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Mckinnon 2013 B.Pdf BATTLE MOUND: EXPLORING SPACE, PLACE, AND HISTORY OF A RED RIVER CADDO COMMUNITY IN SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS BATTLE MOUND: EXPLORING SPACE, PLACE, AND HISTORY OF A RED RIVER CADDO COMMUNITY IN SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology By Duncan Paul McKinnon Texas State University-San Marcos Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Anthropology, 2006 University of Arkansas Master of Arts in Anthropology, 2008 May 2013 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT This research is a synthesis of archaeogeophysical and archaeohistorical data collected from the Battle Mound site (3LA1). Using these data, this research seeks to understand how the site is organized in terms of architectural variability and how differential use areas, such as domestic or community space, can be compared to ethnographic and archaeological data concerning Caddo community structure and landscape use. The research is formulated around three research questions related to spatial organization and settlement patterning, intrasite behavioral practices, and Caddo culture history. Results show that an examination at multiple scales of resolution can inform about the spatial organization and settlement patterning of Caddo communities and how these underlying principles that define space have endured or been modified over time. It also proposes a new intrasite model that can be productively tested with geophysical methods and the mapping of the distribution of features within large village areas. This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Dissertation Director: ______________________________________________ Kenneth L. Kvamme, Ph.D. Dissertation Committee: ________________________________________________ George Sabo, III, Ph.D. ________________________________________________ Jamie C. Brandon, Ph.D. ________________________________________________ Jami J. Lockhart, Ph.D. ©2013 Duncan Paul McKinnon All Rights Reserved DISSERTATION DUPLICATONI RELEASE I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed _____________________________________ Duncan P. McKinnon Refused _____________________________________ Duncan P. McKinnon ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS This PhD was not possible without the support of numerous individuals. Over the course of the last ten years, the various levels of support from so many people are boundless. As such, it is difficult to remember all the events and interactions that have aided me in my journey to this point in my life. The list of individuals over these years is exhaustive and I am sure that I have inadvertently left someone off this list. First and foremost, Sharon McKinnon is to thank for everything she has done throughout this process. With my first thoughts of going back to school, the departure from the high-paying world of high-tech sales, and my pursuit of a graduate degree, Sharon has always supported me 100 percent in these endeavors. She has spent endless hours listening to me discuss (“ramble on”) my research thoughts and problems aloud and consoled with me during times when I questioned my ability and desire to finish what I started. For that, I am truly grateful and happy that we met so many years ago. Without her support, I am not sure I would be where I am today. My parents are also to thank for instilling in me at a very young age a perspective of looking at and analyzing the world spatially. As a family, we grew up traveling, camping, and becoming exposed to the diversity of the human experience. From these experiences, I have always been focused on examining my surroundings in geospatial terms. From a young age, souvenirs from these travels were maps – maps of campgrounds, maps of amusement parks, maps of states, maps of public transportation, etc. – and these maps dominated my walls and served as tangible reminders of past experiences and the variability of the organization of space. Thanks go to my undergraduate advisor, Dr. F. Kent Reilly, III. Academically, this all started with him. His dynamic and engaging instruction and passion for student advancement pulled me in to the amazing world of southeastern archaeology. He saw my interest develop and supported me by including me in field trips and introducing me to people and ideas throughout the southeast. I will always remember the special invitations to participate in the Muscogee (Creek) ceremonies in Oklahoma and Florida and the personal experiences gained from those events. Thanks go to my graduate advisor, Dr. Kenneth L. Kvamme who provided the instruction and experience to develop my spatial thinking into a formalized academic framework. His instruction enabled me to understand the benefits of archaeogeophysics