spectroscopy) 1046 glory 1189–1191 helium 732 gating 1116 GLS (sulfide glasses GaLaS) 650 – cooled bolometer 1118 Gaussian 944 Gouy phase shift 596 Helmholtz equation 99, 725 Gaussian beam 11, 143, 595 gradient index (GRIN) 440 – in dielectrics 100 – ABCD matrix law 152 grating 110, 745 – in homogeneous materials 100 – beam radius 145 – assisted coupler (GAC) 718 – paraxial form 144, 145 – beam waist 145 – compressor 950 Hermite-Gaussian – far field angle 146 – degeneracy 1233 – beams 597 – fundamental 596 – equation 56 – modes 150 – fundamental mode 144, 145 –periodΛ 702 Hertzian dipole antenna 1116, 1122 – Hermite polynomials 149 – stretcher 950 heterodyne detection 1034 – higher order modes 147, 150 grating-eliminated no-nonsense HgCdTe detector 1131 – propagation 146, 152 observation of ultrafast incident HHG (high-order-harmonic – radius of curvature 145 laser light E-fields generation) 822 – Rayleigh length 146 (GRENOUILLE) 975 HID (high-intensity discharge) lamp – transformation at a lens 151 green flash 1196 567, 571 Gaussian function 591 Green’s function 1081 hierarchy 1088 Gaussian line shape 22 GRIN (gradient index) 36, 440 high-Tc superconductor 1106 GC (gain-coupled) 712 ground-state absorption (GSA) 617, high-definition television (HDTV) GCF (geometrical configuration 630 1223 factor) 412 group delay dispersion (GDD) 948 high-density polyethylene (HDPE) GDD (group delay dispersion) 948 group velocity 18, 254, 1106 1115 Ge 1126 group velocity dispersion (GVD) high-efficiency laser 603 generalized ray tracing 67 186, 468, 478, 948, 1111, 1113 highest occupied molecular orbital geometrical configuration factor GSA (ground-state absorption) 617, (HOMO) 334 (GCF) 412 630 highly reflecting (HR) 719 1320 Subject Index

high-order-harmonic generation ICLAS (International Coordination – lithography (IL) 431 (HHG) 822 Group for Laser Atmospheric – of circularly polarized plane waves high-power laser 602 Studies) 1033 112 high-resolution three-dimensional ICP (inductively coupled plasma) – of linearly polarized plane waves display 1217 456 111 Hoegh’s meniscus 54 IL (interference lithography) 431 –ofplanewaves 108 Hohlraumstrahlung 12 illuminance 7, 8 – of scalar waves 115 holey fiber 464 illuminated objects 411 – polarization dependence 111 hologram interferometry ILRC (International Laser Radar – visibility 111 1218 Conferences) 1033 interferogram 118 hologram multiplexing 1214 image-plane hologram 1209, 1212 interferometric autocorrelation 966 – angular 1214 imaging condition 46 interferometric optical storage 1230 – phase-coded 1214 imaging equation 50 interferometry 119 –shift 1214 immersion lens 1226 – energy conservation 122 – wavelength 1214 impulse response 125 – Mach–Zehnder 120 hologram recording 1207 incandescent lamp – Michelson 120 holographic – efficiency 565 – phase shifting 121 – addressing 1228 – halogen lamp 566 – shearing interferometer 121 –display 1219 – lifetime 565 – Twyman–Green 120 – encryption 1220 – tungsten 566 International Coordination Group for – interferometry 1217, 1218 incoherent light sources 566 Laser Atmospheric Studies ujc Index Subject – material 1216 incoherent radiation 17, 565–581, (ICLAS) 1033 – plate 1208 1259 International Laser Radar – recording 339 index of refraction 1139 Conferences (ILRC) 1033 material 1216 index of refraction decrement 1154 intra-band transition 719 – scattering 1221 indication of dispersion 283 inverse opals 463 – sensitivity 342 indicator lights 576 iodine-stabilized laser 856 – stereogram 1209, 1211 indium–tin oxide (ITO) 328, 579 ion exchange 443 – storage media 1233 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ion-assisted deposition (IAD) 322, holographic data storage (HDSS) 456 381 1217, 1230, 1232 inferior mirage 1186 ion-beam sputtering (IBS) 384 holometry 1218 inhomogeneous broadening 591 ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) HOMO (highest occupied molecular inhomogeneous mechanism 594 381 orbital) 334 inhomogeneous plane wave 101 ionization spectroscopy 995 homogeneous broadening 22, 591, inhomogeneously broadened 22 IR (fundamental infrared) 801 593 injection moulding 320 iridescence 1189–1191 homogeneous dielectrics 90 inline geometry 1212 irradiance 7, 8, 1256, 1263 horizontal cavity laser 702 InP 1126 ITO (indium–tin oxide) 328, 579 HR (highly reflecting) 719 InSb 1126 human eye 1253 integrated optical circuit 471 J Husimi 970 integrated optical modulator 435 Huygens–Fresnel principle intensity autocorrelation 964 Johannson geometry 1161 125 intensity cross-correlation 965 joint time–frequency methods 968 Huygens–Fresnel–Kirchhoff kernel interaction time 862 Jones 600 inter-band transition 719 – calculus 18, 106 hyberbolic sechant 944 inter-combination transition 859 –matrix 107 hybrid system 420 interconfigurational 4f–5d transition – vector 19, 107 hydrogen 733 617 interconnection 1088 K I interference 108 – between spherical and plane waves Kerr effect 435 IAD (ion-assisted deposition) 322, 116 Kerr-lens mode locking 613 381 – equation for scalar waves 115 Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) 1160 IBAD (ion-beam-assisted deposition) – examples 118 KNbO3 344 381 – fringe period 110, 116 Kramers–Kronig relation 254, 1136 IBS (ion-beam sputtering) 384 – fringes 111 KTa0.52Nb0.48O3 (KTN) 344 Subject Index 1321

