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Water Quality Monitoring Phase I & II Final Report

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Water Quality Monitoring Phase I & II Final Report REPUBLIC OF RWANDA RWANDA WATER AND FORESTRY AUTHORITY PO BOX: 7445 KIGALI IWRM Programme Rwanda Water quality monitoring in Rwanda final report April , 2019 Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description Version 1.0 29th March Christian SEKOMO B. Mr. Deodathe Prof. Herman Consultancy service for water quality Final Draft 2019 Mardoché BIRORI M. NDAZIVUNYE MUSAHARA monitoring report Emmanuel NKURUNZIZA Version 2.0 19th April 2019 Christian SEKOMO B. Mr. Deodathe Prof. Herman Consultancy service for water quality Final report Mardoché BIRORI M. NDAZIVUNYE MUSAHARA monitoring Emmanuel NKURUNZIZA Content Chapter Title Page List of Abbreviations v 1. Executive Summary vi 2. Introduction 1 2.1 Background ________________________________________________________________ 1 2.2 Study Objectives ____________________________________________________________ 2 3. Methodology 3 3.1. Mapping of sampling sites ___________________________________________________________ 3 3.2. Selection of sampling points _________________________________________________________ 4 3.3. Selection of chemical and physical parameters for water quality control _______________________ 5 4. Key water bodies 6 4.1. Key water bodies in the Congo basin ___________________________________________________ 6 4.2. Key water bodies in the Nile Basin _____________________________________________________ 6 5. Water quality results and interpretation 16 4. General interpretation of water quality results____________________________________ 39 4.1. Common natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality in different catchments 40 4.2. Erosion and Sedimentation _________________________________________________________ 40 4.3. No existing and insufficient wastewater treatment facilities _______________________________ 41 4.4. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides ________________________________________ 43 4.5. Rainfall 43 4.6. Variation of some parameters over years (Trend analysis) _________________________________ 44 4.7. Relationship between the country’s topography and water quality __________________________ 47 4.8. Contribution of the results to the monitoring of SDG indicator 6.3.2 “Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality” ______________________________________________ 47 6. Conclusions and Recommendation 51 i Annexes Reference list 55 Annex 1. Potable water – Specification – maximum permissible limits (FDEAS 12: 2018) 57 Annex 2. Discharged standards for industrial effluents into water bodies-maximum permissible limits (EAS, 2012) 59 Annex 3. Tolerance limits for discharged domestic wastewater (RS, 2017) 60 Tables Table 1: Needed data and their applications ................................................................................................. 3 Table 2: Main Sampling sites characteristics ................................................................................................ 7 Table 3: Water Quality results ..................................................................................................................... 10 Table 4: Standard of the parameters monitored ......................................................................................... 16 Table 5: Pearson correlation coefficient for some important parameters ................................................ 41 Table 6: Water quality results by key water body and their compliance with the target value ................. 50 Table 6: Classification of key parameters to be monitored by sector of activity ......................................... 53 Figures Figure 1 : Water Quality monitoring sampling sites in Rwanda.................................................................. 10 Figure 2: Variation of conductivity in all monitoring sites for period I & II (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates lower conductivity values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ....................................... 18 Figure 3: Variation of Dissolved Oxygen for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the red and green colours indicate lower and higher DO values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ........................ 19 Figure 4: Variation of total dissolved solid for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates lower TDS values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ................................................... 20 ii Figure 5: Variation of total suspended solid for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the red and green colours indicate higher and lower TSS values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. .......... 22 Figure 6: Variation of turbidity for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour shows the standard limit; the red and green colours are showing the recorded higher and lower turbidity concentrations respectively. ............................................................... 24 Figure 7: Variation of the pH recorded for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the minimum and maximum standards limits; the green colour indicates pH value within the acceptable standard limits. ............................................................... 25 Figure 8: Variation of Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP) for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates the lower DIP values recorded when compared to the standard limit. ......................................... 26 Figure 9: Variation of Total Phosphorus for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates the lower TP values recorded when compared to the standard limit. .......................................................................... 27 Figure 10: Variation of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates the lower DIN values recorded when compared to the standard limit. ........................................ 29 Figure 11: Variation of Total Nitrogen for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates lower TN values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively............................................................. 30 Figure 12: Variation of Nitrate in all monitoring sites for period I & II (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates the lower nitrate values recorded when compared to the standard limit. ................................................................................ 31 Figure 13: Variation of Biological Oxygen Demand for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates lower BOD values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ........................................ 33 Figure 14: Variation of chloride concentrations for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates lower Cl- values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ...................................................... 34 Figure 15: Variation of sulphate concentrations for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the green colour indicates 2- lower SO4 values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ......................................... 35 Figure 16: Variation of faecal coliform for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow color indicates the standard value; the red and green colors indicate the higher and lower faecal coliform values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. ...... 37 iii Figure 17: Variation of E. coli for period I & II in all monitoring sites (A) for surface water & (B) for ground water. The yellow colour indicates the standard value; the red and green colours indicate the higher and lower E. coli values recorded when compared to the standard limit respectively. .................... 38 Figure 20: Annual distribution of rainfall (Source MINIRENA, 2013) ....................................................... 43 Figure 21: Relationship between Rainfall and turbidity of Yanze river (Source: MINIRENA, 2012) ......... 44 Figure 22: Slope distribution on Rwandan territory (Source: Watershed Rehabilitation guidelines, 2013) .....................................................................................................................................................................
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