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Comparative Distribution and Diversity of Bats From Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology (2019), 9(2): 119-125 DOI: https:doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.1576.2019 SHORT COMMUNICATION Species Diversity of Fruit-feeding Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Adis Buan, Bau, Sarawak IVY IRENE BUJANG*1 & CHRISTHARINA S. GINTORON 1Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; 2Center for Pre-University Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 25 June 2019 Accepted: 21 November 2019 Published: 31 December 2019 ABSTRACT Species diversity of nymphalid butterflies is one of the most studied topics as the nymphalids are easily sampled and identified. Ten days of field sampling; five continuous days in two sampling periods, were conducted in Adis Buan, Bau. By using 20 baited traps and two aerial nets, 186 individuals representing 36 species of nymphalid butterfly were recorded. The most diverse subfamily was Satyrinae (H’: 2.399) and the most abundant species was Mycalesis anapita fucentia with a total of 48 individuals. Satyrinae was also recorded with the highest species richness between subfamilies comprising 24 species of total butterfly sampled which could probably due to their unique characteristic as the slow flying butterfly and being attracted to the shady areas. Shannon diversity index revealed that the diversity index of nymphalid butterfly collected in November 2018 was significantly higher than that in January 2019. In this study, documentation on nymphalid butterfly in heath forest was conducted but further documentation would be recommended as there is still lack of previous studies especially in heath forest. Keywords: aerial net, baited trap, heath forest, nymphalids, species diversity Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited. In modern studies, butterfly is the most common more. An unique characteristic of Nymphalidae taxonomically studied (Kumar et al., 2017) is they have a reduced foreleg and only use two especially on species diversity. This may be due to pairs of leg for walking (Wolfe et al., 2011). their morphology that is varied in colour pattern Other than that, some of the subfamilies of and their characteristic as a good biological Nymphalidae have distinctive characteristics indicator to the ecosystem (Pandit et al., 2018). including distinctive eyespots, ringlets, The previous study conducted by Pawar and unpleasant juices to attack enemies and fast fliers Deshpande (2016) concluded that the diversity of (Abang, 2006). According to Ghazanfar et al. butterfly depends on the adaptability of a species (2016), lepidopteran especially butterflies have to microhabitat and availability of host plant. many important values in economy, education According to Pandit et al. (2018), species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Their role as a of butterfly often influenced by factors such as pollinating agent in most agricultural areas has rainfall, wind speed, temperature and the contributed to economic values. A complete life availability of host plants. cycle of butterflies also gives a proper understanding on the developmental stages in Nymphalid butterfly is one of the most most insects as they undergo a complete dominant families of butterfly and easily sampled metamorphosis starting from the eggs, larvae, and using baited trap and comprises of seven pupa until they become an adult butterfly. subfamilies which are Danainae, Satyrinae, Butterfly diversity has also been greatly affected Nymphalinae, Libytheinae, Amathusiinae, by climate change (Menéndez et al., 2007). Charaxinae and Apaturinae (Abang, 2006). Nymphalidae is also known as fruit-feeding Recent studies on species diversity of butterfly butterfly because they feed on fruits such as rotten were mainly conducted in mixed dipterocarp pineapple, banana, honeydew, tree sap and many forest, and there is still lack of published studies Ivy & Christharina 2019 Species Diversity of Nymphalidae in Adis Buan, Sarawak 120 in heath forest especially in Borneo. Thus, this abundance. Next, Shannon diversity index was study was carried out in Adis Buan Bau, Sarawak, used to measure the species diversity, and which is covered with heath forest and aimed to diversity t-test analysis was used to compare the determine the species abundance and species indices between subfamilies. Mann-Whitney test richness of nymphalid butterfly in Adis Buan, Bau, was used to compare the number of individuals and to compare the diversity of fruit-feeding and species between the two sampling periods. butterflies between