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Beyond the Adoption Order: Challenges, Interventions and Adoption Disruption

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Beyond the Adoption Order: Challenges, Interventions and Adoption Disruption Beyond the Adoption Order: challenges, interventions and adoption disruption Research report April 2014 Julie Selwyn, Dinithi Wijedasa, and Sarah Meakings - University of Bristol School for Policy Studies Hadley Centre for Adoption and Foster Care Studies 1 Contents List of figures 9 List of tables 11 List of acronyms 13 Acknowledgements 15 Section 1 - Introduction 16 1. Adoption disruption 16 Background 16 Inconsistent use of the term adoption disruption 16 Comparing US and UK adoption disruption rates 17 Research on disruption rates pre-order 17 Research on disruption rates post order 18 Factors associated with disruption 18 2. Aims and method 20 Phase 1 Feasibility study (2012) 20 Creating the study dataset 22 Strengths and limitations of the dataset 23 Contacting adoptive parents and piloting study material in one local authority 24 Phase 2 (2013) 25 Survey of adoptive families 26 The interviews 27 Analyses 28 Section 2 - Statistical analysis of data on children looked after and adopted 30 3. Characteristics of children living with a permanent substitute family 30 The national datasets used in this study 32 The use of Adoption, Special Guardianship and Residence Orders 32 2 The children and their placements at entry to care 34 Placements and moves in care 36 Summary 42 4. Post order adoption disruptions 44 Child’s age at the time of the adoption disruption 44 Children and their care careers before adoption 45 The characteristics of the adoptive parents 51 Variation in local authority disruption rate 54 Summary 55 5. Special Guardianship Order and Residence Order disruptions 56 Placement with guardians 60 Time between entry to care and placement with guardians 61 Children’s placements in care immediately after the disruptions 63 Variation between local authorities 64 Summary 65 6. Calculating the rate of post order disruptions 66 Post order adoption disruption rate 66 Special Guardianship Order disruption rate 70 Residence Order disruption rate 72 The likelihood of disruption by type of legal order 75 Summary 77 Section 3 - Surveys of Adoptive Families 78 7. Surveys of adoptive families 78 The adoptive families 79 The adopted children (n=689) 80 How the adoptions were faring 81 3 Summary 89 Section 4 - The well-being of children and parents 90 The well-being of children and parents 90 The children’s measures 90 Summary and interpretation of the SDQ findings 93 The parents’ measures 102 Summary 109 Section 5 - Interviews 111 Introduction to the interviews 111 9. Interviews with adoptive parents: starting out 112 The adopted young people 113 Motivation to adopt, encouragement to proceed & early preferences 115 Preparation and assessment 118 Linking and matching 119 Introductions to the children 121 Support from social workers during the introductions 122 The foster carer’s role in the introductions 123 Meeting important people in the child’s life 127 Missing information 128 Summary 129 10. Settling into adoptive family life 131 Parent and child relationships 131 Early observations 132 Settling into nursery and school 134 Contact with social workers 135 The making of the Adoption Order 136 4 Summary 137 11. Behaviours that challenged adoptive families 138 Early onset of difficulties within the adoptive family 138 Onset or escalation of difficulties during adolescence 142 Difficulty in coping with change and triggers for challenging behaviour 150 Summary 155 12. Communication and cohesion within the adoptive families 157 Sibling relationships 157 Marital / partner relationships 160 Birth family contact 161 Talking about adoption within the family (communicative openness) 169 Communication within the ‘At home’ families 172 Summary 174 13. Seeking help and support 176 Satisfaction with support services 176 Support from local authority adoption teams 178 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) 183 Support from Education Services 185 Support from other agencies 187 Feelings of blame, guilt and isolation 189 Summary 191 14. Adoption disruption 193 The support for families on the verge of disruption 195 The move out of home 195 The movement of children after leaving their adoptive home 199 The impact of the disruption on family members 202 5 Adopters’ views on the finality of the disruption 203 Current parent and child relationships 205 Summary 205 15. Looking back and looking forwards 208 Adoptive parents’ reflections on their adoption journey 208 Adoptive parents’ reflections on adoption support services 210 The best and worst aspects of the adoptive experience 212 Being a parent 215 Impact of living with a child with challenging behaviour 217 Looking forward 220 Summary 223 Section 6 - Interviews with young people who had experienced an adoption disruption 225 16. Interviews with young people 225 Young people’s current circumstances 225 Adoptive family life-the early years 227 Bullying 229 Reasons for leaving the adoptive