Sources of Tolerance in Wheat and Barley Against the Cereal Leafminer Syringopais Temperatella Led

Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 8, No.3 2012

Sources of Tolerance in Wheat and Barley Against the Cereal Leafminer Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lepidoptera: Scythridaidae) under Semi-arid Climate of Southern Jordan

Madanat, H.M.1; F.A. Al-Zyoud*2; A.H. Abdel-Ghani3 and N.F. Al-Majali4

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at investigating sources of tolerance in wheat and barley against the cereal leafminer, Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae) under semi-arid climate of Jordan. In this study, 546 accessions of bread and durum wheat, and barley were screened. The initial screening of the accessions was performed in 2006/2007, and accessions that displayed a type of resistance to S. temperatella in the initial screening were re-evaluated in 2008/2009. The average insect damage score (based on a 1 to 6 damage scale) in the initial screening was 5.1, 5.3 and 6.0 for barley, bread wheat and durum wheat, respectively. The percentages of barley and bread wheat accessions exhibiting resistance were 12.4% and 1.0%, respectively, while 4.1% and 11.0% of the accessions were tolerant. The re-evaluation of the selected barley and bread wheat accessions in 2008/2009 revealed that all the selected accessions were moderately tolerant with damage mean score of 2.5 to 4.3. However, moderately tolerant accessions found in this study might serve as tolerance genes to be transferred to barley and wheat cultivars to control S. temperatella.

Keywords: Syringopais temperatella, Cereal Leafminer, Tolerance, Barley, Wheat, Jordan.

INTRODUCTION arid regions in West Asia and North Africa (WANA). Wheat and barley are major crops in arid and semi- The grain yield achieved by farmers is low with large variability from year to year (FAO, 2008). In addition to 1M.Sc. in Entomology, Researcher, National Center for the environmental stresses which are main causes for Agriculture Research and Extension (NCARE), Rabbeh, low productivity (Abdel-Ghani et al., 2004, 2005; Karak, 61710 Jordan. 2* Associate Professor of Biological Control and Integrated Weltzien and Fischbeck, 1990), some pests cause serious Pest Management, Department of Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah annual damage and yield losses to wheat and barley University, Karak, 61710 Jordan, P.O. Box: 7, Phone: (Harlan, 1992). Efforts to control insect pests on wheat (mobile): 00962 (0) 797 441900, (office): 00962 (0) 3 2372380 Ext. 6529, E-Mail: [email protected] and barley as low-input cereal crops generally take a (Corresponding author). back seat to more pressing problems of abiotic 3Associate Professor of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah University, production constraints such as heat, drought, low soil Karak, 61710 Jordan, P.O. Box: 7, Phone: (mobile): 00962 fertility and salinity (Osteen and Szmedra, 1989). 799 771229, (office): 00962 3 2372380 Ext. 6545, E-Mail: [email protected]. The cereal leafminer, Syringopais temperatella Led. 4 Ph.D. in Crop Production, Researcher, National Center for (Lep., Scythrididae) is considered one of the major insect Agriculture Research and Extension (NCARE), Rabbeh, Karak, 61710 Jordan. pests which attacks wheat and barley in Jordan (Al-Zyoud Received on 6/9/2011 and Accepted for Publication on 2007, 2008; Al-Zyoud et al., 2009, 2011), Iraq (ICARDA 30/4/2012.

