DOCSLIB.ORG

WRAP THESIS Polson 2011.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WRAP THESIS Polson 2011.Pdf University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/49164 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. The Tolerated, the Indulged and the Contented: Ethnic Alliances and Rivalries in Grenadian Plantation Society 1763-1800 Donald Polson Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of Warwick Faculty of Arts / Centre for Caribbean Studies October 2011 [1] Contents List of Tables, Illustrations & Diagrams 3 Acknowledgements 5 Abstract 7 List of Abbreviations & Glossary 8 Chapters: 1 Introduction 10 2 30 3 132 4 243 5 Conclusion 331 6 Appendices 336 7 Works Cited 349 [2] Index to Tables, Maps and Illustrations Table Title Page Fig.1 Map of Grenada 1758 9 Table 1 Scots in Windward Legislature 1766-96 47 Table 2 Ethic ratios in Grenada 1762-96 48 Table 3 Reformed House of Assembly members by 61 parish Table 4 State of Council 7/12/1777 121 Task 5 State of Grenada 31/5/1778 122 Table 6 Grenada 1772 - Ethnic property ratios 145 Table 7 1772 Returns – Island of Carriacou 146 Table 8 Free Coloured Property – Grenada 1772 156 Table 9 Population of Grenada: whites & free coloureds 158 by ethnicity & gender Table 10 Slave, white & freed man population in Danish 160 West Indies Table 11 Population of Grenada – white & free coloured 161 Table 12 Organisation of Black Pioneers & associated 224 units Table 13 Returns of HM Fortifications – black artificers & 228 labourers Richmond Heights Table 14 Waltham Estate slave returns 1789 235 [3] Table 15 African ethnicity by language 1783 246 Table 16 Certified naturalised adopted subjects 248 Table 17 State of Grenada Legislature (Council) 260 Table 18 Ninian Home mortgage 270 Table 19 Slaves taken over by James McBurnie 323 [4] Acknowledgements When work commenced on this thesis years ago I never envisioned the traumatic personal events in my life over the period of research and writing would bear such similarity to the uncertainties and revolutions examined in this thesis. There are many people to thank for their support. First, my deepest gratitude to my long-suffering but understanding family: my wife Leila, who has endured ‗three‘ of us in our relationship; my children, Alexandra and Ciarán, who suffered reduced quality time and had to endure the transformation of the family home into an erstwhile archive strewn with papers and books. I must thank my supervisor Dr. John Gilmore, for his vast knowledge, advice, and support over the years. I would also like to thank the University of Warwick for its facilities, resources, and activities, and most of all the opportunity to research this subject and open new experiences to travel to parts of Britain. My deepest gratitude to the staff at the National Archives, Kew (former Public Record Office); staff at the British Library and Lambeth Palace, London; staff at the Somerset Archives, Taunton, and Bristol Archives. Particular thanks to the staff at the wonderful National Archives of Scotland (NAS) for their advice and assistance. My appreciation to Dr. Curtis Jacobs and Dr. Beverley Steele of the University of West Indies (UWI) for their time and opportunities to discuss the events / history of [5] the period. I extend this to the people of Grenada, Carriacou, and Petit Martinique for their hospitality and their passion for their history. Sincere thanks to Hon. John Home (MSP) for his gracious invitation to Paxton House, Berwickshire and hospitality, for his kind insights into his family history and valuable assistance introducing me to Ms. Sonia Baker, who graciously gave me assistance from her own research. For the medical staff at Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Scotland, to whom I literally owe my life, and the medical staff at Charing Cross Hospital, London, (particularly Consultant Mr. David Peterson) for providing urgent medical care. Finally, I wish to give dedication to my father Thomas Emericous Polson, from Carriacou, who passed away in April 2006 in Grenada, before the conclusion of this thesis. [6] Abstract This thesis examines how rival national interests and relations between European states, principally France and Britain, affected ethnic relationships on the island of Grenada, West Indies throughout the period of 1763-1800. The arguments postulated are: 1. Imperial ideologies reinforced assumed superiority and right to rule that relegated all other groups to inferior status. 2. An ethnic model rather than a racial model is the best way to study Grenada plantation society. 3. The stigmatised in society fractured into ethnic groups, forming dynamic relationships, not fixed structures, that were flexible to fit their needs, value,s and beliefs. 4. The need to dominate or participate in that society coerced inter-ethnic alliances across boundaries (considered anathema), creating reprisals from the ruling group. 