Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15566-4 — The Politics of Common Sense Aasim Sajjad Akhtar Index More Information

Index 195

• Index

Achakzai, Mahmood Khan, 127 contemporary Sindh, 139 Ahmad, Sadaf, 108 labour and student activism, 135–142 Ahmadi riots, 1953, 98 biraderi structures, 24–25 Ahmed, Sheikh Rasheed, 54 Blasphemy Law, 102, 168 Alavi, Hamza, 4–5, 32 Brenner, Robert, 65 Ali, Kamran Asdar, 18, 135 bureaucratic paternalism, 26 Ali, Niaz, 37, 126 business community (industrial Ali, Nosheen, 7 bourgeoisie) of Pakistan, 69–73 All-Pakistan Alliance for Katchi Abadis Chinioti business families, 70 (APAKA), 153 Karachi-based business families, 70–71 All-Pakistan Federation of Transporters, Pashtun intermediate classes, 72 84 Punjabi entrepreneurial class, 72–73 Anjuman Mazarain Punjab (AMP), 148 Punjabi urban entrepreneurs, 72 anti-Musharraf movement, 166, 170 business community in India, 70 arhtis, 76–80 Capital Development Authority (CDA), 7 functions of, 79 Chatterjee, Partha, 133–135 influence in wholesale grain and seed political society, 133–134, 156 markets, 77 process of ‘accumulation by interactions of, 78 dispossession,’ 135 local, 77 Chaudhry, Iftikhar Mohammad, 163–164 recovery of outstanding debts, 78–79 China, 168–169 relationships between farmers and, 77 coercion-consent dialectic, 28, 80, 89, 105, relative power of, –78 125, 161–162 Awami League (AL), 13, 100, 117 Cohen, Stephen, 54 Awami National Party (ANP), 85, 127 common sense, understanding of, 5–6, Baluchistan, 13, 67, 116, 118, 120–122, 15–19 124, 127–128, 169 Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP), 136 NAP regime in, 117–118 contemporary political practice in Pakistan, Baluch nationalism, 122, 128–130 161–162 bania, 77 counter-hegemonic politics, 28, 121, 128– Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 117, 120, 136, 139 129, 149, 165–166, 170, 172 Bhutto regime, 48–49 de Certeau, Michel, 144 anti-India sentiment, 120–121 Devji, Faisal, 96 civil service reforms of the 1970s, 35, 41 Dobb, Maurice, 65 collusion between intermediate classes and state functionaries, 76 Ekeh, 44–45

196 Index

ethnic-nationalism, 116–118 Hull, Matthew, 7 ethnic-linguistic identity, 118 hundi system, 91n48 and infusion of ‘Islam,’ 121–122 ideology of Pakistan, 116 intensification of, 128 imagined community, 122, 129 and ‘intra-ethnic’ conflicts, 127–130 impersonal civic public sphere, 44 Pashtun, 116, 125–127 informal economy, 63, 66, 75–76, 83–84, politics of ethnic-nationalist resistance, 89n5 121–124 intermediate classes, 112, 123, 155, 162, symbiotic relationship between class 171 and, 119–121 arhtis, 76–80 in theory and practice, 118–119 contradictions between subordinate west vs east, 116–117 and, 68–69 ethnic-nationalist movements, 27 differentiation, 64–65 ethnic-national movements, 121 historical migrations of, 66–69 everyday state, 37 Pashtun, 72 Fahim, Makhdoom Amin, 50 shopkeeper/trader, 86–88 Federally Administered Tribal Areas socio-economic changes, 67 (FATA), 85 state functionaries and, collusion Federal Shariat Court and Council of between, 75–76 Islamic Ideology, 99 thekedaar (sub contractor), 80–84 in theory and history, 64–66 Gramsci, Antonio, 2, 3 transformation, 88–89 common sense, understanding of, 5–6, transporters, 84–86 16–17 Iqtidar, Humeira, 18, 108 hegemony, 15 Islam historical bloc, concept of, 10–11 as an idiom of political mobilisation, 95 trajectory of culture and politics in in the context of geo-political materialist tradition, 5, 7 developments, 95 Great Revolt of 1857, 9 ‘Islamic’ essence of Pakistan Green Revolution, 13, 67 global discourse of ‘anti-terrorism’ and, Gulf labour migrations, 73–75 109–110 Haq, Zia ul. see Zia regime influence in the social and political Hashtanagar land rights movement, mainstream, 94 127–128 ‘Islam-pasand’ programmes, 100 Hashtanagar Movement, 151–152 religio-political organizations and high bureaucracy, 41–43, 45 movements, influence of, 88, 94, Bhutto’s civil service reforms, 41 96––102, 104–110 democratic interregnum of 1988-1999, religious right’s politics, 94–95 42 Zia regime, 98–100 erosion of the elitist spirit, 43 ‘Islamic’ ideological state, 96–99 practice of installing loyalists, 42 association of Islam in defence of process of ‘nativisation,’ 43 nation, 98 under Zia regime, 42 Islamic symbols, use of, 97 historical bloc, 10–15, 10–16, 22, 168, 169 Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), 99