L lateral electrical confinement 698 – phosphors 576 lateral magnification 45, 51 – polymeric 580 Lamb-dip stabilization 853 law of reflection 39 – pure colors 576 Lambert–Beer law 259, 1254 law of refraction 38, 39 – red enhanced 578 Lambertian black 410 – paraxial 42 – white emission 578 LANDSAT 1041 LCoS (liquid crystal on silicon) 432 lightning 1197 Langmuir–Blodgett films 1111 lcp (left circularly polarized) 19 LiNbO3 344, 1143 lanthanum aluminate substrate 1106 LC-SLM (liquid-crystal spatial light line broadening 735 Laplacian operator 90 modulator) 956 linear optical material 252 large effective area (LEAF) 481 LD (laser diode) 852 linear optics 96 large-aperture planar photoconductor lead 1143 linear optics quantum computing 1124 LEAF (large effective area) 481 (LOQC) 1076 laser 604, 726, 735, 746, 764, 768, leaky mode 470 linear phase locking 610 841 LED (light-emitting diode) 470, linear polarization 105 – cavity 595, 598 575, 1269 line-defect mode 467 – classes 1264, 1269 left-handed (LH) material 469 linewidth 595 –CO2 726 lens – dye laser 595 – diode (LD) 852 – array 448 –gaslaser 595 – driven electron accelerator 113 – equation 50 – solid-state laser 595 – dye 777 – fabricating LC array 332 Lippmann–Bragg geometry 1213 – excimer 764 – Fresnel zone plate 331 liquid crystal 265, 327, 458, 1216 – free-electron 814 –PDLCFresnel 331 – on silicon (LCoS) 432 Index Subject – frequency stabilization 841 – prototype 320 liquid dye laser 777 – guide star 1035 LIBS (laser-induced breakdown liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) 461, 708 – hazard category 1268 spectroscopy) 1031, 1046 liquid-crystal spatial light modulator –HeNe 756, 855 LIDAR (LC-SLM) 956 – induced breakdown spectroscopy – hydrocarbon measurements 1037 LiTaO3 344, 1143 (LIBS) 1031, 1046 – nitrogen oxide measurements LiTaO3 crystals 1104 – induced damage thresholds (LIDT) 1039 lithium niobate 344 389 – ship-borne applications 1035 lithium tantalate 344 – induced fluorescence (LIF) 1031 LIDAR (light detection and ranging) – crystal plate 1104 –ion 746 652, 1029 Littman configuration 852, 853 – ions in solid-state lasers 694 LIDT (laser-induced damage Littrow configuration 604, 745, – notice 1268 thresholds) 389 852, 853 – parameters 617 LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) LMJ (laser megajoule) 830 – pointer 1274 1031 local minimum 404 – principle 584 lifetime 586 logarithmic loss 589, 601, 603 – pulsed 695 lifetime (emission) 270 logic gate 1083 – pumping 588 light cone 466 longitudinal electric field component – rate equations 602 light conversion 569 114, 139 – resonator 595 light intensity 92 longitudinal magnification 51 – safety officer (LSO) 1270, 1272 light polarization 102 longitudinal mode 595, 960 – semiconductor 695 light pressure 21 longitudinal relaxation time 1025 – solid-state 614–695 light scattering 344 longitudinal spatial hole burning – stabilization 852 –air 1182 (LSHB) 713 – threshold 618, 619 – atmosphere 1182 long-lifetime blue emitter 336 – tweezer 1220 light sources LOQC (linear optics quantum – ultraviolet 764 –survey 581 computing) 1076 – wakefield acceleration (LWFA) light tube 38 Lorentz gauge 10 838 light-emitting diode (LED) 470, Lorentz theory 1143 laser adjustment eye-protectors 575 Lorentzian function 591 1274 –AlInGaP 576 Lorentzian line shape 15, 22 laser megajoule (LMJ) 830 – II–VI compound 576 loss coupling 715 laser-induced chemical vapor –InGaN 576 low-efficiency laser 603 deposition (LCVD) 386 – inorganic 576 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital latent image 505, 555 – organic (OLED) 579 (LUMO) 334 1322 Subject Index

low-loss cavities 602 Martin–Puplett interferometer 1134 MFD (multilayer fluorescent disks) LPCVD (low-pressure chemical master hologram 1215 1228 vapor deposition) 385 mastering process 1228 MI (modulation instability) 186 LPE (liquid phase epitaxy) 461, 708 master-oscillator power-amplifier microcavity 467 LSHB (longitudinal spatial hole (MOPA) 799 microchannel plate (MCP) 548 burning) 713 material equations 95 microchip laser 604 LSO (laser safety officer) 1270, – in linear and isotropic materials microdisk laser 720 1272 97 micro-electromechanical systems luminance 7, 8 – in linear and nonmagnetic materials (MEMS) 453, 457 luminescent 15 97 micro-hologram 1238 – material 569 matter–wave interferometer 859 microlaser 593 – polymer 336 maximum permissible exposure micromechanical sacrificial layer luminous (MPE) 1253, 1260 technology 724 – efficiency 570 maximum power 1263 micro-mirror array 957 –energy 8 Maxwell column 19 microphonic noise 507 – energy density 8 Maxwell equations 10, 88, 250, 262 microscope 82, 83 – exitance 8 – continuity equation 88 – eyepiece 83 –flux 7 – energy conservation 89 – numerical aperture 83 – intensity 7, 8 – energy conservation in dielectrics – objective 83 –power 8 89 mid-infrared 726 LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular – in homogeneous dielectrics 90 Mie scattering 273, 1183, 1184 ujc Index Subject orbital) 334 – in isotropic and linear materials mirage 1185 LWFA (laser wakefield acceleration) 34, 98 mirror 1116 838 – material equations 34, 95 – material 1158 Lyot stop 415 – time-independent form 34 –Mo 352 – transition to geometrical optics – silicon carbide 353 M 34 MIS MCP (microchannel plate) 548 (metal–insulator–semiconductor) M number 342 MCP (multichannel plate) 963 505, 539 Mach–Zehnder interferometer 119, MCVD (modified chemical vapor MMA (methyl methacrylate) 438 deposition) 473, 649 781 Mach–Zehnder type switch 471 mercury discharge lamp Mn5+ lasers 690 macroscopic photonic device 1084 – efficiency 568 mobile laser radar 1034 magnetic – low-pressure 568 mode field diameter (MFD) 477 – actuator 457 mercury monitoring 1037 mode indices 595 – energy density 90 meridional plane 40 mode locker 609 –field 250 meridional rays 40 mode locking 959 – induction 88 metal halide lamps – colliding-pulse 779 – permeability 89, 97 – halide cycle 573 mode selection 605 – resonance 