5. British government policies and officers‘ lack of leadership created a vacuum for constitutional conflict and inter-ethnic internal feuding and contributed to Fédon‘s revolt. Chapter One is an introduction to outline the pre-history of the area of study to explain differences between groups. It will outline the topography of the island, explain the system of government, and describe the composition of the initial resident population. Chapter Two establishes the concepts ‗ethnicity‘ and ‗race‘ and its importance. The European ethnic groups and their relationships are examined using this model. The concept of ‗whiteness‘ is addressed and its external and internal effects. An argument postulated is white hegemony existed as a fractious union where coerced whites perceived to be complicit with Catholics, were targeted and socially ostracised. Another important focus is the roles of governors and their relationships and alliances with the planter class within society. The term Creole and their standing vis-á-vis with European whites provides another layer within society in conjunction with the critical delineation of social class across white groups in society. Chapter Three defines the concept of Coloured and the range of perceived physical characteristics and legal differences, i.e., the concepts free and un-free. As the largest social grouping the role of Africans is pivotal, viz. their place in society and relationships with other groups. African differences are assessed, particularly the Grenada Maroons and their position and interaction within society and with another ethnic group, the Caribs. Chapter Four examines the status of governors and employs a case study of the last decade of Ninian Home: an examination of his character, lifestyle, his attempts to became governor, political lobbying, relationship with his family, his administration and how it contributed to the Fédon Rebellion. Chapter Five summarises the thesis and explains how the postulated arguments are met. [7] Abbreviations / Glossary Bit / Joe - Various local regional coin Cy. – (abbr.) Local Money – money minted within region but of less value than official standard value i.e. composed of less precious metals Freebooting – Archaic term for smuggling Hogshead – A traditional large cask (unit of capacity) used to store wine/spirits for shipping. Several measurements employed but modern day capacity equivalents (in Imperial gallons) are beer (54) & wine (52.5). Jack Iron – Very strong local distilled over-proof rum (the most powerful is said to come from the island of Carriacou) Marque – Official stamp of authority / permission Oil Down – Dish of breadfruit, provisions, coconut, mackerel or pork - (National dish of Grenada) Pepper Pot - A Creole adapted traditional African stew of crab meat, callaloo (similar to spinach), coconut milk, onions, garlic, herbs and provisions Provisions – Root starch vegetables high in carbohydrates grown throughout Caribbean, e.g. sweet potatoes, yams, eddoes, plantains (also called bluggoes in Grenada), breadfruit, dasheen, etc. Stg. / L - (abbr.) Pounds Sterling (£) – official currency of Britain; minted to standard value metal content. Subaltern – A junior officer below the rank of captain Tierce – An archaic measurement of unit capacity equivalent to 42 Imperial gallons or one 1/3 pipe of wine. (O.E.D.) Yaws – Highly infectious ulcers caused by bacteria which can cause tissue loss. [8] Fig. 1 Grenada (J. N. BELLIN Carte De L'Isle De La Grenade Pour servir a l'Histoire Genrale des Voyages. Par M.B. Ingr. de la Marine. Paris. 1758) [9] Chapter One The aim of this thesis is to examine society within the Caribbean Island of Grenada in the 18th Century during the period of 1763 – 1800. It will examine relationships between the range of groups that made up Grenadian society and argue that tensions created by suppression, exclusion, and superiority created dynamic inter-ethnic alliances. The reason d’être for the establishment of 18th-Century Grenada society was colonialism, created and maintained by competing European nation states with a common historical rivalry. The first chapter of this thesis will serve as an introduction to the island‘s topography and outline its history before 1763. It will analyse the system of government and discuss the composition of residents after conquest. Chapter Two will examine the definition of the concepts of ‗ethnicity‘ and ‗race,‘ and argue why it provides a clearer model to examine Grenada society. An analysis of the ethnic and gender ratios within Grenada illuminates the composition and implications. Grenada is placed into context through an examination of the historiography of the Caribbean region.. Given the prevalence of primary source material for this thesis, it is essential to give proper evaluation to this and treat all testimony as valid. This provides the pertinent framework to examine the white groups in Grenada, how they perceived themselves, and debate the concept ‗whiteness,‘ viz.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Departmental Reports 2015–2016 the University of the West Indies MISSION STATEMENT
