Srovnání Symboliky Taekwon-Do ITF S Taekwondo WTF

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Srovnání Symboliky Taekwon-Do ITF S Taekwondo WTF UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Ústav Dálného východu BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE SYMBOLIKA V KOREJSKÉM BOJOVÉM UM ĚNÍ TAEKWONDO Hana Seménková PRAHA 2015 Vedoucí bakalá řské práce: PhDr. Mgr. Tomáš Horák, Ph.D. Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě a výhradn ě s použitím citovaných pramen ů, literatury a dalších odborných zdroj ů. Práce nebyla p ředložena jako spln ění studijní povinnosti v rámci jiného studia nebo předložena k obhajob ě v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze, dne 10. srpna 2015 ............................................. podpis Pod ěkování: Ráda bych pod ěkovala vedoucímu mé bakalá řské práce PhDr. Mgr. Tomáši Horákovi, Ph.D. za pomoc, ochotu a trp ělivost a vedoucí bakalá řského seminá ře Doc. PhDr. Miriam Löwensteinové, Ph.D. za pomoc. Za pomoc p ři hledání odpov ědí bych ráda pod ěkovala Georgeovi Vitalemu, 8.dan. Za velké množství dopl ňujících informací pro tuto práci a vedení k „to, “ chci pod ěkovat Martinu Záme čníkovi, 6. dan. Za vyjasn ění n ěkolika nejasností dále d ěkuji Adrian ě Šimánkové, 3. dan. Abstrakt Předm ětem bakalá řské práce Symbolika v korejském bojovém um ění Taekwondo je analýza symboliky objevující se ve dvou nejv ětších federacích taekwondo – ITF a WTF. První část se stru čně v ěnuje definici termínu symbol, historickému pozadí, vzniku taekwondo a jednotlivých federací a životu Čchö Hong-hŭiho – jedné z nejd ůležit ějších osobností spojených s tímto bojovým um ěním. Druhá, obsáhlejší část, blíže p ředstavuje symboliku, jazykové a vizuální znaky a jejich vývoj u nejrozší řen ějších sm ěrů ITF a WTF. Z jazykových znak ů, vzhledem k jejich množství, jsou vybrány jen ty nejužívan ější. Z vizuálních znak ů jsou podrobn ě rozebrány nap říklad uniforma tobok, vlajka a vzory/sestavy. V závěru práce je srovnání podobností a rozdíl ů v rozebraných symbolech a znacích a jaký mají tyto rozdíly vliv na možnou budoucnost taekwondo. Klí čová slova Symbolika, korejská bojová um ění, Taekwondo, vizuální znak, Čchö Hong-hŭi, korejská historie, korejská filozofie Abstract The subject of this thesis Symbolism in Korean martial art Taekwondo is the analysis of symbols appearing in the two largest Taekwondo Federations - ITF and WTF. The first part briefly introduces the definition of the term symbol, historical background, the emergence of taekwondo and its federations and a short biography of Ch'oe Hongh ŭi - one of the most important figures associated with this martial art. The extensive second part presents a closer look on symbolism, language and visual signs and their development in the most common styles: ITF and WTF. From the language signs, due to their amount, are selected only those most frequently used. The visual signs are analyzed in detail, especially tobok uniform, flag and patterns. The conclusion is a comparison of the similarities and differences of the described symbols and signs and how these differences affect the possible future of Taekwondo. Keywords Symbolism, Korean martial arts, Taekwondo, visual sign, Ch'oe Hongh ŭi, Korean history, Korean philosophy Seznam použitých zkratek GTF – Global Taekwondo Federation/ Celosv ětová federace Taekwondo ITF – International Taekwondo Federation/ Mezinárodní federace Taekwon-do KLDR – Korejská lidov ě demokratická republika KTA – Korea Taekwondo Association WTF – World Taekwondo Federation/ Sv ětová federace Taekwondo Obsah: I. Úvod ...................................................................................................................................8 II. Vymezení základních sémiotických pojm ů...................................................................10 III. Historie taekwondo.....................................................................................................13 III. 1. Čchö Hong-hŭi..........................................................................................................13 III. 2. Vznik taekwondo a historické ko řeny........................................................................16 III. 3. Vznik federací taekwondo .........................................................................................18 IV. Popis symboliky v Taekwondo ITF ...........................................................................21 IV. 1. Jazykové znaky..........................................................................................................21 IV. 2. Vizuální znaky ...........................................................................................................28 IV. 2.1. Identifika ční znaky ...........................................................................................29 IV. 2.1.1. Tobok ........................................................................................................29 IV. 2.1.2. Vlajka a plaketa ........................................................................................34 IV. 2.1.3. Ostatní znaky ............................................................................................35 IV. 2.2. Vzory a pohyby.................................................................................................37 V. Popis symboliky v Taekwondo WTF.............................................................................48 V. 1. Jazykové znaky..........................................................................................................49 V. 2. Vizuální znaky ...........................................................................................................51 V. 2.1. Identifika ční znaky ...........................................................................................51 V. 2.1.1. Tobok ............................................................................................................51 V. 2.1.2. Vlajka............................................................................................................53 V. 2.1.3. Ostatní znaky ................................................................................................53 V. 2.2. Technické sestavy a pohyby..............................................................................54 VI. Srovnání symboliky Taekwon-do ITF s Taekwondo WTF......................................61 VII. Záv ěr ............................................................................................................................63 VIII. Seznam použité literatury ..........................................................................................64 Přílohy I. Úvod Publikace zabývající se bojovým um ěním taekwondo se obvykle v ěnují praktickému využití technik, p řípadn ě teoretickému popisu pohyb ů. Knih, které by se zabývaly teorií, filozofií nebo symbolikou Taekwon-do ITF či Taekwondo WTF, je málo. Případn ě jsou sepsány v korejském jazyce a nejsou tak dostupné všem student ům taekwondo. Proto se chci této problematice v ěnovat ve své bakalá řské práci a p řisp ět k ucelen ějšímu a p řístupnému pohledu na symboliku tohoto bojového um ění. Navíc v Taekwon-do ITF dochází obvykle pouze k ústnímu p ředávání hlubších znalostí o symbolickém významu identifika čních znak ů, proto chci, aby tato práce byla využitelná i jako shrnující zápis informací o těchto symbolech. Bojové um ění se od bojového sportu odlišuje práv ě existencí ú čeln ě vytvo řeného systému technik a rozvíjením morální kultury student ů, která je spojena s ur čitou filozofií. Toto rozvíjení morální kultury má výchovný vliv. Taekwondo WTF bývá čast ěji, kv ůli d ůrazu na svou sportovní stránku, ozna čováno především za bojový sport. Chci popisem symboliky používané v tomto bojovém um ění dokázat, že tomu tak není. V práci se nejd říve budu zabývat teorií dosti nejednozna čného pojmu symbol, jazykový a vizuální znak, abych mohla následn ě správn ě za řadit dané pojmy taekwondo. V následující kapitole popíši život Čchö Hong-hŭiho, který je zakladatelem Taekwon-do ITF a byl d ůležitou osobou v historii taekwondo celkov ě. Na tuto kapitolu naváži vývojem taekwondo od 50. let 20. století a popíši vznik jednotlivých federací taekwondo, tak aby byla čtená řů m jasná pozd ější vysv ětlení vývoje jednotlivých znak ů a symbol ů, na které m ěl historický vývoj taekwondo nezanedbatelný vliv. Nebudu se zabývat obecným vývojem bojových um ění na Korejském poloostrov ě, který federace Taekwondo WTF obvykle uvádí jako prapo čátky taekwondo. V následujících dvou kapitolách se budu postupn ě zabývat popisem symboliky Taekwon-do ITF a Taekwondo WTF, jejím vývojem a historickými a kulturními ko řeny. Chci se zam ěř it a nejvíce rozvést symboliku identifika čních znak ů, které často zná i široká ve řejnost p ředevším díky rostoucí popularit ě a medializaci hlavn ě sportovních sout ěží obou nejv ětších federací. Budu čerpat z knižních a elektronických zdroj ů, z vlastních zkušeností a také využiji kontakt ů s různými studenty a u čiteli taekwondo. 8 V záv ěre čné kapitole chci srovnat získané poznatky o symbolice Taekwon-do ITF a Taekwondo WTF, porovnat je se sou časnou situací a vztahy mezi t ěmito dv ěma federacemi a nastínit možný další vývoj do budoucna. Budu se snažit získat takové množství informací o symbolice v taekwondo, abych mohla p řehledn ě podat její kompendium a provést následné srovnání rozdíl ů mezi federací Taekwon-do ITF a Taekwondo WTF. Pro orientaci mezi r ůznými podobami názvu „taekwondo“ je nutné vysv ětlit jejich význam již v úvodu. Slovo „taekwondo“ bez poml ček a velkých písmen ozna čuje v této práci korejské bojové um ění bez ohledu na styl a federaci. Rozhodla jsem
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