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Public Expenditure Review for Environment and Climate Change for Rwanda, 2008-2012

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Public Expenditure Review for Environment and Climate Change for Rwanda, 2008-2012 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW FOR ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE FOR RWANDA, 2008-2012 Final Report Facilitated By Cornelius Kazoora International Consultant Sustainable Development Centre 8th December 2013 Public Expenditure Review for Environment and Climate Change, Rwanda 2008-2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... viii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................... ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS........................................................................................................................................... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ xii 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives, purposes and scope of PERECC.................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Relevance of environmental, natural resources and climate proofing ......................................................... 3 1.4 Environmental and Climate change challenges and opportunities ................................................................ 5 1.5 Methodology and approach ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Limitations and strategies to overcome them............................................................................................. 12 1.7 Structure of the Report ................................................................................................................................ 14 1.8 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 14 2: DEFINING THE BOUNDARY FOR PERECC IN RWANDA,2008-2012 ......................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Expenditure for environment and natural resources ................................................................................... 16 2.3 Expenditures for climate change .................................................................................................................. 18 2.4 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 19 3: FINDINGS FROM THE CONTEXT OF PERECC IN RWANDA,2008-2012 ..................................................... 21 3.1 Legal, policy and institutional framework for environment and climate change ........................................ 21 3.2 Baseline environmental and climate change issues and proposed priorities. ............................................. 24 3.3 Framework of linking sectoral plans to EDPRS and the budget. .................................................................. 25 3.4 District practices of planning and budgeting for environment and climate change .................................... 26 3.5 Relationship between PERECC and public financial management systems ................................................. 28 3.6 The role of stakeholders in budget cycle ...................................................................................................... 30 i | P a g e Final Report Public Expenditure Review for Environment and Climate Change, Rwanda 2008-2012 3.7 Sources, types and flows of resources to environment and climate change ............................................... 30 3.8 Internally generated revenue through Rwanda Revenue Authority ............................................................ 33 3.9 Internal revenue from districts and proportionality from environment and natural resources ................. 34 3.10 Districts’ plans to improve revenues from environment and natural resources ....................................... 36 3.11 The role of economic instruments in funding environment and climate change ...................................... 37 3.12 Overseas Development Assistance to Rwanda .......................................................................................... 37 3.13 Classifying aid receipts in Development Assistance Database [DAD] in Rwanda ...................................... 41 3.14 Distributional equity of aid receipts among districts ................................................................................. 42 3.15 Shifting to Division of Labour and implications for ENR sector .................................................................. 42 3.16 Foreign Direct Investment .......................................................................................................................... 43 3.17 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendation ....................................................................................... 43 4: PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW FOR ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ......................................... 46 4.1 Overall public expenditure for environment and climate change among public institutions ..................... 46 4.2: Analysis of public expenditure and input mix under the lead ministry, MINIRENA ................................ 49 4.3 Variance between approved budgets and actual expenditure ................................................................. 53 4.4 Progressiveness of government spending on environment ......................................................................... 54 4.5 Analysis of expenditure for environment and climate change under Districts ........................................... 54 4.6 Tracking expenditures to the end-users ....................................................................................................... 55 4.7 Analysis of expenditure under the private Sector, NGO, CBOs, and communities. ..................................... 56 4.8 Benchmarking and comparing inter-country expenditures for environment .............................................. 57 4.9 Progress on the practice of mainstreaming ................................................................................................. 57 4.10 Trends from PEER [2005-2008] to PERECC 2008-2012 ............................................................................... 59 4.11 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendation ....................................................................................... 64 5: FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTION 66 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 66 5.2 Fiscal Decentralization .................................................................................................................................. 67 5.3 Comment on the fiscal decentralization formula ......................................................................................... 72 5.4 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendation ......................................................................................... 73 ii | P a g e Final Report Public Expenditure Review for Environment and Climate Change, Rwanda 2008-2012 6: ANALYSIS OF ADEQUACY,EFFICIENCY,EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPENDITURE AND IMPACTS ON POVERTY REDUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 74 6.1 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................................................ 74 6.2 Adequacy and efficiency of expenditure. ..................................................................................................... 75 6.3 Effectiveness of expenditure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..77 6.4 Unit Cost Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 82 6.5 Social benefits versus marginal social costs on environment interventions ................................................ 83 6.6 Strategies to improve efficiency and effectiveness of expenditure ............................................................. 83 6.7 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 83 7 . SEMI-AUTONOMOUS AGENCIES AND THEIR VALUE ADDITION TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE FINANCING. ............................................................................................................................. 85 7.1 Value addition in mobilizing and using financial resources ......................................................................... 85 7.2 Conclusion, Key message and Recommendations ......................................................................................
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