1110 – improved color stability 574 mode volume 602 – super-resolution (MSR) 1227 metal waveguides 1112 mode-locked laser 610 – susceptibility 96 metal–insulator–semiconductor modified chemical vapor deposition – vector 88 (MIS) 505, 539 (MCVD) 473, 649 magnetically amplified magneto-optic metallic photonic crystal (MPC) modified poly (methyl methacrylate) system (MAMMOS) 1227 466 (MPMMA) 781 magnetization 95, 97 metalorganic molecules 1085 modulation frequencies 716 – density 250 metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) modulation instability (MI) 186 magnetooptical storage 1227 539 modulation transfer function (MTF) magnetooptical trap (MOT) 862 metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) 400, 403, 560 magnification 401 photodiode 532 molecular atmosphere magnifier 82 meteor 1197 – transmission 1193 maintenance 1269 methanol 1144 molecular vapor 1143 MAMMOS (magnetically amplified methyl chloride 1143 momentum 21 magnetooptic system) 1227 methyl methacrylate (MMA) 781 monochromatic aberration 71 manufacturing cost 320 – dye-doped copolymers 781 monochromaticity 589 marginal 401 MFD (mode field diameter) 477 moon illusion 1197 Subject Index 1323

MOPA (master-oscillator NCPM (noncritical phase matching) noncritical phase matching (NCPM) power-amplifier) 799 459, 788 459, 788 MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) Nd laser 636 nonlinear crystals 1143 539 Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd-doped yttrium nonlinear mechanisms 267 – accumulation mode 540 aluminum garnet) 614 nonlinear optical materials 265 – depletion mode 540 nearly index-matched (NIM) 424 nonlinear optics 96, 157 – flat-band condition 539 negative refraction 466 nonlinear Schrödinger equation – inversion mode 541 NEP (noise equivalent power) 509 (NLSE) 166 MOT (magnetooptical trap) 862 – ADP 535 nonlinear signal generator (NLSG) MPC (metallic photonic crystal) –BLIP 509 964 466 – photoconductor 511 nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL) MPE (maximum permissible – photodiode 519 1104 exposure) 1253, 1260, 1263 – phototransistor 538 nonradiative decay 585, 594, 675, MPMMA (modified poly (methyl –PMT 548 679, 686, 691, 694 methacrylate)) 781 – thermocouple 550 nonresonant interaction 1082 MSR (magnetic super-resolution) neutron diffractive optics 1222 NOT gates 1083 1227 Newton equation 50 NSIC (National Storage Industry MTF (modulation transfer function) NFL (nanofocusing lens) 1157, Consortium) 1224 400, 403, 560 1158 n-type 1140 – testing 322 NGL (next-generation lithography) number operator 14 Mueller calculus 18, 19 775 number states 28 multichannel plate (MCP) 963 Ni2+ laser 690 numerical aperture (NA) 60, 446, Index Subject multilayer fluorescent disk (MFD) NIF (National Ignition Facility) 830 1161 1228 NIM (nearly index-matched) 424 numerical implementation of multilayer optic 1160 niobium 1109 diffraction effects 135, 139 multilevel grating 423 nitrogen 731 n-wave mixing 266 multiphoton excitation 448 NLSE (nonlinear Schrödinger multiple scattering 273, 1195 equation) 166 O multiplexed hologram 1209 NLSG (nonlinear signal generator) multiplexing 1233 964 object recognition 1217 multiplexing of holograms 341 NLTL (nonlinear transmission lines) OCT (optical coherence tomography) multi-refraction 469 1104 445, 448 noctilucent cloud 1196 off-axis geometry 1213 N nodal points 45, 47, 48 Öffner telescope 952 NOHD (nominal ocular hazard OFHC (oxygen-free NA (numerical aperture) 60, 446, distance) 1270 high-conductivity) 734 1161 noise OFI (optical-field ionization) 821 nabla operator 88 –1/ f 507, 518 OLED (organic light emitting nanobeam 1160 – CCD 545 devices) 773 nanofocusing lenses (NFL) 1157, –CMOS 546 – kinds of failure 337 1158 – current 508 – reduction of brightness 337 nanoimprinting 1088 – equivalent power (NEP) 509 OLED (organic light emitting diode) nanooptics 1079 –flicker 507 579 nanoparticles 217, 1030, 1094 – generation–recombination 507, on vision 4 nanophotonic 511 one-center model 340 –device 1082 – Johnson 506, 511, 518 OP (oriented-patterned) 460 – switch 1083, 1084 – Nyquist 506 OPA (optical parametric amplifier) – technology 1086 – photography 559 209 nanophotonics 1079 – photon (quantum) 506 OPCPA (optical chirped pulse nanotechnology 471 –power 506 amplification) 800, 832 NAS copolymer 318 – shot 506 OPD (optical path difference) 91, National Ignition Facility (NIF) nominal ocular hazard distance 134 830 (NOHD) 1270 open circuit voltage 515 National Storage Industry nonadiabatic process 1085 open optical resonator 590 Consortium (NSIC) 1224 nonclassical light 27 OPG (optical parametric generation) natural broadening 593 noncollinear 1014 462, 786, 807 1324 Subject Index

OPL (optical path length) 442, 949 optoelectronic THz beam 1113 passive mode locking 613 OPO (optical parametric oscillator) –system 1100, 1116 Paul trap (RF ion trap) 861 209, 459, 780, 785, 864, 1033 optoelectronic antenna 1100 PB (photonic band) 464 OPS (optically pumped optoelectronics 1099 PBG (photonic bandgap) 464 semiconductor lasers) 625 optogalvanic spectroscopy 994 PBS (photonic band structure) 464, optic design 320 optothermal expansion coefficient 725 optical 426 PBS (polarizing beam splitter) 847 – amplifier 586 ordinary axis 263 PC (photonic crystal) 463, 725 – anisotropy 262 ordinary waves 608 PC (Pockels cell) 608, 1014 – areal density 1228 organic LED 579 PC (polycarbonate) 318, 320, 426 –axis 40 organic light emitting device (OLED) PC slab 463 – chirped pulse amplification 773 PCB (printed circuit board) 772 (OPCPA) 832 organic photoconductor 578 PCF (photonic-crystal fiber) 173, – communication systems 332, 