Index 197

Islami Jamiat-e-Tulabah (IJT), 100–101 Labour Qaumi Movement (LQM), 155 ‘Islamisation’ drive during Zia period, 17, Lalu Prasad regime in the Indian state of 27, 51–52, 98–100, 140 Bihar, 44 Blasphemy Law, 102, 168 land-to-own, notion of, 9 cultural expression, impact on, 101 localisation, 140–141 declaring Ahmadis as non-Muslims, 98 low bureaucracy, 43–46, 46, 141 differences within the ‘non-elite’ and, post-Bhutto period, 45–46 105–109 practice of giving and receiving favours, duality in private and public life, 44 103–104 social control, 46 educational institutions, impact on, Zia regime, 46 101–102 Hudood Ordinances, 102 Mahmud, Maulana Mufti, 100 impact of, 100–105 Marxist theory of the state, 57n8 local mullah in dealing with domestic Masood, General (Retired) Talat, 55 dispute, role of, 107 Maudoodi, 97 secular elites, impact on, 102–103 Mazdoor Kissan Party (Workers and social life, impact on, 102, 105–106 Peasants Party), 151 in urban areas, 104 middle-class. see intermediate classes women, impact on, 102 migrants, role in state, 97 Jalal, Ayesha, 95 military, 165–166, 166 Jamaa’t-e-Islamic ( JI), 96, 99, 101, 109, Army, Navy and Air Force, relationship 113n32 between, 52 Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Hind ( JUH), 95 Bhutto period, 54–55 Jamiat-e-Ulema-e- Islam ( JUI), 95, 109, civil-military relations, 53–54 117 corporate activities of, 53 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 116–117 dialectical relationship between Islam, Pakistan and, 51 Karachi Labour Movement, 18 dominated structure of power, 54 Katchi abadis, 152–154, 159n54, 160n55– economic autonomy, 52 56 encroachment into politics, 51 Kaviraj, Sudipta, 6, 8 higher and lower ranks, relationship Khan, Ayub, 12, 35–36 between, 52–53 civil service during, 41 ideological, economic and political high bureaucracy during, 45 intermediate classes, role in ending power of, 55 regime of, 67 intelligence apparatus, 55 military regime, 51 involvement in domestic politics, 55 process of social transformation, 36 during Musharraf tenure, 166 Khan, Naveeda, 7 ‘Pakistani generation’ of soldiers, 54–55 Khanis, Aga, 110 post Musharraf tenure, 166–167 Khudai Khidmatgars, 116, 127 privatisation, 53 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, 67, 104, socialisation within, 52 108, 126 Yahya Khan regime, 55 small and landless farmers, 150–152 Zia regime, 54

198 Index

Movement for Restoration of Democracy Pakistani society, 62 (MRD), 74 Pakistan Muslim League (PML), 173n11 Muhajirs, 97–98, 118, 130n13 Pakistan Muslim League (PML)-N, 166 Musharraf, General Pervez, 148, 163–164 Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), 48, 87, Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), 111 109 Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 13, 67–69, 104, 109, 118, 130m5 100, 117–118, 120, 137–138, 143, 166 National Awami Party (NAP), 13, 109, Benazir Bhutto’s tenure, 143–144 117–118 class composition of, 138 National Industrial Relations Commission emergence as popular support, 137–138 (NIRC), 139 legacy of, 139–142 National Labour Federation (NLF), 102 link between mass movement and, 138 National Logistics Cell (NLC), 85 Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf (PTI), 113n29, National Students Federation (NSF), 120, 167 138 Pashtun Loya Jirga, 85 ‘nativisation’ of state institutions, 43, 75 Pashtun nationalism, 116, 125–127 Nizam-e-Mustapha, 87 Pashtun transporters, 86 ‘non-elite’ culture of politics, 105–109 patriarchal societies, 4–5 non-western modernity, 21 patronage-based political economy, 31–32 Objectives Resolution, 97 patronage structures, 19–23 Occupy Wall Street Campaign, 144 in Attock district of Pakistani Punjab, ‘overdeveloped’ state, theory of, 32 20–21 Zia regime, 42, 54, 71 Pakhtunkhwa MilliAwami Party patron-client relations, 21, 25–6, 68 (PkMAP), 127 pre-British India, 10 Pakistan, 1 Peshawar Valley, 24, 116, 120, 125, 146, as an ‘establishment,’ 162–165 150 Bhutto regime’s civil service reforms, 14 Pillavsky, Anastasia, 19–20, 22 Chinese aid and assistance, 168–169 power structure in India, 156 contemporary social order, 3–5, 163 power structure in Pakistan, 142 east, 13 Alavi’s basic contention, 32 militarism in post-colonial, 11 Ayub Khan’s decade, 35–36 patronage structures, 19–23 colonial influence, 31 political power, 12 contenders, 63–64 politics of common sense in, 2 direct or indirect control over land, 34 post-Bhutto military regime, 15 emergence of intermediate classes, 36 principle of ‘personalisation of power,’ 15 ‘from below,’ 32 rise of smart phone ‘culture,’ 171 Green Revolution, impact of, 35, 36 sifarish and rishwat, 15 high bureaucracy, 41–43 state formation in, 11 landed notables, influence of, 34–35 west, 12 low bureaucracy, 43–46 during Zia period, 2 military-bureaucratic oligarchy, 32 Zia regime’s ‘Islamisation’ drive, 17, 27 military establishment, 31 Zia years, 13–15 nativisation of, 27, 43, 75, 106, 167

