Colloquiumcolloquium

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Colloquiumcolloquium ColloquiumColloquium History and solution of the phase problem in the theory of structure determination of crystals from X-ray diffraction experiments Emil Wolf Department of Physics and Astronomy Institute of Optics University of Rochester 3:45 pm, Wednesday, Nov 18, 2009 B.Sc. and Ph.D. Bristol University Baush & Lomb 109 D.Sc. University of Edinburgh U. of Rochester 1959 - Tea 3:30 B&L Lobby Wilson Professor of Optical Physics JointlyJointly sponsoredsponsored byby The most important researches carried out in this field will be reviewed and a recently DepartmentDepartment ofof PhysicsPhysics andand AstronomyAstronomy obtained solution of the phase problem will be presented. History and solution of the phase problem in the theory of structure determination of crystals from X-ray diffraction experiments Emil Wolf Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute of Optics University of Rochester Abstract Since the pioneering work of Max von Laue on interference and diffraction of X-rays carried out almost a hundred years ago, numerous attempts have been made to determine structures of crystalline media from X-ray diffraction experiments. Usefulness of all of them has been limited by the inability of measuring phases of the diffracted beams. In this talk the most important researches carried out in this field will be reviewed and a recently obtained solution of the phase problem will be presented. Biography Emil Wolf is Wilson Professor of Optical Physics at the University of Rochester, and is reknowned for his work in physical optics. He has received many awards, including the Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America, the Albert A. Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute, and the Marconi Medal of the Italian Research Council. He is the recipient of seven honorary degrees from universities around the world. He co-authored the well-known text Principles of Optics (with Max Born, seventh edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999) and Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (with Leonard Mandel, Cambridge University Press, 995). He has also been editor of a well-known series Progress in Optics since its inception. Fifty volumes of Progress in Optics have been published to date. This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of his joining the faculty of the Institute of Optics. .
Recommended publications
  • Is the Universe Expanding?: an Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1996 Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew David A. Vlosak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity Commons Recommended Citation Vlosak, David A., "Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew" (1996). Master's Theses. 3474. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3474 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IS THEUN IVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STAR TING ANEW by David A Vlasak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Philosophy Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 IS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STARTING ANEW David A Vlasak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1996 This study addresses the problem of how scientists ought to go about resolving the current crisis in big bang cosmology. Although this problem can be addressed by scientists themselves at the level of their own practice, this study addresses it at the meta­ level by using the resources offered by philosophy of science. There are two ways to resolve the current crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Emil Wolf Institutional Interviews Journal Interviews EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS - 2009 Podcasts
    Home About Scientific Press Room Contact Us ● ScienceWatch Home ● Inside This Month... ● Interviews Featured Interviews Author Commentaries 2009 : April 2009 - Emerging Research Fronts : Emil Wolf Institutional Interviews Journal Interviews EMERGING RESEARCH FRONTS - 2009 Podcasts April 2009 ● Analyses Emil Wolf talks with ScienceWatch.com and answers a few questions about this month's Featured Analyses Emerging Research Front Paper in the field of Physics. What's Hot In... Article: Unified theory of coherence and polarization of random Special Topics electromagnetic beams Authors: Wolf, E Journal: PHYS LETT A, 312 (5-6): 263-267 JUN 16 2003 ● Data & Rankings Addresses: Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Sci-Bytes Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Fast Breaking Papers New Hot Papers Emerging Research Fronts Fast Moving Fronts Corporate Research Fronts Why do you think your paper is highly cited? Research Front Maps Because the theory presented in that paper makes it possible to provide solutions to a number of scientific, technological, and medical problems which could not have been done previously. Current Classics Top Topics Does it describe a new discovery, methodology, or synthesis of knowledge? Rising Stars The discovery reported in the paper provides a synthesis of two branches of optics, known as the theory of coherence and the theory of polarization of light. Until the publication of my paper, these two subjects New Entrants had always been treated independently of each other. Prior to the invention of the laser, almost 50 years Country Profiles ago, the available sources which generate light, such as a light bulb and the sun, may be shown to have, on a short time scale, irregularities (called fluctuations) which make it impossible to use such light for some applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Ionization Based State Read out of a Single 87-Rb Atom