446, organically modified silicates 463 478, 857, 1268 (ORMOSIL) 781 PD (photodetector) 847 – confinement 696 oriented-patterned (OP) 460 PDH frequency stabilization –datastorage 142, 214, 281, 539, orthogonality condition 35 technique 847 614, 701, 1205, 1217, 1230 OSNR (optical signal-to-noise ratio) PDLC (polymer dispersed liquid –design 61, 410, 442, 1003 486 crystal) 330, 1216 – disk storage roadmaps 1224 OTF (optical transfer function) PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) 454 – double resonance 1012 1095 PECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical ujc Index Subject –fiber 1084 out-of-plane angular multiplexing vapor deposition) 385 – filter 721 1215 PEDT/PSS –gain 701 out-of-plane shift multiplexing (polyethylenedioxythiophene/ – imaging 40 1215 polystyrylsulfonat) 335 – nanofountain 1085, 1088 output coupler 585, 589 penetration depth 1256 – near field 1080, 1084 output coupling efficiency 603 periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) – near field interaction 1082 outside vapor deposition (OVD) 462, 793 – parametric amplifier (OPA) 209 473 periodically poled potassium titanyl – parametric chirped pulse oxygen-free high-conductivity phosphate (PPKTP) 462 amplification (OPCPA) 800 (OFHC) 734 peristrophic multiplexing 1215 – parametric generation (OPG) 462, personal protective equipment (PPE) 786, 807 P 1272 – parametric oscillator (OPO) 209, PESRO (pump-enhanced SRO) 791 459, 780, 785, 864, 1033 PA (photon avalanche) 625, 633 phase 1208 – path difference (OPD) 91, 134 parabolic mirror 1158 – error 1236 –pathlength(OPL) 442, 949 paraboloidal 1116 – hologram 1208, 1209 – poling 265 paraxial 401 – matching 975 – pumping 1011 – approximation 151 – modulation function 947 –ray 35 – geometrical optics 39 – retrieval 978 – rectification 1129 – Helmholtz equation 144, 145 – shifting interferometry 121 –sensing 448 paraxial matrix theory 42 – unwrapping algorithms 122 – signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) – 3 × 3 matrices 57 – velocity 18, 91, 254 486 – plane parallel plate 43 phase-coded multiplexing 1214, – solid 281 – refraction at plane surface 42 1233 –storage 1088 – sign conventions 43 phase-modulation technique 846 – storage products 1225 –thinprism 58 phase-shifting digital holography – thickness 721, 1184, 1185 – transfer matrix 42 1215 – transfer function (OTF) 1095 paraxial ray 40 phenanthraquinone (PQ) 1234 optical chopper 1132 – definition 41 phonon-coupled device 1083 optical component – diffraction grating 56 photoacoustic effect 1256 – polymer 322 – tracing 40 photocarrier 1102, 1116 optical-field ionization (OFI) 821 paraxial wave equation 595 photochemical 1257 optically pumped semiconductor parhelia 1191, 1192 – effect 1259 lasers (OPS) 625 partial reflector 589 – reaction 1256 optics 4 passive loss 619 – vapor deposition 1085 Subject Index 1325 photochromism 280 photon plane–concave lens 54 photoconductive – avalanche (PA) 625, 633 plane–convex lens 54 – detector 505 – density 9 plane-parallel resonator 597 – excitation 1104 – dynamics 607 plane-wave expansion 464 –gain 507 –energy 6 planocylindrical lens 1114 – receiver 1121 –flux(power) 9 plasma 1141 – switch 1119, 1122 – helicity 20 plasma impulse chemical vapor photoconductor 510 – intensity 9 deposition (PICVD) 385 photocurrent 1119 – irradiance 9 plasma-enhanced chemical vapor photodetector (PD) 847 – number 9 deposition (PECVD) 385 photodiode 512 –radiance 9 plasmon polariton band 466 – array 555 –spin 20 plastic lens 322 – back-illuminated 515 – units 6 – coating 322 –binary 522 – wave functions (eigenfunctions) – scratch resistant 322 – breakdown voltage 517 725 plastic optic – color-sensitive 527 – wavelength 724 –design 320 – fast-response 524 photon statistics 507, 558, 602 – manufacturing processes 319 – front-illuminated 513 photo-neutron-refractive effect – optical tolerance 322 – generation current 518 1222 – production volume 321 – ideality factor 517 photonic band (PB) 464 – prototyping 320 – photocurrent 514 photonic band structure (PBS) 464, – series production 322 –pin 515 725 plastic ribbon waveguide 1115 Index Subject – position-sensitive 526 photonic bandgap (PBG) 464 PLD (pulsed laser deposition) 386 – quaternary 523 photonic bandgap fiber 464 pleximid 320 – recombination current 517 photonic crystal (PC) 463, 725 PMD (polarization mode dispersion) – responsivity 521 photonic device 1079 477 – series resistance 517 photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) 173, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) – shunt resistance 517 463 318, 426, 1234 – silicon 521 photonic-crystal slab 463 PMMA (rhodamine-doped) 780 –ternary 523 photon-limited performance 509 PMT (photomultiplier tube) 505 – tunneling current 518 photopolymers 1234 PMT (photomultiplier) 547 photoelectric effect 505 photorecording 249 PNLC (polymer network liquid photoelectron 234 photorefractive crystal 339 crystal) 330 photoemissive detector 505, 546, photoresist 1086 Pockels cell (PC) 608, 1014 547 photothermal effect 1257 Pockels effect 278, 435 photogeneration rate 514 phototransistor 537 Poincaré sphere 19, 105 photographic emulsion 505 – bipolar 537 point spread function (PSF) 132, photography 77, 505, 555 – darlington 538 406, 442, 1091 – black and white 555 –FET 538 point-defect lasers 470 – color 556 photovoltaic detector 505 Poisson distribution 26 – contrast 559 physical thickness 721 polarimetry 1009 – detective quantum efficiency 560 physical vapor deposition (PVD) polarizability 252 – detective quantum efficiency 379 polarization 6, 18, 93, 102 558 PICVD (plasma impulse chemical – circular 105 – optical density 558 vapor deposition) 385 – complex representation 106 – reciprocity law 559 piezoelectric transducer (PZT) 852 – density 250 – resolution 560 piezooptic effect 279 – doughnut mode 138 – spectral sensitivity 558 pixelation 334 – elliptic 105 photoionizing 1257 PL (photoluminescence) 17, 334 –gate(PG)FROG 971 photolithography 1086 planar dielectric waveguides 1111 – half-wave plate 108 photoluminescence (PL) plane parallel 597 – hologram 1208, 1211 17, 334 plane wave 11, 37, 92 – influence to energy density near photomask 1086 – in homogeneous dielectrics 91 focus 138 photometric units 6 – in homogeneous materials 101 – Jones calculus 106 photomixing 1126 – orthogonality condition 91 – Jones matrix 107 photomultiplier (PMT) 505, 547 – time-harmonic plane wave 93 – Jones vector 107 1326 Subject Index