different sampling trips in All the statistical tests were computed using November 2018 and January 2019. PAST version 3.17 (Hammer et al., 2001). The research was carried out in heath forest of Altogether, there were 186 individuals Adis Buan, Bau with a coordinate of 1.5421° N, comprising of 36 species from three subfamilies 110.1506° E. Adis Buan, Bau also has a great of Nymphalidae recorded over ten days of number of visitors as it is one of the recreational sampling using 20 baited traps and two aerial parks in Singai, Bau. The forest is considered to be nets. These ten days of butterfly samplings had as disturbed forest due to human activities such as resulted in 84 males and 102 females of recreational activity and loggings for rubber Nymphalidae in Adis Buan, Bau (Table 1). The plantation. The study was conducted in two results showed more females were captured than sampling periods with five continuous days each. males. Shannon diversity index (H’) of overall The sampling was done for five days in November diversity of the fruit-feeding butterflies was H’: 2018 (4th November - 8th November 2018) and the 2.78 for the total ten days of sampling in Adis following five days in January 2019 (14th January Buan, Bau. 2019 - 18th January 2019). Two aerial nets were used to collect the nymphalid butterfly. The Subfamily Satyrinae dominated the number of sampling was carried out along the trails, and the individuals sampled with a total of 163 amount of manpower remained the same individuals followed by subfamily Nymphalinae throughout the sampling period in order to avoid and subfamily Danainae (Table 2). The most bias. Twenty baited traps were set up along the abundant species was Mycalesis anapita fucentia trails and each baited trap was set about 10 - 15 m (27 males and 21 females) followed by M. apart. The first baited trap was located at 01°32. mnasicles mnasicles (11 males and 20 females), 615 N, 110°08. 950 E and the last baited trap was Elymnias hypermnestra nigrescens (ten males located at 01°32. 902 N, 110°09. 202 E. All baited and four females), and Ragadia makuta umbrata traps were hung 1 m above the ground and checked (six males and six females) (Table 1). Meanwhile, twice daily, at 11 am and 4 pm. Pineapple was used subfamily Danainae showed the least abundance as bait in this sampling. According to Freitas et al. among the three subfamilies that were captured. (2014), juicy fruit such as pineapple attracts Other than that, subfamily Satyrinae has recorded butterflies more effective than fermented fruits. the highest species richness among the Rotting pineapples attract more butterflies due to subfamilies (Table 2). Subfamily Danainae its bright colour, juice and strong smell. Bait was recorded the least species richness which replaced for every 24 to 48 hours to maintain the represented only 8.33% of the total species attractiveness (DeVries & Walla, 2001; Uehara- captured (Table 2). Nymphalinae stands to be a Prado et al., 2007) as dryness, rain and little higher in percentage of individuals and decomposition can affect the bait (Freitas et al., species (25.0%) than Danainae (8.60%) (Table 2014). 2). The collected butterflies were pressed on the Shannon diversity index (H’) showed that thorax before placing them in triangle envelopes, subfamily Satyrinae represented the highest which were then kept in a triangular case. All diversity (H’: 2.399) followed by Nymphalinae samples were spread on polystyrene board and (H’: 1.925), whereas Danainae was the least pinned with insects’ pins. Dates of collection, diverse subfamily (H’: 1.079). A t-test analysis locality and scientific names were labelled for each (p<0.05) shows that there was a significant individual of butterflies. Species identification was difference between the diversity of Danainae and based on the morphological characters described in Nymphalinae. Meanwhile, there was no Otsuka (1988). The collected butterflies were significant difference in the diversity between analysed according to their species and number of Danainae and Satyrinae, as well as between individuals to obtain the species richness and Satyrinae and Nymphalinae. Ivy & Christharina 2019 Species Diversity of Nymphalidae in Adis Buan, Sarawak 121 Table 1. A list of fruit-feeding butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and the number of individuals collected between male and female in Adis Buan, Bau, Sarawak. Subfamily Species Number of individuals Male Female Danainae Euploea crameri crameri (Lucas, 1853) 2 1 Ideopsis vulgaris interposita (Fruhstorfer, 1910) 0 2 Parantica aspasia aspasia (Fabricius, 1787) 1
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