    The University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Barbados Departmental Reports 2015–2016 The University of the West Indies MISSION STATEMENT To advance education and create knowledge through excellence in teaching, research, innovation, public service, intellectual leadership and outreach in order to support the inclusive (social, economic, political, cultural, environmental) development of the Caribbean region and beyond. These Reports, which represent the research and teaching activities of the departments and the activities of non-teaching departments at Cave Hill, are presented annually to Campus Council and to the University Council. Reports are similarly presented at Mona and St. Augustine. Contents 4 Faculty of Humanities 134 Faculty of Science and 224 Institute for Gender and & Education Technology Development Studies: 5 Dean’s Overview 135 Dean’s Overview Nita Barrow Unit 9 Cultural Studies Department 140 Department of Biological 14 Department of History and Chemical Sciences & Philosophy 151 Department of Computer 234 Non-Teaching Departments 21 Department of Language, Science, Mathematics and 234 The Academy of Sport Linguistics & Literature Physics Cave Hill 30 Codrington College 157 Centre for Resource 238 The Centre For Excellence in Management and Teaching & Learning (CETL) 32 Errol Barrow Centre for Environmental Studies Creative Imagination (EBCCI) (CERMES) 253 Cave Hill Libraries 36 School of Education 256 Office of Student Services 268 UWI HIV/AIDS Response Programme (UWIHARP) 172 Faculty of Social Sciences 42 Faculty
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Grenada and the United States (Dialogue #48) Ken I
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons LACC Occasional papers series. Dialogues (1980 - LACC Publications Network 1994) 5-1-1985 Revolutionary Grenada and the United States (Dialogue #48) Ken I. Boodhoo Florida International University, Department of International Relations Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/laccopsd Recommended Citation Boodhoo, Ken I., "Revolutionary Grenada and the United States (Dialogue #48)" (1985). LACC Occasional papers series. Dialogues (1980 - 1994). Paper 48. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/laccopsd/48 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the LACC Publications Network at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LACC Occasional papers series. Dialogues (1980 - 1994) by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVOLUTIONARY GRENADA AND THE UNITED STATES Dr. Ken I. Boodhoo Dialogue #48 May 1985 PREFACE Ken I. Boodhoo is Associate Professor of International Relations at Florida International University. A student of Caribbean affairs and a native of Trinidad, Dr. Boodhoo has recently conducted research throughout the Eastern Caribbean and is completing a book-length work on the Grenadan Revolution and its destruction by the events of October, 1983, from which the present study is taken. Comments or inquiries about the paper are welcomed and should be addressed to the author at the Department of International Relations. Publication of this work has been made possible in part by a grant from the Florida International Foundation, Inc. Mark B. Rosenberg Director Introduction Just after midnight on October 25, 1983, a thirty-five member team of elite United States troops, the Delta Force, parachuted on to the island of Grenada.
    [Show full text]
  • K. Dheeraj Somaiah
    Healing Initiative Leadership Linkage (HILL) Student Magazine: Country Name Grenada World without Borders Monthly update: <Date> Host Editor: Dheeraj Somaiah Country Editor: Music Art Sports Traditionally, calypso and reggae have been the most important musical styles on Grenada. But in more recent years, outside sources have influenced the local music. "Zouk" from the French Caribbean is changing the sound of calypso, while steel band music has been imported from nearby Trinidad and Tobago. IMGREZ ART FOOTBALL Youth Excellence & Leader: What is catching the attention of your youth? The youth of Grenada have a very high liking towards sport. Jean Augustine former Canadian politician. Neisha Bernard-Thomas distance runner. Tobias Buckell science fiction author Jennifer Hosten Miss World 1970 Festivals Grenada drum festival Conferences The human rights conference was held in Grenada. Healing Initiative Leadership Linkage (HILL) Student Magazine World without Borders Strategy Country challenges and opportunities Constitution rights and Duties An International Monetary Fund (IMF) Whereas every person in Grenada is entitled to delegation on August 27 ended a ten-day the fundamental rights and freedoms, visit to Grenada warning that the local economy continues to face significant that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of challenge s from high unemployment, a origin, political opinions, colour, creed large debt overhang, and balance sheets weakened by impaired loans. The IMF or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and team headed by Aliona Cebotari, the freedoms of others and for the public fund’s mission chief for Grenada, was conducting the first review of Grenada’s interest, to each and all of the following, namelya.