– linear 105 PPLN (periodically poled lithium quantized energy levels (eigenvalues) – mode dispersion (PMD) 477 niobate) 462 724 – modulation 783, 957 PPV (poly-para-phenylenevinylene) quantum beat spectroscopy – of sky light 1186, 1187 334, 336 1023 – quarter-wave plate 107 PQ (phenanthraquinone) 1234 quantum cascade lasers (QCL) – radially 138 Pr3+ (4f2) 620 802 – ray tracing 35, 67 Pr3+ lasers 623 quantum dot (QD) 470, 697, 700, – shaping 957 Pr3+,Yb3+-doped ZBLAN fiber 1083 – states 105 636 quantum dot fields 725 – Stokes parameters 105 pressure broadening 735 quantum efficiency 508, 528, 603, – TE and TM components 108 principal 618 polarization spectroscopy 1006 –foci 45 – CCD 545 polarization-labeled interference –planes 45 –CMOS 546 versus wavelength for only a glint – points 45, 46, 48 – external 510 (POLLIWOG) 978 –ray 61 – photodiode 516 polarizer 106, 107, 331, 432, 449, printed circuit board (PCB) 772 – schottky barrier photodiode 531 468, 604, 762, 956, 971, 1006, prism compressor 949 quantum electronics 724 1125 production process stability 322 quantum field theory 13 polarizing beam splitter (PBS) 847 projected solid angle (PSA) 412 quantum noise limit of detection pollutant gases 1036 projectile 5 508 (poly-)styrene 318 projection-operator 1081 quantum nondemolition (QND) ujc Index Subject polycarbonate (PC) 318, 320, 426 propagating light-coupled device 1070 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 454 1084 quantum photonics 724 polyethylene 1115 propagation kernel 600 quantum well (QW) 470, 697 polyethylenedioxythiophene/ PS (polystyrene) 426 quantum well infrared photodetector polystyrylsulfonat (PEDT/PSS) PSA (projected solid angle) 412 (QWIP) 527 335 PSD (power spectrum density) 940 quantum wire 700 polymer 1143 PSF (point spread function) 132, quantum-dot infrared photodetector – dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) 406, 442 (QDIP) 529 330 PSF (point-spread function) 1091 quarter-wave optical thickness – dye-doped 780 p-type 1140 (QWOT) 375 – LEDs 579 pulse characterization 962 quarter-wave plate (QWP) 19 – network liquid crystal (PNLC) pulse duration measurement 962 quartz 946 330 pulse shaping 952–958 quasicrystal (QC) 464, 466 polymer-dispersed liquid crystal pulse width modulator (PWM) 755 quasi-phase matching (QPM) 459, (PDLC) 1216 pulsed laser deposition (PLD) 386 789, 805 polymeric multilayer devices 335 pump frequency 588 quasistatic limit 1105 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pump-enhanced SRO (PESRO) quasi-three-level lasers 588 318, 426, 1234 791 QWIP (quantum well infrared poly-para-phenylenevinylene (PPV) pumping process 587, 588 photodetectors) 527 334, 336 pupil aberration 416 polystyrene (PS) 426 pupils 60 R population inversion 584, 587, 602 push–pull configuration 438 potassium niobate 344 PVD (physical vapor deposition) R/W (rewritable) 1224 power plants 1037 379 radiance 7, 8 power spectrum density (PSD) 940 PWM (pulse width modulator) 755 radiant power transport 20 PZT (piezoelectric transducer) 852 –energy 8 Poynting vector 89, 92, 95, 253 – energy density 8 PPE (personal protective equipment) Q – exitance 8 1272 – exposure 1256, 1263 PPKTP (periodically poled potassium Q-switching 606 –flux(power) 8 titanyl phosphate) 462 quadratic phase 943 – intensity 8 PPLN (periodically poled LiNbO3) quadrature squeezed 28 radiation 13 793 quadrupole electrical pulse 1108 radiation laws 16 PPLN (periodically poled lithium qualitative innovation 1082 radio frequency (RF) 608, 957 niobate crystal) 459 quantitative innovation 1082 radiometric units 6 Subject Index 1327 rainbow 1187–1189 real exciton–polariton 1082 reversible saturable optical – Airy theory 1188 real focus 52 fluorescence transitions – angle 1187 real-time interferometry 1218 (RESOLFT) 1097 – hologram 1208, 1211 real-time time-average interferometry rewritable (R/W) 1224 – Mie theory 1189 1219 RF (radio frequency) 608, 957 – observation 1188 receiver 1122 RF ion trap (Paul trap) 861 RAM (residual amplitude receiving telescope 1033 RFA (Raman fiber amplifier) 484 modulation) 848 recording geometry 1212 RGB (red, green and blue) 576 Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) 484 recording medium 1227 rhodamine 6G 777 Raman LIDAR 1036 red, green and blue (RGB) 576 rhodamine-doped (PMMA) 780 Raman scattering 209 reference phase 978 ridge-waveguide lasers 706 Raman spectroscopy 193, 755, reflection 251 RIE (reactive-ion etching) 456 1028 – amplitude 1208 rigorous coupled wave analysis Raman-induced Kerr effect (RIKE) – hologram 1208, 1209 (RCWA) 429 198 – phase 1208 ring laser 720, 779 Ramsey–Bordé matter–wave –thick 1208 – resonator 598, 612 interferometer 859 –thin 1208 risk analysis 1269 rare-earth ions 615 reflectivity 251 RLVIP (reactive low-voltage ion rate-equation model 602 refraction 251, 255 plating) 381 ray aberration 