Annual Report, 2007), Iran (Gholamreza, 2002), Lebanon, the developed resistance by the pest to many chemical Turkey, Minor Asia and the Mediterranean riparian insecticides (Georghiou and Lagunes-Tejeda, 1991). countries (Daamen et al., 1989). In these countries, S. Therefore, the use of insecticides should be minimized temperatella causes quantitative damage to wheat and to prevent or at least to delay developing resistance by barley through feeding on the plant foliage, soon turning its the insect in one hand, while continuing on the other leaves into yellow color, leading to sharp declines in hand to find other control tactics to suppress S. production (Al-Zyoud, 2007, 2008; Al-Zyoud et al., 2009, temperatella population. Our previous research work on 2011; Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003; Vrieze, 2002). This pest is S. temperatella in Jordan has been conducted to endemic to Jordan, and has been reported in the country investigate its biology, distribution and parasitism (Al- about 50 years ago (Klapperich, 1968), but since 2001 the Zyoud, 2007), efficacy of insecticidal applications insect has been recognized as the most economic insect pest against the pest (Al-Zyoud, 2008), susceptibility of some on wheat and barley in the country, and outbreaks of S. cultivars of wheat and barley to cereal leafminer under temperatella have occurred mostly in southern Jordan laboratory conditions (Al-Zyoud et al., 2009) and (Karak district) during the last ten years (Al-Antary, 2002; efficacy of the bio-agent bacterium, Bacillus Al-Zyoud, 2007, 2008; Al-Zyoud et al., 2009, 2011). In the thuringiensis against S. temperatella (Al-Zyoud et al., 2001 cropping season, only three areas have been infested 2011). by the pest compared to eighteen areas in the 2006 cropping However, the use of resistant plant cultivars as a part season (Al-Zyoud, 2007), which proves that the infestation of integrated pest management (IPM) was proven to be a is expanding in Karak district. successful, sustainable and environmentally friendly Due to the importance of wheat and barley production control strategy for pests. However, to the best of our in Jordan, prevention and control measures of this knowledge, experimental and genetic studies on destructive pest are of vital importance. However, rapid resistance of wheat and barley were not conducted on knock-down, high target mortality and ease of application the cereal leafminer in Jordan, or elsewhere. Therefore, chemical pesticides led rapid adoption (Osteen and this study aimed at investigating sources of tolerance in Szmedra, 1989). Use of synthetic compounds soon became wheat and barley against S. temperatella under semi-arid the predominant method of controlling crop pests and climate of southern Jordan. The outcomes of this study overshadowed alternative pest control methods (Lin et al., will hopefully lead for developing an appropriate low- 1995). Intensive application of chemical insecticides has cost and environmentally sound IPM approach to control been used to suppress S. temperatella (Al-Zyoud, 2008; S. temperatella by growing the least susceptible ICARDA Annual Report, 2007; Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003). accessions. However, continuous use of chemical insecticides is neither economic nor sustainable, and poses risk to MATERIALS AND METHODS humans, animals, beneficial insects and their Plant Materials environment (Gerson and Cohen, 1989). Moreover, the A combined number of 546 accessions of cultivated use of insecticides on wheat and barley has generally barley, bread wheat and cultivated durum wheat was lagged due to cost constraints associated with these two tested in this study. All plant accessions were obtained crops as low-input crops (Debach and Rosen, 1991), and from the gene bank collection at the International Center

-368- Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 8, No.3 2012 for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). accessions (44.81%) have the ability to resist WSSF, 16 The used plant materials consisted of accessions that accessions to the Hessian fly (HF) (5.19%), 15 already had resistance to some other major insect pests accessions to RWA (4.87%), 10 accessions to the Sunn of cereal crops (Table 1). Of the 193 barley accessions pest (SP) (3.25%) and 129 accessions (41.88%) to the used in this study, 117 accessions (60.62%) have a cereal leaf beetle (CLB). Regarding the durum wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly (WSSF) and 76 accessions, 9 of them (20%) are resistant to WSSF and accessions (39.38%) resist to the Russian wheat aphid 36 (80%) to SP. (RWA). Of the 308 bread wheat accessions tested, 138

Table 1: Number of accessions tested in the experiments against the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella in Karak district during the 2006/2007 cropping season and their resistance to different insect pests. Crop No. of accessions Resistant to Barley 117 Wheat stem sawfly 76 Russian wheat aphid

Bread wheat 138 Wheat stem sawfly 16 Hessian fly 15 Russian wheat aphid 10 Sunn pest 129 Cereal leaf beetle