    [Show full text]
  • C. Transport and Communications
    United Nations A/AC.109/2003/10 General Assembly Distr.: General 8 April 2003 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Tokelau Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Paragraphs Page I. General.............................................................. 1–4 2 II. Constitutional and political developments.................................. 5–16 2 III. Economic conditions................................................... 17–26 6 A. Economic developments............................................ 17–22 6 B. Public services ................................................... 23 8 C. Transport and communications....................................... 24–25 8 D. Power supply ..................................................... 26 9 IV. Social conditions ...................................................... 27–29 9 A. Education........................................................ 27 9 B. Health........................................................... 28 10 C. Status of women .................................................. 29 10 V. Consideration of the question by the United Nations ......................... 30–34 11 A. Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.......................................................... 30–31 11 B. Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 30 July 2018
    United Nations A/AC.109/2018/SR.10 General Assembly Distr.: General 30 July 2018 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Summary record of the 10th meeting Held at Headquarters, New York, on Friday, 22 June 2018, at 10 a.m. Chair: Mr. Webson ......................................... (Antigua and Barbuda) Contents Question of New Caledonia Report of the visiting mission to New Caledonia Hearing of petitioners Question of French Polynesia Hearing of representatives of the Non-Self-Governing Territory Hearing of petitioners Question of Tokelau Hearing of representatives of the Non-Self-Governing Territory Question of the Turks and Caicos Islands (continued) Question of the United States Virgin Islands Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Report of the Pacific regional seminar Organization of work Closure of the session This record is subject to correction. Corrections should be submitted in one of the working languages. They should be set forth in a memorandum and also incorporated in a copy of the record. They should be sent as soon as possible to the Chief of the Documents Management Section ([email protected]). Corrected records will be reissued electronically on the Official Document System of the United Nations (http://documents.un.org/). 18-10327 (E) *1810327* A/AC.109/2018/SR.10 The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m. 7. The composition of the electoral lists and the voter registration procedures remained a cause for concern Question of New Caledonia (A/AC.109/2018/11; and his people could no longer tolerate any trickery or A/AC.109/2018/L.22) manipulation of their good faith and outstretched hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalinago Alliance Networks
    KALINAGO ALLIANCE NETWORKS Annie Cody ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the alliances held by the Kalinago (Island Caribs) at the time of Europe­ an contact and colonization. It suggests that European influence provided a catalytic stress, stim­ ulating the Kalinago to strengthen their inter-island alliances with each other and to knit together their ties with other ethnic groups, such as the Taino and Kalina (Galibi). The alliances formed by the Kalinago illustrate segmentary sociability and complementary opposition, as formerly autono­ mous groups consolidated to meet the threats posed by European colonization. This study applies network analyses to historic Kalinago inter-island alliances, and finds a complex, hierarchical network, in which St. Vincent and Dominica were promoted to dominant positions. RESUMEN Este artículo se enfoca en las alianzas sostenidas por los Kalinago (Island Carib), en el tiempo de contacto con los Europeos y la colonización. Se sugiere que la influencia Europea proveyó un esfuerzo catalítico, estimulando a los Kalinago a reforzar sus alianzas inter-islas, entre ellos mis­ mos y para estrechar sus lazos con otros grupos étnicos, como los Taino y Kalina (Galibi). Las alianzas formadas por los Kalinago ilustran una socialización segmentaría y oposición comple­ mentaria, antiguamente como grupos autónomos, se consolidaron para enfrentar las amenazas de la colonización Europea. Este estudio aplica un análisis de red a las alianzas históricas inter-islas, y encuentra una compleja red jerárquica, en la que St Vincent y Dominica fueron promovidas a posiciones dominantes. 311 INTRODUCTION Sociopolitical characterizations of West Indian societies at the time of European contact embody essentially synchronic snapshots.