40, 68 – at tilted plane surface 57 rotating disc electrodes (RDE) 776 ray equation 35 refractive index 90, 254 rotational energy level 729 – GRIN materials 36 – complex representation 100 rotational lines 1136 Index Subject – homogeneous materials 36 – contrast 720 round-trip gain 589 ray tracing 35, 40, 61, 442 relative dispersion slope (RDS) 481 round-trip matrix 599 – coordinate transformation 64 relaxation oscillations 603 Rowland circle 1160 – description of a ray 63 remote cleaning 1046 RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) – differential ray tracing 67 repetitive laser exposure 1266 1253, 1255 – law of reflection 66 residual amplitude modulation ruby 677 – law of refraction 66 (RAM) 848 ruby laser 584 – non–sequential 67 RESOLFT (reversible saturable Runge–Kutta method 442 – optical path length 65 optical fluorescence transitions) – point of intersection with a surface 1097 S 63 resonance frequency 595, 599 – polarization ray tracing 35 resonator 584, 597, 598, 724 safety factor 1260 – principle 61 – plane-parallel 598 sagittal plane 40 – ray aberrations 68 – spherical two-mirror 598 sagittal ray 40 – surface normal 65 – unidirectional ring 598 sampled grating (SG) 718 – wave aberration 68 – unstable 598 sampling technique 1100 Rayleigh range 12, 596 resonator for photon waves sapphire 946, 1137, 1139 Rayleigh scattering 1183, 1184 725 –fiber 1111 Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction response function 1119 SAR (synthetic-aperture radar) 125 response time 343 1044 rcp (right circularly polarized) 19 responsivity 508 SASE (self-amplified spontaneous RCWA (rigorous coupled wave – blackbody 508 emission) 816 analysis) 429 – bolometer 553 saturable absorber 609 RDE (rotating disc electrodes) 776 – photoconductor 510 saturation 587 RDS (relative dispersion slope) 481 – photodiode 516 – factor 1093 reactive low-voltage ion plating – photoemissive detector 547 – intensity 609, 731 (RLVIP) 381 – pyroelectric detectors 550 – spectroscopy 1004, 1008 reactive-ion etching (RIE) 456 –QWIP 528 SBN (Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6) 344 read-out beam 1226 – thermocouple 550 SBS (stimulated Brillouin scattering) read-out layer 1227 retinal hazard region 1255 489 read–write retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) scalar wave 115 – holographic systems 1237 1253 scattering –storage 1234 reverse aperture stop 414 – aerosol 1183 – systems 1235 reverse ray trace 414 – coherent 273 1328 Subject Index

– cross section (differential) 272 shadow 1197 SMF (single-mode fiber) 447 – mean free path 1184 shearing interferometers 119 Smith–Purcel effect 471 –Mie 273 SHG (second-harmonic generation) SM-LWFA (self-modulated laser – molecular 1183, 1186 158, 459, 468, 786 wakefield acceleration) 839 – multiple 273 shift multiplexing 1214 SMSR (side-mode suppression ratio) – single 273 shock wave 1107 710 scattering spectroscopy 211, 216 Shockley equation 513 Snell’s law 38, 39, 251, 257, 402 Schawlow–Townes formula 605 short circuit current 515 SO2 1145 Schottky barrier photodiode 530 short-range LIDAR 1046 SOA (semiconductor optical Schottky diode 1104 short-time Fourier transform (STFT) amplifier) 484 Schrödinger equation 724 969 sodium lamp scotoma 1258 shrink rate 321 – low-pressure 570 SCP (stretcher–compressor pair) SI (spectral interferometry) 975 – luminous efficiency 570 828 SI (Système International) 7 soft X-ray (XUV) 822 secondary effect 1260 side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) SOI (silicon-on-insulator) 525 secondary spectrum 422 1044 Soleil–Babinet compensator 1132 second-harmonic generation (SHG) side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) sol-gel 158, 266, 459, 468, 786, 971 710 – dye laser 781 second-order coherence 25 side-of-the-fringe stabilization 845 – materials 781 second-order correlation function signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 508, – silica 781 25 1228 solid-immersion lens (SIL) 1226 ujc Index Subject second-order dispersion 948 –APD 535 solid-state dye laser (SSDL) 780, section on an object 412 – photoconductor 511 784 security aspects of holography 1220 – photodiode 519 – two-photon-pumped 784 Seidel aberration 69 – photography 559 solid-state lamps 574 self phase modulation (SPM) 489 –PMT 548 solid-state laser 594, 615 self-amplified spontaneous emission SIL (solid-immersion lens) 1226 soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) (SASE) 816 silicon 1137, 1140 189 self-diffraction (SD) FROG 972 silicon carbide mirror 353 sonogram 975 self-focusing 613 silicon p-i-n diode 1116 sonoluminescence 17 self-modulated laser wakefield silicon-on-insulator (SOI) 525 SOS (silicon-on-sapphire) 1102 acceleration (SM-LWFA) 839 silicon-on-insulator materials 1108 source self-organized deposition 1087 silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) 1102 – black-body 24 self-phase modulation (SPM) 160, simulacra 4 – chaotic 24 173, 233, 939 sine condition 70 – coherent 24 self-referencing of the frequency single scattering 273 –thermal 24 comb 864 single sided exponential 944 space-charge fields 339 Sellmeier coefficients 258 single-atom manipulation 1088 space-charge region 512 Sellmeier equation 946 single-cavity prototype mould 320 spatial semiconductor (SC) 308 single-mode fiber (SMF) 447 – coherence 589 semiconductor LED single-mode optical fiber 1111 – frequency 124 – inorganic 575 single-shot autocorrelator 965 – light modulator 1215 semiconductor optical amplifier singly resonant OPO (SRO) 791 – multiplexing 1215 (SOA) 484 sinusoidal phase modulation 947 spatially coherent 23 semiconductor-fiber laser 719 size-control 1088 spatial–spectral interference (SSI) semiinsulating 698 size-dependent optical absorption 975, 978 sensitivity 509 1087 SPC techniques 322 sequential two-photon absorption slab waveguide (WG) 466 SPDC (spontaneous parametric (STPA) 630 SLAR (side-looking airborne radar) down-conversion) 1077 series production ofplastics optics 1044 spectral 322 slope efficiency 618 – brilliance 9 servo gain 851 slowly varying envelope – density of frequency noise 842 SF10 glass 946 approximation (SVEA) 161, 174 – hole burning 1230 SFG (sum-frequency generation) small group velocity 468 – intensity profile 943 160, 462 small-molecule LEDs 579 – interferometry (SI) 975 SFM (sum-frequency mixing) 786 small-signal gain 730 – irradiance 9 Subject Index 1329