Durum wheat 9 Wheat stem sawfly 36 Sunn pest

Total 546

Weather Conditions of the Experimental Site located at 920 m above the sea level. Generally, rainfall The experiments were carried out in a naturally is irregular with intra- and inter-seasonal variability. infested area with S. temperatella at Al-Qasr area (5 km Initial Screening (Trial I) north of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University) in Initial field experiments were performed during the Rabbeh city of Karak district (Latitude of 31°11" and 2006/2007 cropping season. All accessions used in this Longitude of 35°42") during the 2006/2007 and trail were grown with neither fertilizers nor insecticides 2008/2009 cropping seasons. The experimental site is applications. characterized by semi-arid conditions with relatively The accessions were sown on November 23rd, 2006 moderate rainfall (300 mm long-term annual average). at a rate of 100 kg/ha representing the recommended The location is suitable for cultivating a wide crop seeding rate in Jordan. Arabi Abiad barely landrace and spectrum, especially wheat, barley and legumes, and it is one wheat cultivar (Hourani 27) were used in the

-369- Sources of Tolerance in… Madanat, H.M.; F.A. Al-Zyoud; A.H. Abdel-Ghani and N.F. Al-Majali experiments as controls. The accessions and controls Re-Testing of Resistant Accessions (Trail II) were grown in two replicated randomized complete In the second trail, accessions that displayed a type blocks and in one-meter rows with 0.25 m intra-block of resistance to the cereal leafminer in the first trail and 2 m inter-block distances. All pre- and post-stand (Figure 1) were further evaluated during the 2008/2009 establishment managements (i.e. land preparation and cropping season using the same procedure as mentioned cultivation) were done as required. Barley, bread wheat for the initial field screening at the same experimental and durum wheat accessions were separately evaluated site. The experiments were conducted on January 4, in three different experiments. The boarder around each 2009. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was experiment was planted with wheat (Hourani 27). used with four replicates. Seeds were sown manually in 1-m wide furrow for each accession. Accessions of each group were separately tested.

A B

Figure 1: Views of the experiment indicating (A) the most susceptible accessions for the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella and (B) the least susceptible accessions conducted in Karak district during the 2006/2007 cropping season.

Evaluation of Resistance used to evaluate the resistance of the different accessions In the different experiments, S. temperatella larval to S. temperatella was as follows: No infestation (1), infestation was daily monitored. The insect started 10% or less of the leaves were infested (2), 25% or less infesting wheat and barley accessions on March 7, 2007. of the leaves were infested (3), 50% or less of the leaves The data were taken twice, on March 29, 2007, and on were infested (4), 75% or less of the leaves were infested April 12, 2007. Data were taken depending on visual (5), and more than 75% of the leaves were infested (6). symptoms of the larval infestation. Damage was Statistical Analysis estimated using a score when symptoms were clearly Analysis of variance was used to test accession effect. seen on the leaves of tested accessions. The score that Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with the

-370- Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 8, No.3 2012 statistical package MSAT-C, and the differences among above the seasonal average rainfall in 2006/2007 cropping means were compared using least significant differences season, in contrast, it was 83 mm below the average in (LSD) test at P≤0.05 (Abacus Concepts, 1991). 2008/2009 cropping season. Effective rains sufficient for germination started in December 2006 in the first RESULTSWeather Conditions during the cropping season and in February in the second season. Cropping Seasons Although high rainfall was received in October in the The precipitation in the two cropping seasons was second season, poor rainfall was recorded in the following highly variable in term of amount and distribution of months until mid-February 2009 after the planting date of rainfall (Tables 2a and b). The 2006/2007 cropping season the second experiment, whereas relatively well distributed had a relatively higher rainfall (391.8 mm), while the and abundant rains were received in the 2006/2007 2008/2009 cropping season was relatively a dry season cropping season. with only 207 mm annual rains. Precipitation was 102 mm

Table 2a: Rainfall and temperature during the experiments against the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella in Karak district during the 2006/2007 cropping season. Month Rainfall Min. Temp. Max. Temp. Mean Temp. Oct 13.8 13.1 25.3 19.2 Nov 17.5 7.3 18.3 12.8 Dec 68.5 2.5 13.5 8.0 Jan 104.3 3.0 12.6 7.8 Feb 101.4 4.8 13.8 9.3 Mar 66.3 4.8 16.0 10.4 Apr 9.6 7.7 21.1 14.4 May 10.4 13.8 28.6 21.2 Total 391.8 Table 2b: Rainfall and temperature during the experiments against the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella in Karak district during the 2008/2009 cropping season. Month Rainfall Min. Temp. Max. Temp. Mean Temp. Oct 52.5 11.8 24.8 18.3 Nov 3.4 12.8 20.8 16.8 Dec 6.0 5.8 16.2 11.0 Jan 0.0 3.2 14.6 8.90 Feb 86.5 5.0 15.2 10.1 Mar 58.6 3.9 9.7 6.8 Apr 0.0 8.8 22.4 15.6 May 0.0 11.9 26.5 19.2 Total 207