Index 199

patronage politics, 31–36, 46 role in undermining radical political post 1959 land reforms, 35–36 environment, 94–95 relationship between civil student and trade union activities, administrators and landed influence on, 102 notables, 34–35 targeting of left populism, 101 role of ‘big men,’ 34–36 working-class women, influence on, 108 state bourgeoisie, 33 right-wing during the Zia years, 27 of state functionaries, 36–39 Shariatisation, 105 pre-British India Sharif, Nawaz, 72 agrarian economy, 9 Sharif, Raheel, 167 logic of capital, 8–10 shopkeeper/trader, 86–88 patron-client relations, 10 Sindh, 13, 24, 50, 67, 74, 86 politics during, 8 arhtis of, 77 property rights, 9 ethnic-national movements in, 121 social power, 10 Islamisation, 105 state in, 8–10 Muhajir community of, 118 transformation of landlord to poverty in, 124 landowner, 9 PPP dominance in, 120, 139 Prison Notebooks, 11 Sindh Encumbered Estates Act 1878, 9 public sphere in post-colonial Africa, 44 Sindh Katchi Abadis Authority (SKAA), Punjab, 130n21, 162 160n52 agricultural and non-agricultural Siraikis, 121 castes (zamindars and kammis), state, role in Pakistan, 36–39 146–149 capitalist development, 39 under British, 122–123 civilian state institutions, 38 canal colonies, 150 employment in the public sector, 39–40 economy, 123–124 Punjab Alienation of Land Act 1901, 9 idealized and abstract conception, 38 Punjabi society, 124–125, 130n9 involvement of state functionaries in ‘informal activities,’ 47 Quaid-i-Azam University, 40 Miliband-Poulantzas debate on relative Rahman, Mujibur, 117 autonomy, 57n8 religio-political organizations and in moulding the social formation, 47 movements, 3, 13, 18, 52, 63, 88, 94, Niaz Ali’s insights on state-society 96–99, 101–102, 104–110, 162 binary, 37 religious right, 48, 75, 110–112 relationship between state and labour bases, 109 aristocracy, 139 charitable foundations and, 109 in social exchange, 37–39 ‘counter-elite’ narrative, 107–108 in social life, 48 intermediate classes and, 63 state-society divide, 37 ‘Islam-pasand’ programmes of, 100 for working people, 38 military’s overt patronage of, 51 state-capital relation, 57n10 political discourse of, 105–106 subaltern politics, 133–134, 145, 156 role in making and breaking elected subordinate classes, 68, 73, 112, 124, governments, 99–100 132–133, 165

200 Index

Bhutto period, 139–140 unorganized urban workforce, 154–155 Katchi abadis, 152–154 urbanisation in Pakistan, 49–50 political alignments of, 134–137 urban politics, 38 politics of resistance and reaction, 1857 War of Independence, 130n18 135–139 Water and Power Development Authority small and landless farmers, 146–154 (WAPDA), 155 unorganized urban workforce, 154–155 Waziristanis, 84–85 unspectacular politics of resistance by, Weberian rationality, principles of, 22 144–145 Witsoe, Jeffrey, 44 Tablihghi Jamaa’t (TJ), 108 Taseer, Salman, 167–168 Zia regime, 2, 13–15, 48–49, 74, 121, 137 9/11 terrorist attack, 1 Afghan war, 100 thekedaar (sub contractor), 80–84, 92n70, collusion between intermediate classes 155 and state functionaries during, aﬄuent, 81 75–76 background of, 81 distribution and expansion of state as collective bargaining agent (CBA), patronage, 47, 99 83 educational institutions, transformation in informal manufacturing, 83–84 of, 101 links with patwari, 82 entrepreneurial class, 63–64, 71 in manufacturing industries, 82 Federal Shariat Court, 105 networks of labourers and artisans, high bureaucracy’s bureaucratic 81–82 paternalism, 42 nexus of owner-thekedaar-state induction of religious organisations into functionary, 83 state institutions during, 99–100 Pashtun, 83–84 intermediate classes, 48, 64 relationship with worker, 83–84 ‘Islamisation’ drive, 17, 27, 51–52, symbiotic relationship between 98–105 purchase/sale/renting of land, labour militancy, 139 80, 82 Martial Law Regulation 51, 101–102 urban, 81 patronage politics, 42, 54, 71 Third World nationalism, 136 religio-political organizations and Thompson, E. P., 157 movements, 52, 63, 88, 94, Toor, Saadia, 3, 135 96–99, 101–102, 104–110 trade unionism, 83 role of the mujahideen, 100 transporters (‘transport mafia’), 84–86 scope of local state’s functions, 46 Tripartite Conferences, 139 smuggling of contraband during, 85 two-nation theory, 11 state’s coercive power under, 89