– phase 940 storage capacity 343 T – phase interferometry for direct storage density 1226 electric field reconstruction STPA (sequential two-photon TADPOLE (temporal analysis by (SPIDER) 978, 1016 absorption) 630 dispersing a pair of light E-fields) –radiance 9 stratospheric ozone layer 1039 977 – radiant energy 9 stray light 399, 411 tailored pulse shape 954 – radiometric unit 7 –analysis 410, 411 Talbot effect 137 – transfer function 948 streak camera 963 Talbot fringes 1215 – units 6 Strehl ratio 132 Tanabe–Sugano diagram 675 spectrogram 969 stretcher–compressor pair (SCP) target normal sheath acceleration spherical aberration 1156 828 (TNSA) 840 spherical resonator 595, 598 strontium-barium niobate 344 TCE (transient collisional excitation) spherical wave 11, 37, 115 STRUT (temporally resolved 820 SPM (self phase modulation) 160, upconversion technique) 975 TDSE (time-dependent Schrödinger 173, 233, 489, 939 subdiffraction resolution 1093 equation) 823 spontaneous 15 sub-Poissonian photon statistics TE guided mode 467 – parametric down-conversion 26 TE mode 465 (SPDC) 1077 subwavelength structured elements TEA laser 744 spontaneous emission 270, 585, 617 427 technical measures 1271 – lifetime 592 sulfide glasses GaLaS (GLS) 650 technical noise 605 spot diagram 68, 69 sulphur dioxide 1037 teflon filter 1131 sputtering 1087 sum-frequency generation (SFG) telecentric on the image side 60 Index Subject squeezed light 27 160, 462 telecentric on the object side 60 Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 (SBN) 344 sum-frequency mixing (SFG) 786 telescope 78 SRO (singly resonant OPO) 791 sunlight-induced fluorescence – astronomical 81 SRS (stimulated Raman scattering) 1044 – Galilean 82 172, 489 superconducting transmission lines television (TV) holography 1215 SSDL (solid-state dye lasers) 780, 1109 TEM (transmission electron 784 supercontinuum (SC) 185 microscopy) 700 – two-photon-pumped 784 superior mirage 1186 TEM THz parallel-plate metal SSFS (soliton self-frequency shift) superlens 470 waveguide 1113 189 superlensing effect 466 temperature fluctuations 507 SSG (superstructure grating) superposition principle 939 temporal analysis by dispersing a pair 718 superprism effect 469 of light E-fields (TADPOLE) 977 SSI (spatial–spectral interference) superstructure grating (SSG) temporal coherence 23, 589 975, 978 718 temporal phase 939 stability condition 599 suppression factor 1094 temporally coherent 23 stable resonator 598, 742 surface scattering 275 temporally resolved upconversion static hologram 1208, 1210 – Rayleigh criterion 275 technique (STRUT) 975 stationary two-time correlation – scalar theory 277 tensile strain 699 1066 – surface roughness 275 tensor statistical pulse duration 946 – total integrated scatter (TIS) 276 – dielectric 97 steady-state populations 605 susceptibility 253 – of dielectric susceptibility 96 STED (stimulated emission SVEA (slowly varying envelope – of magnetic susceptibility 96 depletion) 1091 approximation) 161, 174 TESLA test facility (TTF) 817 – microscope 1093 Swedish mobile LIDAR 1037 TF (thin film) 575 Stefan–Boltzmann law 16 switching transients 1100 – waveguides 785 STFT (short-time Fourier transform) symmetric exponential 944 thermal damage 1258 969 synchronous pumping 612 thermal detector 505, 549 stimulated 15 synchrotron radiation 814 – bolometer 551 – Brillouin scattering (SBS) 489 – source 1153, 1157, 1159, 1160 – Golay cell 549 – emission depletion (STED) 1091 synthetic fringe pattern 1215 – pyroelectric detector 550 – Raman scattering (SRS) 172, 489 synthetic hologram 1215 – Seebeck effect 550 stimulated emission 270, 584, 586, synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) – thermocouple 550 701 1044 – thermopile 550 Stokes parameters 19, 105 Système International (SI) 7 thermal fixing 345 1330 Subject Index

thermal noise limit of detection 508 time base 1268 transverse thermoplastic material time response 519 – efficiency 603 – injection moulding 321 time-average interferometry 1219 – electric magnetic 597 – shrink rates 321 time-bandwidth product 943 – mode 595 THG (third-harmonic generation) time-dependent Schrödinger equation – relaxation time 1025 169 (TDSE) 823 trapping box 595 thick hologram 1208, 1209, 1233 time-domain spectroscopy 1119 treatise on light 5 thick lens 52 time-harmonic wave 93 triplet excited state 336 –ball 54 – complex representation 94 triplet-relaxation (T-Rex) STED – Hoegh’s meniscus 54 time-of-flight mass spectrometer 1094 –inair 53 1022 triply resonant OPO (TRO) 791 – plane–concave 54 TIP (truncated inverted pyramid) truncated inverted pyramid (TIP) – plane–convex 54 576 576 thick reflection hologram 1210 TIR (total internal reflection) 39, TTF (TESLA test facility) 817 thin film (TF) 575 412 TTG (tunable twin guide) 717 – waveguides 785 – critical angle 39 tunable CO2 laser 745 thin hologram 1208, 1209, 1232 Ti-sapphire laser 1131 