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Overall Response of Barley and Wheat Accessions Initial Screening Trail during the 2006/2007 to Syringopais temperatella Cropping Season (Trail 1) The statistical analysis of the S. temperatella damage The study was initiated by screening 546 accessions for severity showed significant differences among barley their resistance to S. temperatella under field conditions and bread wheat accessions (P<0.01) (Table 3). The including 193, 308 and 45 barley, bread wheat and durum ranking of plant tolerance among the different accession wheat accessions, respectively. Of the 193 barley groups showed that barley ranked first, followed by accessions, 24 accessions (12.4%) were highly resistant to bread wheat and durum wheat. The insect damage scale S. temperatella, and 8 accessions (4.1%) were tolerant. The averages were 5.1 (range, 1 to 6) and 5.3 (range, 2 to 6) remaining 161 accessions (83.5%) were susceptible, 152 for barley and bread wheat accessions, respectively accessions (78.8%) of which were highly susceptible (Table 3). The coefficient of variation (CV) value was (Figure 2). Of the 308 bread wheat accessions tested, 3 lowest for barley accessions (5.5%) and highest for accessions (1%) were resistant, 34 accessions (11%) were bread wheat (18.1%). moderately resistant, and 272 accessions (88%) were susceptible (Figure 3). All durum wheat accessions were highly susceptible to S. temperatella.

Table 3:Significance differences of tolerance among accessions in barley, durum wheat and bread wheat against the cereal leafminerSyringopaistemperatella in Karak district during the 2008/2009 cropping season. Crop Mean1±SE Range CV% Barley 5.1±0.2 b 1-6 5.5 Bread wheat 5.3±0.2 b 2-6 18.1 Durum wheat 6.0±0.0 a - - Means within the column with different small letters indicate significant differences among the different crops at P<0.01. 1Data are the means of 193, 308 and 45 barley, bread wheat and durum wheat accessions, respectively.

Figure 2: Number of barley

accessions infested by Syringopais

temperatella within each score in

Karak district during the 2006/2007

cropping season (Trail I).

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240

210 180 n=308

150

120

Number of accessions 30

0 1 2 345 6 Score

Figure 3: Number of bread wheat accessions infested by Syringopais temperatella within each score in Karak district during the 2006/2007 cropping season (Trail I).

Re-Evaluation of Resistant Accessions in the evaluation of the selected barley and bread wheat 2008/2009 Cropping Season (Trail II) accessions revealed that all of the selected accessions Accessions with scores of 2 or less in the 2006/2007 were moderately tolerant (Tables 4 and 5). None of the cropping season (Trail 1) were selected for further selected accessions confirmed to be immune or highly evaluation in the 2008/2009 cropping season. The re- resistant to S. temperatella.

Table 4: Mean Syringopais temperatella tolerance of the selected barley accessions tested against the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella in Karak during the 2008/2009 cropping season (Trail II). No. Source Name/cross Mean±SE Ability to resist insects Jordanian barley landrace Check 6.00±0 a 1 BI03IN-3243 Moroc9-75/ArabiAswad//Zanbaka 3.00±0.82cd WSSF /H.spont.41-4 2 BI03IN-4198 AAlanda02/4/Arizona5908/Aths/ 3.00±0.81cd WSSF Asse/3/F20874/5/Alanda/3/ Cl08887/CI05761//Lignee 3 BlW03lN-1 127 Alanda 3.25±0.63 bcd WSSF 4 BlW03lN-1892 VA97B -388 3.75±0.48 bc WSSF 5 BOLW00-24 NK1272//Manker/Arig8/6/ 2.50±0.29 d WSSF UC566/5/M64-76/Bon//Jo/York/3/ M5/Galt//As46/4/Hj34-80/A

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No. Source Name/cross Mean±SE Ability to resist insects 6 BONW00-143 Meteor/Radical 3.50±0.52 bcd WSSF 7 ISBCB00-41 PETUNIA1 3.25±0.48 bcd WSSF 8 BI03IN-3724 Tadmor/Sara 4.30±0.25 b WSSF 9 BI97IN-801 JLB 36-071 3.30±0.20 bcd WSSF Means within the column with different small letters indicate significant differences among the different accessions at P<0.01.

