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Modern-Day Orphanages: Exploring What It Is Like to Grow up in a Stable, Long-Term Residential Children's Home Elizabeth Lee Ann Zimmermann Iowa State University

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Modern-Day Orphanages: Exploring What It Is Like to Grow up in a Stable, Long-Term Residential Children's Home Elizabeth Lee Ann Zimmermann Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 Modern-day orphanages: Exploring what it is like to grow up in a stable, long-term residential children's home Elizabeth Lee Ann Zimmermann Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons Recommended Citation Zimmermann, Elizabeth Lee Ann, "Modern-day orphanages: Exploring what it is like to grow up in a stable, long-term residential children's home" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12547. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12547 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern-day orphanages: Exploring what it is like to grow up in a stable, long-term residential children’s home by Elizabeth Zimmermann A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Human Development and Family Studies Program of Study Committee: Brenda Lohman, Co-Major Professor Janet Melby, Co-Major Professor Nancy Franz Gayle Luze Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 20012 Copyright © Elizabeth Zimmermann, 2012. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Thesis Organization 1 Background and Context 2 Problem Statement and Research Questions 7 Assumptions 8 The Researcher 9 Rationale for Study 11 Rationale of Design and Methodology 12 Description of Research Sample 13 Definitions of Key Terminology Used in this Study 15 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 17 Literature Review 18 Safety 18 Foster care 18 Orphanages 19 Permanency 20 Foster care 21 Orphanages 24 Child Well-Being 25 Foster care 25 Orphanages 27 Theoretical Framework 30 Holistic-Interactionism 30 Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory 32 Positive Youth Development 33 Sacred Theory 34 CHAPTER 3: MODERN-DAY ORPHANAGES: EXPLORING THE STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS OF CARE IN A STABLE, LONG-TERM RESIDENTIAL CHILDREN’S HOME 37 Abstract 37 Introduction 37 Background and Context 38 Modern-Day Orphanages 40 Theoretical Perspective 40 iii Method 41 Sample 41 Methodology and Data Collection 42 Data Analysis 43 Findings 44 Children’s Hope: The Organization 44 An alternative care format. 45 The Environment of Children’s Hope 47 A campus community. 47 A cottage family. 50 Houseparents. 51 Children. 52 A Day in the Life 54 Morning routines. 54 Meal routines. 55 Work routines. 55 Play routines. 56 Off-campus routines. 57 School routines. 57 Disruptions in routine. 58 Discussions and Conclusions 59 CHAPTER 4: MODERN-DAY ORPHANAGES: EXPLORING HOW A LONG-TERM RESIDENTIAL CHILDREN’S HOME SATISFIES THE CHILD WELFARE GOALS OF SAFETY, PERMANENCY, AND WELL-BEING 62 Abstract 62 Introduction 62 Background and Context 64 Foster Care and its Link to Safety, Permanency, and Well-being 65 Safety. 65 Permanency. 66 Well-being. 66 Orphanage Care and its Link to Safety, Permanency and Well-being 67 Safety. 67 Permanency. 68 Well-being. 68 Modern-day Orphanages and its Link to Safety, Permanency and Well-being 69 Theoretical Framework: Holistic-Interactionism 70 Methods 71 Sample and Setting 71 Methodology and Data Collection 73 Data Analysis 75 Findings 76 Safety in the Modern-day Orphanage 76 iv Children’s perception of safety. 76 Ensuring Safety. 78 Permanency in the Modern-day Orphanage 80 Am I gonna stay here? 80 Unique forms of stability and instability. 83 Well-being in the Modern-day Orphanage 85 Transformation: A slowly evolving process. 86 Where they came from. 86 Where they are now. 88 Reasons for change 94 Christianity: True hope. 101 Discussion and Conclusions 104 CHAPTER 5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 108 Summary of Findings 108 Theoretical Interpretations of Findings 110 Holistic-Interactionism 110 Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory 112 Positive Youth Development 114 Sacred Theory 117 Practice and Policy Implications 119 Challenges 124 Strengths, Limitations and Future Directions 126 APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW QUESTIONAIRRES 130 APPENDIX B: CODEBOOK 135 APPENDIX C: EVIDENCE OF MEMBER CHECK 144 APPENDIX D: INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY 154 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 161 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Theme three: Well-being 86 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Demographic characteristics of staff 73 Table 2. Demographic characteristics of children 74 vii ABSTRACT This study explored the nuances and dynamics of living in a