    Ionization Based State Read Out of a single 87Rb Atom Michael Krug M¨unchen2017 Ionization Based State Read Out of a single 87Rb Atom Michael Krug Dissertation an der Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik der Ludwig{Maximilians{Universit¨at M¨unchen vorgelegt von Michael Krug aus M¨unchen M¨unchen, den 8. Dezember 2017 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Weinfurter Zweitgutachter: Prof. J¨orgSchreiber Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung:30. Januar 2018 "After sleeping through a hundred million centuries we have finally opened our eyes on a sumptuous planet sparkling with color, bountiful with life. Within decades, we must close our eyes again. Isn't it a noble, enlightened way of spending our brief time in the sun to work at understanding the universe and how we have come to wake up in it? This is how I answer when I am asked, as I am surprisingly often, why I bother to get up in the mornings." Richard Dawkins Zusammenfassung Verschr¨ankung ist nach E. Schr¨odingerdie fundamentale Charakteristik der 1 Quantenmechanik. Einerseits lebt ein verschr¨ankterZustand zweiter Spin- 2 -Teilchen auf einem vier-dimensionalem Hilbert-Raum und die Theorie, um diesen Zustand zu beschreiben, ist hinreichend verstanden. Auf der anderen Seite ist die experimentelle Realisierung verschr¨ankter Systeme, im Besonderen hybride Licht-Materie-Systeme und deren Nachweis noch immer ein anspruchsvoller Prozess. Ausgehend von einem Quantensystem, das aus einem verschr¨anktenAtom-Photon-Paar besteht, wird hier die experimentelle Anwendung des entanglement swapping Protokolls verwendet, um einen Grundknotenpunkt einer Quanten-Repeater Verbindung aufzubauen, die aus zwei verschr¨anktenAtomen besteht. Die angek¨undigteErzeugung von Ver- schr¨ankungzwischen zwei Atomen bereitet den Weg hin zu einem beweiskr¨aftigem Experiment, um eine lokal-realistische Beschreibung der Welt zu falsifizieren.
    [Show full text]
  • Einstein's Mistakes
    Einstein’s Mistakes Einstein was the greatest genius of the Twentieth Century, but his discoveries were blighted with mistakes. The Human Failing of Genius. 1 PART 1 An evaluation of the man Here, Einstein grows up, his thinking evolves, and many quotations from him are listed. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einstein at 14 Einstein at 26 Einstein at 42 3 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einstein at age 61 (1940) 4 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Born in Ulm, Swabian region of Southern Germany. From a Jewish merchant family. Had a sister Maja. Family rejected Jewish customs. Did not inherit any mathematical talent. Inherited stubbornness, Inherited a roguish sense of humor, An inclination to mysticism, And a habit of grüblen or protracted, agonizing “brooding” over whatever was on its mind. Leading to the thought experiment. 5 Portrait in 1947 – age 68, and his habit of agonizing brooding over whatever was on its mind. He was in Princeton, NJ, USA. 6 Einstein the mystic •“Everyone who is seriously involved in pursuit of science becomes convinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of the universe, one that is vastly superior to that of man..” •“When I assess a theory, I ask myself, if I was God, would I have arranged the universe that way?” •His roguish sense of humor was always there. •When asked what will be his reactions to observational evidence against the bending of light predicted by his general theory of relativity, he said: •”Then I would feel sorry for the Good Lord. The theory is correct anyway.” 7 Einstein: Mathematics •More quotations from Einstein: •“How it is possible that mathematics, a product of human thought that is independent of experience, fits so excellently the objects of physical reality?” •Questions asked by many people and Einstein: •“Is God a mathematician?” •His conclusion: •“ The Lord is cunning, but not malicious.” 8 Einstein the Stubborn Mystic “What interests me is whether God had any choice in the creation of the world” Some broadcasters expunged the comment from the soundtrack because they thought it was blasphemous.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing out the Dead Alison Abbott Reviews the Story of How a DNA Forensics Team Cracked a Grisly Puzzle
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT DADO RUVIC/REUTERS/CORBIS DADO A forensics specialist from the International Commission on Missing Persons examines human remains from a mass grave in Tomašica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. FORENSIC SCIENCE Bringing out the dead Alison Abbott reviews the story of how a DNA forensics team cracked a grisly puzzle. uring nine sweltering days in July Bosnia’s Million Bones tells the story of how locating, storing, pre- 1995, Bosnian Serb soldiers slaugh- innovative DNA forensic science solved the paring and analysing tered about 7,000 Muslim men and grisly conundrum of identifying each bone the million or more Dboys from Srebrenica in Bosnia. They took so that grieving families might find some bones. It was in large them to several different locations and shot closure. part possible because them, or blew them up with hand grenades. This is an important book: it illustrates the during those fate- They then scooped up the bodies with bull- unspeakable horrors of a complex war whose ful days in July 1995, dozers and heavy earth-moving equipment, causes have always been hard for outsiders to aerial reconnais- and dumped them into mass graves. comprehend. The author, a British journalist, sance missions by the Bosnia’s Million It was the single most inhuman massacre has the advantage of on-the-ground knowl- Bones: Solving the United States and the of the Bosnian war, which erupted after the edge of the war and of the International World’s Greatest North Atlantic Treaty break-up of Yugoslavia and lasted from 1992 Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP), an Forensic Puzzle Organization had to 1995, leaving some 100,000 dead.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements Acknowl