Table 5: Mean Syringopais temperatella tolerance of the selected bread wheat accessions tested against the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella in Karak during the 2008/2009 cropping season (Trail II). No. Source Name/cross Mean±SE Ability to resist insects Hourani 27 Locally adapted variety 6.00±0.00 a 1 NN-101 Erythrospermum13\obriy 3.50±0.29 bcd CLB 2 NN-103 Spartanka\Erythrospermum13 3.25±0.29 bcd CLB 3 NN-107 Frunzenskaya60\Tardo\ 3.50±0.29 bcd CLB Intensivnaya\ Erythrospermum841 4 AYT-IRR-02-9120 ATAY85 3.00±0.33 cd WSSF 5 AYT-RF-02-9562 ZANDER-35 2.75±0.48 d WSSF 6 AYR2000R F-9497 SERI 3.25±0.25 bcd WSSF 7 AYTIR01-9069 ES14/SITTA//AGRI/NAC 4.00±0.00 b WSSF 8 AYTRF01-9572 BEZ/NAD//KZM(ES85.24) 3.25±0.25 bcd WSSF /3/MILAN 9 5EYTIR01-9818 STAR/BWD 3.75±0.25 bc WSSF 10 BWWSSON01-57 ATRIS-5 3.50±0.11 bcd WSSF Means within the column with different small letters indicate significant differences among the different accessions at P<0.01.

DISCUSSION accession upon another might be due to physical factors However, the results of the present study concerning such as hairiness, hardiness and thickness of the plant the ranking of S. temperatella severity among accession leaves, as well as to differences in chemical composition groups showed that barley ranked first, followed by of the leaves (Al-Zyoud et al., 2009). bread wheat, while all durum wheat accessions were In the present study, twenty four accessions of barley highly susceptible to S. temperatella. These results and 2 accessions of bread wheat were rated 1 to 2 on a 1- might support the conclusion that barley and bread 6 scale. Eight accessions of barley and 34 accessions of wheat are more tolerant to the cereal leafminer than bread wheat were rated as moderately tolerant (rate = 3 durum wheat. However, the preference of the cereal leaf to 4) to S. temperatella. All durum wheat accessions miner for a plant species (wheat or barley), cultivar or were found to be highly susceptible for S. temperatella.