stable, long-term residential home within a Christian community for foster children who (for varying reasons) are unable to reside with their families of origin. In essence, this study examined ‘modern- day orphanages’ (a term used by McKenzie, 2010), a little studied alternative care format for foster youth. Using interviews and participatory observation to form a multi-perspective case study, this research explored the particular and unique care environment provided by Children’s Hope (pseudonym), a modern-day orphanage located in the United States. Results are presented in two manuscripts. Themes from the first manuscript uncover the structural aspects of the organization, the intentionally created environment of the organization, and a typical day experienced by children; findings from this manuscript support the inclusion of modern-day orphanages as a viable alternative care format to the foster care system. Themes from the second manuscript ascertain how Children’s Hope satisfies the child welfare goals of safety, permanency, and well-being. Given that the organization satisfies these goals, findings from this manuscript also support the inclusion of modern-day orphanages as a viable alternative care format to the foster care system. Overall, the findings from this study fill a substantial gap in the literature regarding modern-day orphanages and further inform policy and practice regarding placement for foster children. 1 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION This research explored the unique environment of modern-day orphanages (a term used by McKenzie, 2010). Modern-day orphanages are an alternative care format that provides stable, long-term residential care to foster youth. For varying reasons, these youth are unable to live with their family of origin. This research is a qualitative, instrumental and collectivist case study about Children’s Hope (pseudonym), a modern-day orphanage located within the United States, which utilized participatory observation and interviews. This study fills a substantial gap in the literature by addressing what it is like for foster children to grow up in a modern-day orphanage and how this unique environment impacts foster children’s safety, permanency, and well-being. Findings from this qualitative study further inform the ongoing need of reforming the current foster care system by providing support for an alternative form of care: the modern-day orphanage. Thesis Organization This alternative-format thesis is organized into five main chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction to the topic, which provides background and context to the study, addresses the exact nature of the study, and explains characteristics and experiences of the researcher pertinent to the study. The second chapter is an in-depth literature review of the topic and introduction to theoretical frameworks utilized to frame the study. The third chapter is a manuscript addressing the study’s first research question, entitled “Modern-day orphanages: Exploring what it is like to grow up in a stable, long-term residential children’s home.” The fourth chapter is a manuscript addressing the study’s second, third, and fourth research questions, entitled “Modern-day orphanages: Exploring how a long-term residential 2 children’s home satisfies the child welfare goals of safety, permanency, and well-being.” The fifth and final chapter is a general conclusion, summarizing findings, interpreting these findings through different theoretical lenses, and addressing policy implications, strengths, limitations, and future research directions. Both manuscripts have three authors. The first author, Elizabeth Zimmermann, is a graduate student in the Human Development and Family Studies program (HDFS) at Iowa State University (ISU) and is the primary researcher and author of both manuscripts. The second and third authors (respectively), Dr. Brenda J. Lohman and Dr. Janet N. Melby, are Elizabeth’s co-major professors. Dr. Lohman is an associate professor at ISU in the HDFS department, and Dr. Melby is an adjunct associate professor and Director of the Child Welfare Research and Training Project at ISU in the HDFS department. Both Dr. Lohman and Dr. Melby advised study design, implementation, analysis, and report preparation. Background and Context Although still fairly common globally, the United States no longer utilizes traditional orphanages. Although at the turn of the 20th century there were approximately 100,000 children living in orphanages within the U.S. (London, 1999), within the past century the nation has shifted to foster care (McKenzie, 1999b), with an estimated 463,000 children in foster care in 2008 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). By definition, traditional orphanages are considered
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