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Sources of Tolerance in Wheat and Barley Against the Cereal Leafminer Syringopais Temperatella Led

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Sources of Tolerance in Wheat and Barley Against the Cereal Leafminer Syringopais Temperatella Led Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 8, No.3 2012 Sources of Tolerance in Wheat and Barley Against the Cereal Leafminer Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lepidoptera: Scythridaidae) under Semi-arid Climate of Southern Jordan Madanat, H.M.1; F.A. Al-Zyoud*2; A.H. Abdel-Ghani3 and N.F. Al-Majali4 ABSTRACT This study aimed at investigating sources of tolerance in wheat and barley against the cereal leafminer, Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae) under semi-arid climate of Jordan. In this study, 546 accessions of bread and durum wheat, and barley were screened. The initial screening of the accessions was performed in 2006/2007, and accessions that displayed a type of resistance to S. temperatella in the initial screening were re-evaluated in 2008/2009. The average insect damage score (based on a 1 to 6 damage scale) in the initial screening was 5.1, 5.3 and 6.0 for barley, bread wheat and durum wheat, respectively. The percentages of barley and bread wheat accessions exhibiting resistance were 12.4% and 1.0%, respectively, while 4.1% and 11.0% of the accessions were tolerant. The re-evaluation of the selected barley and bread wheat accessions in 2008/2009 revealed that all the selected accessions were moderately tolerant with damage mean score of 2.5 to 4.3. However, moderately tolerant accessions found in this study might serve as tolerance genes to be transferred to barley and wheat cultivars to control S. temperatella. Keywords: Syringopais temperatella, Cereal Leafminer, Tolerance, Barley, Wheat, Jordan. INTRODUCTION arid regions in West Asia and North Africa (WANA). Wheat and barley are major crops in arid and semi- The grain yield achieved by farmers is low with large variability from year to year (FAO, 2008). In addition to 1M.Sc. in Entomology, Researcher, National Center for the environmental stresses which are main causes for Agriculture Research and Extension (NCARE), Rabbeh, low productivity (Abdel-Ghani et al., 2004, 2005; Karak, 61710 Jordan. 2* Associate Professor of Biological Control and Integrated Weltzien and Fischbeck, 1990), some pests cause serious Pest Management, Department of Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah annual damage and yield losses to wheat and barley University, Karak, 61710 Jordan, P.O. Box: 7, Phone: (Harlan, 1992). Efforts to control insect pests on wheat (mobile): 00962 (0) 797 441900, (office): 00962 (0) 3 2372380 Ext. 6529, E-Mail: [email protected] and barley as low-input cereal crops generally take a (Corresponding author). back seat to more pressing problems of abiotic 3Associate Professor of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah University, production constraints such as heat, drought, low soil Karak, 61710 Jordan, P.O. Box: 7, Phone: (mobile): 00962 fertility and salinity (Osteen and Szmedra, 1989). 799 771229, (office): 00962 3 2372380 Ext. 6545, E-Mail: [email protected]. The cereal leafminer, Syringopais temperatella Led. 4 Ph.D. in Crop Production, Researcher, National Center for (Lep., Scythrididae) is considered one of the major insect Agriculture Research and Extension (NCARE), Rabbeh, Karak, 61710 Jordan. pests which attacks wheat and barley in Jordan (Al-Zyoud Received on 6/9/2011 and Accepted for Publication on 2007, 2008; Al-Zyoud et al., 2009, 2011), Iraq (ICARDA 30/4/2012. © 2012 DAR Publishers/University of Jordan. All Rights Reserved. -367- Sources of Tolerance in… Madanat, H.M.; F.A. Al-Zyoud; A.H. Abdel-Ghani and N.F. Al-Majali Annual Report, 2007), Iran (Gholamreza, 2002), Lebanon, the developed resistance by the pest to many chemical Turkey, Minor Asia and the Mediterranean riparian insecticides (Georghiou and Lagunes-Tejeda, 1991). countries (Daamen et al., 1989). In these countries, S. Therefore, the use of insecticides should be minimized temperatella causes quantitative damage to wheat and to prevent or at least to delay developing resistance by barley through feeding on the plant foliage, soon turning its the insect in one hand, while continuing on the other leaves into yellow color, leading to sharp declines in hand to find other control tactics to suppress S. production (Al-Zyoud, 2007, 2008; Al-Zyoud et al., 2009, temperatella population. Our previous research work on 2011; Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003; Vrieze, 2002). This pest is S. temperatella in Jordan has been conducted to endemic to Jordan, and has been reported in the country investigate its biology, distribution and parasitism (Al- about 50 years ago (Klapperich, 1968), but since 2001 the Zyoud, 2007), efficacy of insecticidal applications insect has been recognized as the most economic insect pest against the pest (Al-Zyoud, 2008), susceptibility of some on wheat and barley in the country, and outbreaks of S. cultivars of wheat and barley to cereal leafminer under temperatella have occurred mostly in southern Jordan laboratory conditions (Al-Zyoud et al., 2009) and (Karak