and the importance of spatial analysis toward an understanding of past cultures. The numerous extensive fieldwork journeys throughout the mountainous west and the vast open plains will always be remembered and retold. Thanks go to the members of my committee, Drs. George Sabo, III, Jami J. Lockhart, and Jamie C. Brandon. Dr. Sabo was my first introduction to the University of Arkansas when I was originally accepted as a Masters student. He has always been an inspiration in his work with engaging Native Americans in archaeological research. Dr. Lockhart frequently included me in various Survey research projects, which allowed for the development of different perspectives on collecting and analyzing spatial data at a variety of different types of sites. Dr. Brandon provided much needed assistance in the field by graciously providing a place to stay at his house and his ability to “rally the troops” for field assistance. His encouragement through this process helped tremendously and his hospitality is a characteristic to aspire to. Additional thanks go to the numerous people in Caddo archaeology that have provided comments and ideas throughout my graduate studies. Those people include (in no particular order): Dr. Timothy K. Perttula, Dr. Chester P. Walker, Bobby Gonzalez, Robert Cast, Dr. T. Clay Shultz, Dr. Ann M. Early, Dr. Elsbeth Dowd, Dr. Scott Hammersteadt, Dr. Amanda Regnier, Dr. Shawn Marceaux, Dr. Mary Beth Trubitt, Pritam Chowdhury, Leslie Walker, Hester A. Davis, Dr. Thomas J. Green, Dr. Frank F. Schambach, Tony Chapa, John Miller, Dr. David B. Kelley, Bo Nelson, Mark Walters, and Dr. Tom Middlebrook. I am sure I inadvertently left people off this list. In particular, thanks go to Drs. Tim Perttula, Chet Walker, Clay Shultz, and Shawn Marceaux and the many invitations in the beginning of my academic career to the “Caddo Lunches” at the Clay Pit and El Mercado in Austin. It was during those afternoon discussions, ten years ago, that I decided that I wanted to research Caddo groups generally and Battle Mound specifically. Additional thanks go to those people who helped me with data collection, analysis, and presentation. Data collection is not a singular event and so many people are to thank for their help in the field and in the lab. I have met new people and made new friends throughout my graduate experience and all of these friends were always ready to help at moments notice. Thanks to the Caddo people for allowing me to learn about a site that is so important to them. Thanks also to the Brent family for allowing access to the Battle Mound site and their flexibility with this research project. Finally, I must thank a person who, in a very odd way, changed my life. This person to whom I am referencing is the woman who ran a red light on May 12, 2003, broadsided my jeep at high speed, ejected me several meters from the accident, and sent me to the hospital unconscious. I don’t remember any of it. The entire event is a complete blackout and from the reports I have read, death was certainly an option. It was her who made me reflect on what I was doing at that time and was the impetus to pursue my interest in all things history. It is interesting to think where I would be today if it were not for that specific split-second life-changing event. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my late grandmother, Emma Tenney DuBois. She inspired me to always pursue my desires and affectionately supported all of her grandchildren in our endeavors to be the best we can possibly be. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction to Study 1 Research Questions 2 Theoretical Framework 3 Archaeogeophysical Theory 4 Landscape Theory 7 Caddo Culture Theory 9 Methodological Framework 12 Archaeogeophysics 12 Archaeohistorical 13 Red River Caddo Settlement Patterning 14 Domingo Terán de los Ríos Map & William S. Soule Photographs 14 Testing the Terán-Soule Model 16 The Terán Map and the Question of Scale 20 The Battle Mound Landscape and Constituent Farmsteads 24 Chapter 2: The Great Bend Region 29 The Red River (of the south) 29 The Great Bend Region 30 Sediment Cores 34 Great Bend Region Culture History 39 Paleoindian (before 8000 B.C.) 40 Archaic Period (8000 B.C. – 500 B.C.) 41 Fourche Maline (500 B.C. – A.D. 900) 43 Caddo (A.D. 900 – A.D. 1800) 46 Euro-American (after A.D. 1800) 52 Great Bend Caddo Culture Archaeological Phases 52 Haley Phase (ca. A.D. 1200 – A.D. 1500) 53 Belcher Phase (ca. A.D. 1500 – A.D. 1700) 56 Chapter 3: The Battle Mound Site 60 History of Excavations 65 History of Land Ownership 72 Chapter 4: Mound Excavations and Architecture 74 Contributing Personnel 76 Mapping the Mound and Historic Occupations 78 Excavation Trenches 80 Trench 1 83 Trench 2 88 Trench 3 92 Trench
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