    1277 Acknowledgements Acknowl. A.1 The Properties of Light by Helen Wächter, Markus W. Sigrist by Richard Haglund The authors thank a number of coworkers for their The author thanks Prof. Emil Wolf for helpful discus- valuable input, notably R. Bartlome, Dr. C. Fischer, sions, and gratefully acknowledges the financial support D. Marinov, Dr. J. Rey, M. Stahel, and Dr. D. Vogler. of a Senior Scientist Award from the Alexander von The financial support by the Swiss National Science Humboldt Foundation and of the Medical Free-Electron Foundation and ETH Zurich for the isotopomer studies Laser program of the Department of Defense (Con- is gratefully acknowledged. tract F49620-01-1-0429) during the preparation of this chapter. by Jürgen Helmcke In writing the chapter on frequency-stabilized lasers, A.4 Nonlinear Optics the author has greatly benefited from fruitful coopera- by Aleksei Zheltikov, Anne L’Huillier, Ferenc Krausz tion and helpful discussions with his colleagues at PTB, We acknowledge the support of the European Com- in particular with Drs. Fritz Riehle, Harald Schnatz, munity’s Human Potential Programme under contract Uwe Sterr, and Harald Telle. Special thanks belong to HPRN-CT-2000-00133 (ATTO) and the Swedish Sci- Dr. Fritz Riehle for his careful and critical reading of the ence Council. manuscript. Part of the work discussed in this chapter was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft A.5 Optical Materials and Their Properties (DFG) under SFB 407. by Klaus Bonrad The author of Sect. 5.9.2 is grateful to Dr. Thomas C.12 Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Däubler, Dr. Dirk Hertel, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
    (To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Optics
    Principles of optics Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light MAX BORN MA, Dr Phil, FRS Nobel Laureate Formerly Professor at the Universities of Göttingen and Edinburgh and EMIL WOLF PhD, DSc Wilson Professor of Optical Physics, University of Rochester, NY with contributions by A.B.BHATIA, P.C.CLEMMOW, D.GABOR, A.R.STOKES, A.M.TAYLOR, P.A.WAYMAN AND W.L.WILCOCK SEVENTH (EXPANDED) EDITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Historical introduction xxv I Basic properties of the electromagnetic field 1 1.1 The electromagnetic field 1 1.1.1 Maxwells equations 1 1.1.2 Material equations 2 1.1.3 Boundary conditions at a surface of discontinuity 4 1.1.4 The energy law of the electromagnetic field 7 1.2 The wave equation and the velocity of light 11 1.3 Scalar waves 14 1.3.1 Plane waves 15 1.3.2 Spherical waves 16 1.3.3 Harmonie waves. The phase velocity 16 1.3.4 Wave packets. The group velocity 19 1.4 Vector waves 24 1.4.1 The general electromagnetic plane wave 24 1.4.2 The harmonic electromagnetic plane wave 25 (a) Elliptic polarization 25 (b) Linear and circular polarization 29 (c) Characterization of the state of polarization by Stoltes parameters 31 1.4.3 Harmonie vector waves of arbitrary form 33 1.5 Reflection and refraction of a plane wave 38 1.5.1 The laws of reflection and refraction 38 1.5.2 Fresnel formulae 40 1.5.3 The reflectivity and transmissivity; polarization an reflection and refraction 43 1.5.4 Total reflection 49 1.6 Wave propagation in a stratified medium.
    [Show full text]
  • PAUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN March 20, 1883-February 8, 1966
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES P AUL SOPHUS E PSTEIN 1883—1966 A Biographical Memoir by J E S S E W . M . D UMOND Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1974 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. PAUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN March 20, 1883-February 8, 1966 BY JESSE W. M. DuMOND AUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN was one of the group of prominent and P very gifted mathematical physicists whose insight, creative originality, and willingness to abandon accepted classical con- cepts brought about that veritable revolution in our under- standing of nature which may be said to have created "modern physics," i.e., the physics which has been widely accepted during the Twentieth Century. Paul Epstein's name is closely associ- ated with those of that group, such as H. A. Lorentz, Albert Einstein, H. Minkowski, J. J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, A. Sommerfeld, W. C. Rontgen, Max von Laue, Niels Bohr, L. de Broglie, Paul Ehrenfest, and Karl Schwarzschild. Paul Epstein was born in 1883 in Warsaw, which was then a part of Russia. His parents, Siegmund Simon Epstein, a busi- nessman, and Sarah Sophia (Lurie) Epstein, were of a moder- ately well-to-do Jewish family. He himself has told how, when he was but four years old, his mother recognized his potential mathematical gifts and predicted that he was going to be a mathematician. After receiving his secondary education in the Humanistic Hochschule of Minsk (Russia), he entered the school of physics and mathematics of the Imperial University of Moscow in 1901.