district) during the last ten years (Al-Antary, 2002; efficacy of the bio-agent bacterium, Bacillus Al-Zyoud, 2007, 2008; Al-Zyoud et al., 2009, 2011). In the thuringiensis against S. temperatella (Al-Zyoud et al., 2001 cropping season, only three areas have been infested 2011). by the pest compared to eighteen areas in the 2006 cropping However, the use of resistant plant cultivars as a part season (Al-Zyoud, 2007), which proves that the infestation of integrated pest management (IPM) was proven to be a is expanding in Karak district. successful, sustainable and environmentally friendly Due to the importance of wheat and barley production control strategy for pests. However, to the best of our in Jordan, prevention and control measures of this knowledge, experimental and genetic studies on destructive pest are of vital importance. However, rapid resistance of wheat and barley were not conducted on knock-down, high target mortality and ease of application the cereal leafminer in Jordan, or elsewhere. Therefore, chemical pesticides led rapid adoption (Osteen and this study aimed at investigating sources of tolerance in Szmedra, 1989). Use of synthetic compounds soon became wheat and barley against S. temperatella under semi-arid the predominant method of controlling crop pests and climate of southern Jordan. The outcomes of this study overshadowed alternative pest control methods (Lin et al., will hopefully lead for developing an appropriate low- 1995). Intensive application of chemical insecticides has cost and environmentally sound IPM approach to control been used to suppress S. temperatella (Al-Zyoud, 2008; S. temperatella by growing the least susceptible ICARDA Annual Report, 2007; Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003). accessions. However, continuous use of chemical insecticides is neither economic nor sustainable, and poses risk to MATERIALS AND METHODS humans, animals, beneficial insects and their Plant Materials environment (Gerson and Cohen, 1989). Moreover, the A combined number of 546 accessions of cultivated use of insecticides on wheat and barley has generally barley, bread wheat and cultivated durum wheat was lagged due to cost constraints associated with these two tested in this study. All plant accessions were obtained crops as low-input crops (Debach and Rosen, 1991), and from the gene bank collection at the International Center -368- Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 8, No.3 2012 for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). accessions (44.81%) have the ability to resist WSSF, 16 The used plant materials consisted of accessions that accessions to the Hessian fly (HF) (5.19%), 15 already had resistance to some other major insect pests accessions to RWA (4.87%), 10 accessions to the Sunn of cereal crops (Table 1). Of the 193 barley accessions pest (SP) (3.25%) and 129 accessions (41.88%) to the used in this study, 117 accessions (60.62%) have a cereal leaf beetle (CLB). Regarding the durum wheat resistance to the wheat stem sawfly (WSSF) and 76 accessions, 9 of them (20%) are resistant to WSSF and accessions (39.38%) resist to the Russian wheat aphid 36 (80%) to SP. (RWA). Of the 308 bread wheat accessions tested, 138 Table 1: Number of accessions tested in the experiments against the cereal leafminer Syringopais temperatella in Karak district during the 2006/2007 cropping season and their resistance to different insect pests. Crop No. of accessions Resistant to Barley 117 Wheat stem sawfly 76 Russian wheat aphid Bread wheat 138 Wheat stem sawfly 16 Hessian fly 15 Russian wheat aphid 10 Sunn pest 129 Cereal leaf beetle Durum wheat 9 Wheat stem sawfly 36 Sunn pest Total 546 Weather Conditions of the Experimental Site located at 920 m above the sea level. Generally, rainfall The experiments were carried out in a naturally is irregular with intra- and inter-seasonal variability. infested area with S. temperatella at Al-Qasr area (5 km Initial Screening (Trial I) north of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University) in Initial field experiments were performed during the Rabbeh city of Karak district (Latitude of 31°11" and 2006/2007 cropping season. All accessions used in this Longitude of 35°42") during the 2006/2007 and trail were grown with neither fertilizers nor insecticides 2008/2009 cropping seasons. The experimental site is applications. characterized by semi-arid conditions with relatively The accessions were sown on November 23rd, 2006 moderate rainfall (300 mm long-term annual average). at a rate of 100 kg/ha representing the recommended The location is suitable for cultivating a wide crop seeding rate in Jordan. Arabi Abiad barely landrace and spectrum, especially wheat, barley and legumes, and it is one wheat cultivar (Hourani 27) were used in the -369- Sources of Tolerance in… Madanat, H.M.; F.A. Al-Zyoud; A.H. Abdel-Ghani and N.F. Al-Majali experiments as controls. The accessions and controls Re-Testing of Resistant Accessions (Trail II) were grown in two replicated randomized complete In the second trail, accessions that displayed a type blocks and in one-meter rows with 0.25 m intra-block of resistance to the cereal leafminer in the first trail and 2 m inter-block distances.
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