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Assessment of Community Participation in Sustainable Management of Nyabugogo and Nyabarongo Wetlands, Kigali City

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Assessment of Community Participation in Sustainable Management of Nyabugogo and Nyabarongo Wetlands, Kigali City ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NYABUGOGO AND NYABARONGO WETLANDS, KIGALI CITY BYUKUSENGE SOLVE BSc FST MEM136888/1211DF A Dissertation presented to the College of Higher Degrees and Research Kampala International University, Uganda in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Management and Development November, 2013 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and has not previously, in its entirety or in part, been submitted at any university or institution of higher learning for a degree or any other form of qualification. SOLVE APPROVAL The work reported was carried out under the following supervision Supervisor: PROF. R. ~J.3(ENYA~ ZIRABA Signature L~.°4~ Date Internal Examiner: PR~kBYARUGABA DOMINIC Signature . ~ Date DEDICATION To my Almighty God, beloved Mum, sister and her husband, brother and friends. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration Approval II Dedication ill Table of Contents iv Acknowledgements vi Abstract VII List of Figures ix List of Plates X List of Tables Xi Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Research objectives 5 1.3.1 General objective 5 1.3.2 Specific objectives 5 1.5 Hypothesis 6 1.6 Scope of the Study 6 1.7 Significance of the Study 6 1.8 Conceptual Framework 6 1.9 Defmition of terms 7 Chapter Two: Literature Review 8 2.1. Stakeholders 8 2.2 Community participation in wetland management 10 2.3 Status of wetlands in Rwanda 12 2.4. Receiving bodies of Kigali city 13 2.5. Indigenous Knowledge in Wetland Management 15 iv 2.6 Sustainable Wetland Management .18 2.7 Improving Wetlands Management 20 Chapter Three: Methodology 24 3.1 Study area~ 24 3.2 Materials and Methods 28 3.2.1 Materials 29 3.2.2 Laboratory analysis 29 3.3 Field survey 30 3.4 Limitation to the Study 34 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 35 4.1 Field survey results 35 4.2 Physical-chemical and bacteriological analysis of water quality 41 4.3 Microbiological quality analysis of water 46 4.5 Hypothesis testing 53 Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations 54 5.1 Summary of the study 54 5.2 Conclusion 55 5.3 Recommendations 57 References 58 Appendices 67 Appendix I 67 Appendix II~ 73 Appendix III Error! Bookmark not defined. V ACI~OWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I thank God the Almighty for providing me grace and wisdom to complete this dissertation. I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my family. I am very grateful to Prof. R. Bukenya Ziraba and Dr Sande Eric, for the encouragement, understanding, guidance and intellectual support in order to complete this report. I am indebted to my external and internal examiners: Prof. Eric Edroma and Prof Dominic Byarugaba for their supports, guidance and advice throughout the study. I would also like to express my deep appreciation to Gilles Karasira, in charge of Kigali Institute of Education (KIE) laboratories for his contribution in analysis of water samples in TUE laboratory. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and consideration to those who supported me directly or indirectly in carrying out this research. Special thanks go to my fellow students and friends for their limitless love during my study. May God, the Almighty bless you all. vi ABSTRACT This study evaluated the extent of community participation in sustainable wetland management in Kigali City. The aim of the study was to establish the contribution of different stakeholders in sustainable wetland management, to identify the use of indigenous knowledge in wetland management and public awareness of existing management system and practices. The study compared the difference between wetland sites with active community participation and wetland sites without community participation, in Kigali City, in assessing water quality by measuring selected physical, chemical and biological parameters in Nyabugogo and Nyabarongo wetlands. The parameters covered were Temperature, Electric Conductivity, pH, Turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Ammonia, Phosphates, oil and grease, Sulfides, Lead, Chromium, Iron, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Benzene and fecal coliforms. The water samples were collected, preserved and analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Water quality analysis revealed that both wetlands have different concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), Phosphates, Ammonia, oil and grease. The survey results revealed that local people have traditional knowledge to conserve and use wetland resources, but indigenous knowledge have also limitations due to their