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1 Assessment of the Commercial Fishery of Saba Bank Wes Toller

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1 Assessment of the Commercial Fishery of Saba Bank Wes Toller Assessment of the Commercial Fishery of Saba Bank Wes Toller and Shelley Lundvall Saba Conservation Foundation Saba, Netherlands Antilles February 29, 2008 Executive Summary The commercial fishery of Saba Bank, Netherlands Antilles, was assessed for six months from June 1 through November 30, 2007, by conducting port sampling interviews with Saban commercial fishermen to obtain information on fishing effort, gear usage, landings and species composition of catches. Results from our survey are compared to previous studies to provide an updated assessment of the Saba Bank commercial fishery. The fishery can be summarized as follows. A small fishing fleet of approximately ten vessels operates from Fort Bay, Saba Island, and conducts small-scale commercial fishing on Saba Bank. Saban commercial fishermen may participate in either or both of two distinct types of fisheries: a lobster trap fishery and a “redfish” trap fishery. The two trap fisheries account for almost all commercial landings while other fishing methods (e.g. hook & line) make only a minor contribution to total landings from Saba Bank. Specific patterns of effort, landings and catch composition are identified within each trap fishery. Lobster trap fishing is the more prevalent and economically significant Saba Bank fishery. Lobster catch rate is 0.84 lobster per trap-haul and 184 pounds per trip. Catch rates vary significantly with season. Projected annual lobster landings are 184,000 lbs (83.6 mt) with an ex- vessel value of US $1.3 million per year. The lobster trap fishery also harvests a diversity of “mixed fish” (shallow water reef fishes). Average catch rate of mixed fish is 0.5 pounds per trap- haul and 37.8 pounds per trip, with projected annual mixed fish landings of 37,700 pounds (17.1 mt) at an ex-vessel value of US $68,700 per year. The fish trap fishery targets “redfish” - an assortment of deepwater snapper species that is dominated by silk snapper, blackfin snapper, and vermilion snapper. These three lutjanid species comprise > 91 % of fish trap catch. Average catch rate of redfish in fish traps is 10 pounds per trap-haul, and 291 pounds per trip. Projected annual fish trap landings of redfish are 90,800 pounds (41.3 mt) with an ex-vessel value of US $289,000 per year. Fish trap landings also include a small quantity of mixed fish (< 9 % by weight of finfish in fish trap landings) comprised of a diversity of species but dominated by red hind and lane snapper. Catch rate of mixed fish in fish traps is 1 pound per trap haul and 27 pounds per trip. Viewed as a whole, 2007 landings from Saba Bank by Saban commercial fishermen are projected to exceed 145 metric tons in 2007 with an ex-vessel value greater than US $1.6 million. Comparison to previous fisheries studies indicates that the Saba Bank commercial fishery is relatively stable in terms of total fishing effort, total landings, economic value, and 1 2 fishing methods. The following trends were identified. Compared to 1999-2000, lobster catch rate in 2007 was approximately 33 % lower in terms of weight per trap-day, but there was only a small (6.3 %) reduction in total landings of lobster. A shift to smaller lobster size was not indicated by length frequencies: average carapace length was larger in 2007 (11.2 cm) than in 1999-2000 (10.7 cm). However, lobster fishing effort as measured by trap haul rate was 31 % greater in 2007 (80.9 trap-hauls per trip) than in 1999-2000 (62.0 trap-hauls per trip). We estimate that the total number of lobster traps in use on Saba Bank increased from 1,426 traps in 1999-2000 to 1,862 traps in 2007. Collectively, these findings indicate that Saba Bank fishermen of 2007 exert a greater fishing effort in order to maintain lobster landings at year 2000 levels. An increase in fishing effort coupled with a decrease in observed catch rate could suggest that lobster harvests are now at or exceed the maximum sustainable yield for Saba Bank stocks. However, more definitive conclusions about trends in lobster stock abundance are not possible owing to the limited time frame of available fisheries data sets. The importance of redfish, as a percentage of total annual landings, has increased by three-fold since 2000. Yet, the Saba Bank redfish fishery is characterized by a lack of information. Stock densities are either unknown, or may be based on very optimistic calculations. The commercial fishery now harvests redfish primarily with fish traps, in contrast to hook & line fishing methods that predominated in 2000. Given that stock size remains poorly known, the current practice of harvesting almost exclusively juvenile fishes is a risky fisheries strategy. If reproductive output by silk snapper stocks is sufficiently reduced by harvesting it may lead to abrupt population declines or even a stock crash. We recommend that the following actions should be priorities for management of Saba Bank fisheries resources: establishment of a program for long-term commercial fisheries monitoring, elimination of anchoring by large vessels on Saba Bank, development of a framework for monitoring and regulating the harvest of deepwater snappers, implementation of conservation measures to protect a red hind spawning aggregation, and initiation of a study to evaluate ghost fishing by lost traps. 