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Although, no accessions tested in the second season 9497, AYTIR01-9069, AYTRF01-9572, 5EYTIR01- showed a high resistance to S. temperatella, it appears 9818 and BWWSSON01-57) were also resistant to the promising a type of tolerance to S. temperatella that WSSF, and three accessions (NN-101, NN-103 and NN- could be used in a breeding program. Similarly, a type of 107) were resistant to CLB. In a similar fashion, a wheat resistance to other insect pests such as the Russian wheat accession from Turkey IG 44852, Triticum monococcum aphid, Hessian fly, wheat stem sawfly and Sunn pest was subsp. monococcum was resistant to both HF and RWA, reported in Triticum and Vulgare sp. (El-Bouhssini et and an accession from Syria IG 118185, T. monococcum al., 2004, 2009; Ennahli et al., 2009). In addition, Al- subsp. boeoticum was resistant to SP and RWA Zyoud et al. (2009) significant differences in the (ICARDA Annual Report, 2005). Moreover, 13 cultivars susceptibility of wheat and barley cultivars to S. of barley including Saida and WI2291 were immune to temperatella, in which the wheat cultivar, Acsad 65 and the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, and six the barley cultivar, Athroh were more tolerant to S. durum wheat accessions including the cultivars Senatore temperatella than the cultivars tested. Moreover, it was Cappelli, Karim 80, and Ombit-1 were highly resistant to found that the wheat cultivar, Sham 6 is more tolerant to H. avenae (ICARDA Annual Report, 2005). S. temperatella, while the wheat cultivars, Om Rabee, Furthermore, it was found out that eight lines of barley Karunyia and Tell After 3 were less tolerant to the pest landraces contained resistance genes for yellow rust (ICARDA Annual Report, 2007). and/or leaf rust (ICARDA Annual Report, 2005). From However, our results agreed with the previous ones, the current study and the previous ones, it is clear that in which the cereal leafminer preferred some there is a possibility to find many accessions, which accessions/cultivars of wheat and barley upon others. could have a type of resistance to many pests. Therefore, Nevertheless, it is unlikely that resistant accessions a major aim of the future wheat and barley breeding tested in this study will alone maintain pest populations program is to use these accessions to develop improved at acceptable levels, and back-up chemical applications cultivars with combined and multiple pest resistances. may be appropriate during the pest outbreak. Promising lines selected in 2006/2007 in this study Furthermore, farmers can start growing the highly were re-screened in the 2008/2009 cropping season. The resistant accessions to S. temperatella, and even results showed that all lines rated initially as resistant moderate accessions resistance would likely be useful in cause moderately cereal leafminer damage in the next reducing the number of sprays currently applied against cropping season, which could be mainly due to the high S. temperatella on wheat and barley in Jordan. inter- and intraseasonal variation in terms of amount and Wheat and barley accessions could resist many pest distribution of rainfall during the two cropping seasons. species. In the current study, the barley tolerant However, the two cropping seasons were clearly accessions to S. temperatella (i.e. BI03IN-3243, BI03IN- different in the amount and distribution of rainfall. The 4198, BlW03lN-1 127, BlW03lN-1892, BOLW00-24, 2006/2007 cropping season has relatively a high well- BONW00-143, ISBCB00-41, BI03IN-3724 and BI97IN- distributed rainfall (392 mm), while 2008/2009 cropping 801) were also had an additional resistance to the WSSF. season was dry combined with early and late drought Also, seven bread wheat accessions used in this study stresses. Since the plant capacity for compensation (AYT-IRR-02-9120, AYT-RF-02-9562, AYR2000R F- depends on the availability of moisture during the

-375- Sources of Tolerance in… Madanat, H.M.; F.A. Al-Zyoud; A.H. Abdel-Ghani and N.F. Al-Majali growing season, resistant accessions might compensate tolerance. Moreover, farmers might start growing the for insect infestation and the damage in 2006/2007 moderate resistant accessions as a type of control tactic cropping season was more than that one in 2008/2009 against S. temperatella, and this would likely be useful season by producing more leaves and stems and, in reducing dramatically both cereal leafminer therefore, the infestation rate was higher in the second infestation and the number of sprays currently used on cropping season than the first one. It is well known that wheat and barley to control the pest. the extent of the infestation by S. temperatella depends Further research is needed to be paid to experimental on the rainfall, and if it is regularly over the season, the and genetic studies on the resistance of landraces, wild infested plants regain strength and continue to develop in Vulgare and Triticum species to cereal leafminer, spite of the insect damage (Al-Zyoud, 2007). therefore, searching for novel sources of resistance Furthermore, rainfall and soil conditions play a part in among wild relative is an important goal for future determining susceptibility of cereal plants to S. resistance breeding programs of this destructive pest. temperatella infestation (Abu-Yaman, 1971). Moreover, Analyzing the leaf factors of wheat and barley the present study indicated that high intensity rains cultivars/accessions associated with such a (about 70% of the total rainfall) were received in resistance/susceptibility is of vital importance. These 2008/2009 in February and March, which might play an future studies together with the present results and the important role in decreasing the larval survival, which results of Al-Zyoud (2007) on the biology and ecology agreed with a conclusion made by Duran et al. (1979). of the pest, Al-Zyoud (2008) on the efficacy of In conclusion, none of the accessions tested in this insecticide applications against the pest, Al-Zyoud et al. study showed a strong resistant to S. temperatella, (2009) on the susceptibility of different cultivars of however, some accessions were identified to have a wheat and barley to S. temperatella under laboratory promising level of tolerance to S. temperatella conditions and Al-Zyoud et al. (2011) on the efficacy of infestation, which could be exploited in future breeding Bt against S. temperatella, are expected to form the program (i.e. combined in Jordanian locally adapted foundation of IPM for S. temperatella in Jordan. cultivars). The data might support the conclusion that However, controlling of the cereal leaf miner by IPM barley and bread wheat in general more tolerant to cereal method including the tolerant cultivars might increase leafminer than durum wheat. The present materials are yields, reduce variability in production and lower costs, well adapted to the WANA region, which suggests that it resulting in increased farm incomes and reduce the might be directly used as a genetic resource without any hazards in rural areas associated with insecticide use as need to improve adaptedness before selection for S. well as will contribute to improve food security in the temperatella is started. ICARDA’s gene bank is an country where wheat and barley are major sources of important reservoir of useful genes for S. temperatella calories and protein.