family 229 The move away from home 233 Support 237 Talking and thinking about adoption and adoptive parents 239 Talking and thinking about birth families 241 Young people’s advice to prospective adoptive parents 244 Young people’s advice to a child about to be adopted 245 Summary 246 Section 7 - Interviews with the managers of adoption teams 248 17. Adoption support provided by local authority adoption teams 248 6 Structure of services 248 Staffing and skill set of adoption teams 249 Support services provided by the adoption teams 252 Running support groups 253 Educational support 255 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) 256 Post adoption mentoring schemes and youth services 258 Developing matching and support plans 259 Working with families in crisis 260 Disruptions 262 The future development of adoption support services 263 Summary 264 18. Discussion and recommendations 266 Adoption Disruption 268 Special Guardianship and Residence Order disruptions 269 Comparing Adoption, SGO, and RO disruptions 269 Survey responses 270 Interviews with adoptive parents 271 The transition of children from foster care to their adoptive family 271 Challenging behaviour 274 Support and Interventions 276 Comparison of the ‘At home’ and ‘Left home’ groups 279 Young people who had experienced a disruption 281 Interviews with Managers of Local Authority Adoption Teams 282 Conclusion 283 Recommendations 284 7 19. References 290 Appendix A UK studies that report adoption disruption rates 1990-2013 300 Appendix B SSDA 903 variables and measures 303 Appendix C Kaplan Meir survival estimates 311 Appendix D SDQ and ACA-SF analyses 313 8 List of figures Figure 1: Types of alternative permanent care available for children in care in England 31 Figure 2: The number of children leaving care on Adoption Orders, SGOs, and ROs 33 Figure 3: The percentage of children under 4 years of age on Adoption Orders, Special Guardianship Orders, and Residence Orders 34 Figure 4: Age at entry to care for children on Adoption Orders, Special Guardianship Orders, and Residence Orders 35 Figure 5: Legal status at entry to care for children on Adoption Orders, Special Guardianship Orders, and Residence Orders 36 Figure 6: First placement at entry to care 37 Figure 7: The number of moves before being placed in a permanent placement 38 Figure 8: The number of reunification attempts before being placed in a permanent placement 39 Figure 9: The age at final permanent placement 40 Figure 10: The time from entry to care to the ‘last placement’ pre-order 41 Figure 11: Children’s placements at the time of the legal order 41 Figure 12: Length of time between placement and order 42 Figure 13: Child’s age in years at the time of the adoption disruption 44 Figure 14: The number of moves the children had had before being placed for adoption 46 Figure 15: The time from entry to care to the adoptive placement 47 Figure 16: The child’s age when placed with their adoptive family 49 Figure 17: The child’s age when first placed with the carers who later adopted them 50 Figure 18: Foster carer adoptions: The time period between the child being placed with foster carers and the placement becoming an adoptive placement 51 Figure 19: Children adopted by foster carers or stranger adoptive parents 54 Figure 20: The variation in local authority adoption disruption rate as a proportion of adoptions between 2000-2011 54 Figure 21: Time to disruption for children on SGOs and ROs 56 Figure 22: Reason for entry to care for children on SGOs 57 9 Figure 23: Child’s age at entry to care 58 Figure 24: First legal status at entry to care for children on ROs 59 Figure 25: The number of moves the children had had before being placed with the guardians 60 Figure 26: The child’s age at placement with guardians 61 Figure 27: The time between placement and legal order for children on ROs 62 Figure 28: Children’s age at the time of the legal order 63 Figure 29: Immediate placements of children in care after a SGO/RO disruption 63 Figure 30: Variation in local authority SGO disruption rate as a proportion of SGOs between 2005- 2011 64 Figure 31: Variation in local authority RO disruption rate as a proportion of ROs between 2005- 2011 64 Figure 32: Kaplan-Meir survival estimates of the cumulative proportion of disruptions after the legal order 76 Figure 33: How were the adoptions faring? 82 Figure 34: Probability of parent rated SDQ scores indicating child psychiatric disorders at the individual level. 94 Figure 35: Estimating the prevalence of child psychiatric disorders from sub-population scores for different family circumstances 95 Figure C.1 Kaplan Meir survival estimates of the cumulative proportion of disruptions after the Adoption Order 311 Figure C.2 Kaplan Meir survival estimates of the cumulative proportion of disruptions after the Special Guardianship Order 312 Figure C.3 Kaplan Meir survival estimates of the cumulative proportion of disruptions after the Residence Order 312 10 List of tables Table 4-1: Characteristics of the adopted children at entry to care ..............................................
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