3 Saban fisherman with a Saba Bank Lobster 4 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Front piece 3 I. Introduction 5 1. Description of Saba Bank 5 2. Previous Studies 5 3. Existing Fisheries Management and Jurisdictional boundaries 5 II. Description of Fisheries 7 1. Fleet Size and Composition 7 2. Primary Types of Fisheries 8 3. Fishing Grounds 8 4. Gears Used 10 5. Total Fishing Effort 10 III. Lobster Fishery 11 1. Lobster Trap Soak Time and Haul Frequency 11 2. Lobster Effort 12 3. Lobster Catch Rate 12 4. Lobster Length-Frequency Distribution 13 5. Mixed Fish from Lobster Traps 16 IV. Redfish Fishery 20 1. Redfish Trap Soak Time and Haul Frequency 20 2. Redfish Effort 22 3. Catch Rate of Redfish Traps 23 4. Redfish Length-Frequency Distributions 24 5. Species Composition 26 V. Associated Landings and Lost Gears 26 1. Line Fishing 26 2. Lost Traps 27 VI. Total Annual Landings and Ex-Vessel Value 28 VII. Discussion 31 1. Overview 31 2. Lobster Landings and Catch Rate 32 3. Redfish 34 4. Mixed Fish 35 5. Groupers 35 6. Habitat 35 VIII. Recommendations 36 1. Implement Reporting System 36 2. Eliminate Anchoring 36 3. Redfish Management 37 4. Red Hind Spawning Aggregation 38 5. Lost Fishing Gear 38 IV. Acknowledgments 39 X. References 40 Appendices 43-47 5 I. Introduction 1) Description of Saba Bank Saba Bank is a large, completely submerged carbonate platform located 5 km southwest of the island of Saba (Macintyre et al., 1975) in the Netherlands Antilles. Well developed, actively growing coral reefs are found on the platform’s eastern and southern margins leading some authors to conclude that Saba Bank is a submerged coral reef atoll (Van der Land, 1977, Meesters et al., 1996). A small commercial fishery operating from Fort Bay, Saba Island, presently exploits the fisheries resources of Saba Bank. These resources are of considerable economic importance to the local island population (Framhein, 1995 cited in Meesters et al., 1996, Dilrosun, 2000). From June 1 through November 30 of 2007, we conducted port sampling of Saban commercial fishermen who fish on the Saba Bank. The goal of our study was to compile an updated assessment of the Saba Bank commercial fishery. Specific study objectives were to: provide a descriptive account of commercial fishing gears and methods; to examine of the spatial distribution of fishing effort on Saba Bank; to estimate fishing effort, landings, and annual economic value; and to examine the species and size composition of landings. A description of port sampling methods is given in Toller and Lundvall (2007) and supplementary information is provided in Appendix 1. 2) Previous Studies There have been a number of previous accounts of the Saba Bank fishery (Boeke, 1907, Giudicelli and Villegas, 1980, Van Buurt, 1988, Meesters et al., 1996). Although the reports vary in the level of detail provided, they were generally based on limited observations and were widely separated in time. The most comprehensive investigation of the Saba Bank fishery was the recent study by Dilrosun (2000), who also provided a review of the fisheries literature relating to Saba Bank. Dilrosun performed extensive sampling of commercial catches over a 13- month period during 1999-2000. His study provides a baseline against which we compare the 2007 commercial harvests from Saba Bank. Commercial fisheries information for Saba Bank was not collected in the seven intervening years since Dilrosun’s study. 3) Existing Fisheries Management and Jurisdictional boundaries Formal management of the Saba Bank commercial fishery is minimal owing to limitations of capacity, funding, and infrastructure (Dilrosun, 2000). In this respect, the Saba Bank fishery resembles other artisanal fisheries in the Caribbean. There are no fisheries officers on Saba and there is no program for continuous recording of commercial landings. As a consequence, there is a lack of time-series data for commercial fisheries statistics. Resource managers thus face a data- poor situation for making decisions about the status of fisheries stocks. The legislative framework for management and regulation of Saba Bank commercial fishing originates from the National Fisheries Ordinance of the Netherlands Antilles. A legal counterpart, the Saba Island Fisheries Ordinance, applies to Saban territorial waters. Existing 6 legislation specifies certain restrictions on gear construction. The regulations that are of greatest relevance to our assessment are restrictions that specify: minimum trap mesh size (1.5 inches), obligatory use of biodegradable escape panels on traps, minimum capture size for lobster (9.5 cm carapace length), and prohibition on landing of egg-bearing female lobster.
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