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ICARDA Annual Report. 2005. Mega-Project 2. Integrated bedeutsame Schadinsekten in der jordanischen gene management: conservation, enhancement and Landwirtschaft. J. Pest Sci., 41(11):164-168. utilization of agro-biodiversity in dry areas. Cereal Lin, B.H., Padgitt, M., Bull, L., Delvo, H., Shank, D. and leafminer: an emerging threat, Aleppo, Syria. P:34. Taylor, H. 1995. Pesticide and fertilizer use and trends in ICARDA Annual Report. 2007. Iraq - ICARDA-Australia U.S. agriculture. Agricultural Economic Report No. 717. Project: Better crop germplasm and management for Washington, DC, Economic Research Service, USDA. improved production of wheat, barley and pulse and forage Osteen, C.D. and Szmedra, P.I. 1989. Agricultural pesticide legumes in Iraq. 2nd Technical Report. ICARDA, Aleppo, use trends and policy issues. Agricultural Economic Report Syria. Pp:139. no. 622, Washington DC, USDA, USA. Jemsi, G. and Rajabi, G. 2003. Study on harvesting agronomic Vrieze, M.De. 2002. Interessante waarnemingen van measures and effect of chemical application in controlling Lepidoptera in Griekenland. Phegea, 30:41-47. the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Weltzien, E. and Fischbeck, G. 1990. Performance and Scythrididae) in Khuzestan province. Appl. Entom. variability of local barley landraces in near-eastern Phytopath., 70:13-15. environments. Plant Breeding, 104:58-67. Klapperich, J. 1968. Entomologisch und wirtschaftlich

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ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻟﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ Led. Syringopais temperatella (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae) ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ

4 3 2 1 ﺤﻨﺎ ﻤﺩﺍﻨﺎﺕ ، ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻭﺩ ، ﻋﺎﺩل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﻀﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻲ

ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ

ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻟ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺯﺭﻉ Syringopais temperatella .Lepidoptera: Scythrididae) Led) ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ . ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ، ﺘـﻡ ﻓﺤـﺹ 546 ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ . ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻷ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ 2006 / 2007، ﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻲ ﺘـﻡ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ 2008 / 2009 . ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ ( ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﺭﺭ 1- 6 ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ 5.1 ، 5.3 ﻭ 6.0 ﻟﻠ ﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻲ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ . ﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ 12.4٪ ﻭ 1.0٪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺍﻟﻲ، ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﻴﻥ 4.1٪ ﻭ 11.0٪ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ . ﻭﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ 2008 / 2009 ﺍﻥ ﻜـل ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﺒ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻀﺭﺭ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺏ 2.5 ﺇﻟﻰ 4.3 . ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟ ﻤﺤـﺼﻠﺔ ، ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤل، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟ ﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﻘل ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤ ﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ .

ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ: Syringopais temperatella، ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ، ﺘﺤﻤل، ﺸﻌﻴﺭ، ﻗﻤﺢ، ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ.

______1) ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ، ﺒﺎﺤﺙ، ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ، ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻪ، ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ، ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ. 2) *ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻭﺩ، ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ، ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ، ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ، ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ. 3) ﻋﺎﺩل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ، ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ، ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ، ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ، ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ. 4) ﻨﻀﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻲ، ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل، ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ، ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻌﺔ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ، ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ. ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ 6/9/2011 ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ 2012/4/30.

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