    [Show full text]
  • (And) Common Law Tayyab Mahmud
    Cornell International Law Journal Volume 27 Article 2 Issue 1 Winter 1994 Jurisprudence of Successful Treason: Coup d’Etat &(and) Common Law Tayyab Mahmud Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Mahmud, Tayyab (1994) "Jurisprudence of Successful Treason: Coup d’Etat &(and) Common Law," Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 27: Iss. 1, Article 2. Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol27/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell International Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tayyab Mahmud* Jurisprudence of Successful Treason: Coup d'Etat & Common Law Introduction .................................................... 51 I. Common Law Jurisprudence of Successful Treason .......... 54 A. The Dosso Case: Pakistan 1958 .......................... 54 1. The Context .......................................... 54 2. The JudicialResponse: Triumph of Kelsen ............... 54 B. The Matovu Case: Uganda 1966 ......................... 57 1. The Context .......................................... 57 2. The JudicialResponse: Kelsen and Dosso Found "Iresistibleand Unassailable"......................... 58 C. The Madzimbamuto Case: Southern Rhodesia 1968 ....... 60 1. The Context .......................................... 60 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Amerindian Heritage Teacher Kit
    renada ational useum Celebrating the Historical and Cultural Heritage of Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique Amerindian Heritage Teacher Kit Shawn McGinniss Graduate Student, Purdue University Jonathan Hanna US Peace Corps Volunteer Stephanie Morano US Peace Corps Volunteer John Angus Martin Museum Director (2013) Some Rights Reserved. This work except where credited is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‐ NonCommercial‐ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Introduction for Teachers Educator Getting the most out of these lesson plans and resources Resources Exciting Changes at the Museum Grenada National Museum Teacher Kit— The Grenada National Museum is pleased to Amerindian Heritage Room announce the release of the first installment of Teacher Kits to accompany a forthcoming exhibit on Amerindian Heritage. The kits include lesson plans and activities for Grades 4 through Form 5 for use before, during, and after visiting the museum. Additionally, a set of Field Trip Guides include similar lessons and activities for use at the Duquesne Beach Petroglyphs, Leaper’s Hill, and Pearls Airport sites. We hope you take the time to explore everything the Lessons at a Glance new exhibits have to offer. These resources were designed to help you engage your students in using Amerindian ● Amerindian migrations these exhibits to learn about Grenada’s history, ● Foods and agriculture beginning with our early Amerindian ancestors. We Heritage ● Prehistoric tools hope you enjoy them. Room ● Culture ● What is archaeology? Mission of the National Museum European ● What’s in a name? o Carib vs. Arawak monikers The GNM shall be the premier resource for Invasion o Origin of the name ‘Grenada’ residents, visitors, students and scholars who are Room ● Where they cannibals? interested in learning about the historical, natural ● 1649 French Settlement (Coming Soon) and cultural heritage of Grenada, Carriacou and ● Where did they go? Petite Martinique.
    [Show full text]
  • Sailing the Windward Islands Barbados U St
    Queen’s University Alumni Educational Travel Program Sailing the Windward Islands Barbados u St. Vincent and the Grenadines Martinique u St. Lucia u Grenada aboard the Exclusively Chartered, Deluxe Small Sailing Ship Le Ponant February 26 to March 5, 2019 RESERVE BY u Experience the Caribbean under full sail AUGUST 20, 2018 EARLY BOOKING u Only 32 Staterooms—100% ocean-view u An excursion in each port SAVINGS $ SAVE 2000 USD PER COUPLE Dear Fellow Alumni and Friends, Join Tricolour Travellers and elude the depths of winter in the idyllic Windward Islands, a remote archipelago of dynamic volcanic peaks, lush gardens and white-sand beaches in the southern Caribbean. Experience seafaring in its most timeless form—beneath 1500 square metres of billowing white sails—aboard the exclusively chartered Le Ponant. Our custom-designed itinerary calls at historic towns and picturesque islands favoured by yachtsmen for hundreds of years, from Barbados to Martinique to Grenada. Visit St. Vincent, which boasts the oldest botanic garden in the Western Hemisphere, and travel amid waving coconut palms alongside the Caribbean Sea on the most captivating isle of Bequia. Watch from the deck as the ship approaches St. Lucia for a stunning panorama of the Gros and Petit Pitons, twin mountain peaks and a UNESCO World Heritage site, and see the island’s geothermal activity in volcanic Sulphur Springs. Snorkel amid the intricate reefs blooming with marine life in the lagoons of Tobago Cays Marine Park, Mayreau and Union Island; and delve into the history of Grenada, where the scent of spices permeates the air.