beliefs and mindset that can lead to wetland degradation. Though farmers have sufficient knowledge on the causes and the potential solutions to overcome most constraints related to agricultural management, some VII local farmers invade wetlands during dry season using unsustainable practices for the growing of crops (use of agro-chernicals in vegetables). Farmers of highlands in northern part of Rwanda used traditional knowledge to predict rain season and drought through observing humidity in the pot-like dish inserted into the ground, water level increase in the pot indicate the onset of appropriate season for fanning. Wetlands of this region (Rugezi in Bulera district) are sources of major rivers and contain higher amount of vegetation. The drainage of these swamps may lead to drought in downstream or other forms of imbalance in the enviromnent like increased erosion or disruption of the climate. Wetland sedges provide critical areas for livestock grazing, especially during the dry season. Raised beds for agri-pisciculture have been implemented and have proved to be sustainable and effective. Farmers use farmyard manure and compost to increase soil fertility, believe that chemical fertilizers decrease soil fertility and then match cropping systems with soil type. Keywords: Community participation, sustainability, indigenous knowledge systems VIII LIST OF FIGURES Figure3.1: Map of Nyabarongo wetland 24 Figure3.2: Map of Nyabugogo wetland 26 Figure 4.1: Variation of heavy metals in Nyabarongo wetland sites 42 Figure4.2: Variation of heavy metals in Nyabugogo wetland sites 42 Figure4.3: Variation of chemical parameters in wetland sampling sites 44 Figure 4.4: Variation in pH, Temperature and Ammonia 44 Figure4.5: Variation of BOC, COD, TSS, Turbidity and TSS 44 Figure 4.6: Variation of Conductivity 44 Figure 4.7: Variation of Faecal coliforms 46 ix LIST OF PLATES Plate 2.1: Women involved in craft making from local available materials ...... 22 from the wetland Plate 4.1: Fecal coliform on MacConkey medium 51 x LIST OF TABLES Table2. 1: Main receiving bodies of Kigali and environmental impacts 14 Table3 .2: Sample Size detennining the number of respondents in Kigali City. .33 Table 4.1: Distribution of respondents by age and sex 34 Table 4.2: Sex of respondents 34 Table 4.3: Use of indigenous knowledge in wetland management 35 Table 4.4: The level of participation in wetland management activities 35 Table 4.5: Wetland related management problems 36 Table 4.6: Physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters of water in 40 Nyabarongo wetland Table 4.7: Physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters in 40 Nyabugogo wetland xi LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABS: Access and Benefit Sharing ACNR: Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda AMEKI: Atelier de Meubles de Kigali ARECO: Association Rwandaise des Ecologistes AWF: African Wildlife Foundation BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBO: Community Based Organization CGIS: Center for Geographic Information System CHDR: College of Higher Degrees and Research CHUK: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand DDT: Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DWAF: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EC: Electric conductivity ELECTROGAZ: Etablissement de Production et de Distribution d’Electricité, d’Eau et de Gaz FOG: Fats, Oil and Grease GEF: Global Environment Facility GoR: Government of Rwanda IKS: Indigenous knowledge system IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature ME: Kigali Institute of Education MIDIMAR: Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs MINAGRE: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC: Ministry of Local Government, Good governance, Community XII MINECOFIN: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINEDUC: Ministry of Education MINICOM: Ministry of Commerce MININFRA: Ministry of Infrastructure MINIRENA: Ministry of Natural Resources MINISANTE: Ministry of Health MINITERE: Ministry of Lands, Environment, Water and Mines NBS: National Biomass Study NEYP: National Environment Youth Project NGO: Non Governmental Organization NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units pH: Hydrogen potential REMA: Rwanda Environment Management Authority RNRA: Rwanda Natural Resource Authority SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Scientists TDS: Total Dissolved Solids TEK: Traditional Ecological Knowledge TSS: Total Suspended Solids UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNEP: United Nation Enviromnent Programme UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UTEXRWA: Usine du Textile au Rwanda WHO: World Health Organization WWF: World Wildlife Fund xHl CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Wetlands are critical natural resources in developing countries where they perforrri a range
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