    [Show full text]
  • Absolute Zero, Absolute Temperature. Absolute Zero Is the Lowest
    Contents Radioactivity: The First Puzzles................................................ 1 The “Uranic Rays” of Henri Becquerel .......................................... 1 The Discovery ............................................................... 2 Is It Really Phosphorescence? .............................................. 4 What Is the Nature of the Radiation?....................................... 5 A Limited Impact on Scientists and the Public ............................ 6 Why 1896? .................................................................. 7 Was Radioactivity Discovered by Chance? ................................ 7 Polonium and Radium............................................................. 9 Marya Skłodowska .......................................................... 9 Pierre Curie .................................................................. 10 Polonium and Radium: Pierre and Marie Curie Invent Radiochemistry.. 11 Enigmas...................................................................... 14 Emanation from Thorium ......................................................... 17 Ernest Rutherford ........................................................... 17 Rutherford Studies Radioactivity: ˛-and ˇ-Rays.......................... 18 ˇ-Rays Are Electrons ....................................................... 19 Rutherford in Montreal: The Radiation of Thorium, the Exponential Decrease........................................... 19 “Induced” and “Excited” Radioactivity .................................... 20 Elster
    [Show full text]
  • Emil Wolf: ‘A Scientist and Friend Like No Other’ a Student of the Noted Physicist Counts up Some of His Mentor’S Contributions to Science and to His Colleagues
    CLASS NOTES TRIBUTE Emil Wolf: ‘A Scientist and Friend Like No Other’ A student of the noted physicist counts up some of his mentor’s contributions to science and to his colleagues. Emil Wolf, the former Wilson Professor of Optical Physics, a In 1958, Robert Hopkins, then director of the institute, traveled faculty member in the University’s Institute of Optics and the to England for a conference and to meet with Emil. The meet- 1 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, died in June at the age ing nearly didn’t happen. The letter from Hopkins got misfiled by of 95. He is survived by his children, Bruno and Paula, and his a secretary and was only discovered by Emil as he was searching beloved wife, Marlies. He was decorated with numerous presti- for another misfiled document. “It was all a matter of luck, par- gious national and international awards, honorary degrees, and ticularly that phone call in Paris at three in the morning saying appointments. He was my mentor and my friend and my measuring stick for what is good and what is decent. He was a refugee. When the Nazis in- vaded Czechoslovakia in 1939, Emil’s 2 brother, Karel, joined the Czech army. Emil was too young for the army and their parents sent him to Italy in hopes that he could somehow get to France or England. Trading valuable stamps his father had collected, Emil made his way from Prague to the Italian coast and then illegally into France by boat. Once in Paris, he found work with the Czech government in exile with whom he evacuated to Britain when Paris fell.
    [Show full text]
  • Numerical Analysis of Focusing by a Metamaterial Lens
    Numerical analysis of focusing by a metamaterial lens Ali Eren Culhaoglu1, Andrey Osipov1 and Peter Russer2 1 Microwaves and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Center 82234 Wessling Germany email: [email protected] 2 Institute for High Frequency Engineering, Technische Universitat¨ Munchen¨ Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich Germany email: [email protected] Abstract Over the last several years there has been a surge of interest in artificial materials because of their potential to expand the range of electromagnetic properties in materials. The so called metamate- rials, also known as left-handed (LHM) or double-negative (DNG) materials with negative permittivity and permeability have attracted growing interest. An important application area is the realization of flat superlenses with imaging properties beyond that of conventional lenses. This work investigates the focusing properties of a lossless planar DNG slab with a relative permittivity and permeability both ap- proaching the value -1. The relation between the imaging quality and the material parameters is examined both analytically and numerically. Results obtained from numerical simulations via the transmission line matrix method are compared to the analytical solution. 1. Introduction Incident and emerging waves from a DNG slab will undergo negative refraction [1]. As a consequence p a slab with finite thickness d and material parameters "r = µr = -1 (refractive index n = "rµr = -1) focuses waves emitted from a point source located at a distance l in front of the slab to a point at a distance of d − l behind the slab [2, 3]. As seen in Fig. 1(a) the waves emitted from a point source are focused inside and outside the slab due to negative refraction at the slab interfaces.
    [Show full text]