tunable twin guide (TTG) 717 thin lens 51, 152 Ti-sapphire mode-locked 1122 tungsten halogen lamps 566 3+ – focal length 52 titanium:sapphire (Ti :Al2O3) two-dimensional focusing 1159 thin prism 58 780 two-level system 270 third-harmonic generation (THG) TM mode 465 two-mirror spherical resonator 601 ujc Index Subject 169 TOD (third-order dispersion) 945 two-mode stabilization 853 third-harmonic-generation (THG) tomography 1153 two-photon FROG 972 total internal reflection (TIR) 39, – absorption 312, 1229 third-order dispersion (TOD) 945 412 – excitation 345 third-order nonlinear effects 267 – critical angle 39 – transition 857 three-dimensional optical storage total line shape 591 1227 total reflection 252, 1158 U three-level laser 587 total reflector 589 threshold 602, 1260 total scattering (TS) 389 UHP lamp 572 – condition 589 TPA (two-photon-absorption) 312 ultrafast 1099 –inversion 603 training 1272 – electrical pulse 1102, 1103 –lesion 1258 transfer function of free space 125 – laser technology 779 THz transient collisional excitation (TCE) – optoelectronics 1101 – applications 1122 820 ultraviolet (UV) 1031 – imaging 1100 transient point source 1100 uncoupled modes 465 – interconnect 1111 – of THz radiation 1116 undulator 17, 814 – photomixing spectroscopy 1145 transient-grating (TG) FROG 972 uniaxial 263 – photonics 1099 transition line-width 591 unipolar laser 719 – pulse 1118 transition-metal ions 615 unit plane 45 – radiation 1100 transition-metal-ion lasers 675, 690 United States Defense Advanced – radiation source 1134 transmission Research Projects Agency – ranging 1100 – amplitude 1208 (DARPA) 1232 – receiver 1117 – hologram 341, 1208, 1209 unity-gain frequency 852 – shockwave generation 1104 – line 1103 unstable resonator 598, 742 – time-domain spectroscopy – line theory 1105 upconversion 625 (THz-TDS) 1100, 1106 –oftheeye 1255 – pumped Pr3+ lasers 625 – transmitter 1122 – phase 1208 UV (ultraviolet) 1031 – waveguide 1111 –thick 1208 UV and visible lasers 619 THz-TDS (THz time-domain –thin 1208 spectroscopy) 1100, 1106 transmission electron microscopy V THz-TDS characterization 1137 (TEM) 700 + Ti3 laser 675 transmissivity 251 V2+ laser 690 3+ Ti :Al2O3 (titanium:sapphire) transmitter 1122 vacuum permittivity 250 676, 780 transversal electric field component valence band (VB) 695 Ti:sapphire 675 138 vanishing line 1186 Subject Index 1331 vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) 708 wavenumber 6 – mirror optics 1153 varactor diode 1104 WDM (wavelength division – monocapillary 1158 vertical cavity (VC) 702 multiplexing) 483 – multilayer optics 1153, 1159, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser WG (waveguide) 466 1160 (VCSEL) 703, 712 WGP (wire-grid polarizer) 432 – nanofocusing refractive lens 1158 vertically emitting laser 470 whispering-gallery modes 720 – optics 1153 very large scale integration (VLSI) white emitting devices 336 – projection microscopy 1159 1100 white horizon 1194 – reflective optics 1158 very-large telescope (VLT) 307 white-light reflection hologram – refractive lens 1153 vibrational spectrum 23 1210 – refractive optics 1156 vibrational temperature 732 Wien displacement law 13, 16 – rotationally parabolic refractive vidicon 555 Wiener–Khintchine theorem 966 lens 1157 virtual exciton–polariton 1082 wiggler 17 – scanning microscopy 1153, 1157, virtual focus 52 Wigner 970 1161 visibility 1196 window function 969 – scattering 1153 visible Er3+ laser 632 wire-grid polarizer (WGP) 432 – total external reflection 1155, visible Pr3+ fiber laser 634 WORM (write-once, read-many 1158, 1159 Vleck–Weisskopf theory 1143 times) 1224 – water window 1162 Voigt line shape 22 write-once materials 1237 – waveguide 1154, 1159 volume scattering 271 write-once, read-many times – waveguides 1153 – coherent scattering 273 (WORM) 1224 XUV (soft X-ray) 822 – Mie scattering 273 Index Subject – multiple scattering 273 X Y – single scattering 273 xenon 733 YBa2Cu3O7 1143 W XFEL (X-ray FELS) 817 YbIG 1110 XPM (cross phase modulation) 167, yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) warning labels 1270 173, 491 639 water vapor 733, 1136 X-ray yttrium aluminium perovskite (YAP) wave aberration 41, 68 – absorption spectroscopy 1153, 639 wave equation 90, 98, 250 1159 yttrium lithium fluoride 639 – for electric vector 99 – achromatic aberration 1157 yttrium vanadate (YVO) 639 – for magnetic vector 99 – achromatic optic 1159 Yukawa function 1082 – in dielectrics 99 – beam conditioning 1157 YVO (yttrium vanadate) 639 – in homogeneous dielectrics 90 – Bragg–Fresnel optic 1162 – in homogeneous materials 99 – capillaries 1153 Z – linear 252 – chromatic aberration 1157 – nonlinear 266 – crystal optics 1153, 1160 ZBLAN wave optics 87 – diffraction 1153 (ZrF4 − BaF2 − LaF3 − AlF3 − NaF) wave packet 12 – diffractive optics 1159, 1161 633 wave plates 428 – FELS (XFEL) 817 Zeeman stabilization 854 wave propagation 254 – fluorescence analysis 1153 Zener breakdown 518 wave vector 93 – free electron laser 817 Zeonex 320 wavefront reconstruction 1207 – full-field microscopy 1153, 1161 Zernike polynomials 71 waveguide dye laser – index of refraction 1154 zero additional phase (ZAP) 979 –sol-gelDFB 782 – Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror 1154, zero-additional-phase waveguide laser 740 1160 – SPIDER (ZAP-SPIDER) 1016 wavelength 93 – laterally graded multilayer optic zero-dispersion compressor 952 wavelength division multiplexing 1160 zero-group-velocity dispersion (WDM) 483 –lens 1156 (GVD) 189 wavelength multiplexing 1214 – linear attenuation coefficient 1155 zinc selenide 727 wavemeter 811, 1144 – mirror 1158 ZnTe 1131, 1143