    [Show full text]
  • Danielle Sirek, Phd Candidate [email protected] 418-5340 Supervisor: Dr
    MUSICKING AND IDENTITY IN GRENADA: STORIES OF TRANSMISSION, REMEMBERING, AND LOSS DANIELLE DAWN SIREK A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Awarded for a Collaborative Programme of Research at the Royal Northern College of Music by the Manchester Metropolitan University December 2013 For my family, for my colleagues, for my students: May you find stories of ‘who you are’, and feel connected to others, through your musicking ii Acknowledgements I am grateful for the unending support, academic and personal, that I have received throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Firstly I would like to thank my husband Adam Sirek, my parents Kim and Marius LaCasse, and my father- and mother-in-law Jan and Elizabeth Sirek, who have been my constant support in every possible way throughout this journey. My thankfulness to you is immeasurable. And to my baby Kathryn, whose smiles were a constant source of strength and encouragement, my thanks and love to you. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my co-supervisory team, Drs Felicity Laurence and Byron Dueck, who devoted seemingly unending hours closely analysing my thesis, discussing ideas with me, and providing me with encouragement and inspiration in many more ways than just academic. I am truly grateful for their guidance, expertise, and for being so giving of their time and of themselves. I learned so much more than research techniques and writing style from both of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Upscale Magazine
    THE GOOD LIFEin Grenada SHERYL NANCE-NASH You’ll love what makes Grenada different from other Caribbean islands. v 56 UPSCALE MAGAZINE / upscalemagazine.com ess than an hour’s fight from its northern neighbor Barbados is the largely unspoiled tiny “spice island” of about 100,000 people. Grenadians are proud ofL the fact that they are unique from other places in the West Indies. For sure the vibe is different. You won’t see a bunch of big name hoteliers or a lot of “traditional” night life. There are some spots, but mostly locals like to “lime”—hang out—to have get-togethers on the beach where cooking, conversation and consuming rum are the order of the day and into the night. You can expect favorite foods like rice and peas, curry goat, fried fying fsh and the national dish, oil down, a thick stew of salted fsh or meat, breadfruit, dumplings, callaloo and root vegetables. If you have oil down, your belly will be so full you may not want to eat until late the next day. The pace is slow, chill. Nobody is in a hurry, and neither should you be. Grenada is about water, the bays, the boisterous Atlantic Ocean and, on the other end of the spectrum, the calm Caribbean Sea. You’ll fnd, pink, white and black sand on the island. In the mood for the beach? There’s Grand Anse, Morne Rogue and La Sagesse, among others. Swim, snorkel, kayak, paddleboard, river tube or just relax on the beach, bothering only to raise a glass of rum punch or an icy-cold Carib Lager.
    [Show full text]
  • TRINIDAD and TOBAGO August, 2003
    Nutrition Country Profiles – TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO August, 2003 FAO - NUTRITION COUNTRY PROFILES TRINIDADTRINIDAD ANDAND TOBAGOTOBAGO FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Nutrition Country Profiles – TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1 Note for the reader The objective of the Nutrition Country Profiles (NCP) is to provide concise analytical summaries describing the food and nutrition situation in individual countries with background statistics on food-related factors. The profiles present consistent and comparable statistics in a standard format. This pre-defined format combines a set of graphics, tables and maps each supported by a short explanatory text. Information regarding the agricultural production, demography and socio-economic level of the country are also presented. In general, data presented in the NCP are derived from national sources as well as from international databases (FAO, WHO...). Technical notes giving detailed information on the definition and use of the indicators provided in the profile can be obtained from ESNA upon request. An information note describing the objectives of the NCP is also available. Useful suggestions or observations to improve the quality of this product are welcome. The data used to prepare the maps are available in Excel upon request at: E-mail: [email protected] Nutrition Country Profile of Trinidad and Tobago prepared by the Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI) and Mr. Michael Ennis for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ESNA, FAO). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers .
    [Show full text]