NATUR UND KULTUR IM POLYLOG Widerstreit Und Harmonie Des Denkens Hartmut Wermann

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NATUR UND KULTUR IM POLYLOG Widerstreit Und Harmonie Des Denkens Hartmut Wermann NATUR UND KULTUR IM POLYLOG Widerstreit und Harmonie des Denkens Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Philosophisch-Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Augsburg vorgelegt von Hartmut Wermann 2011 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans P. Sturm Zweitgutachter: PD Dr. Manfred Negele Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.07.2011 ‘And you really live by the river? What a jolly life!’ [said the Mole.] ‘By it and with it and on it and in it,’ said the Rat. ‘It’s brother and sister to me, and aunts, and company, and food and drink, and (naturally) washing. It’s my world, and I don’t want any other. What it hasn’t got is not worth having, and what it doesn’t know is not worth knowing. […]’ ‘But isn’t it a bit dull at times?’ the Mole ventured to ask. Kenneth Grahame The Wind in the Willows “[…] unlike the universe, a book does not appear spontaneously from nothing. A book requires a creator, and that role does not fall solely on the shoulders of its author[.].”1 Mein Dank gilt: Herrn Prof. Hans Peter Sturm für die Förderung und Betreuung sowie für die zahlreichen Diskussionen und Literaturhinweise. Herrn PD Manfred Negele für die Förderung und Betreuung. Meinen Eltern für die Unterstützung. Dem FWU Institut für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht für die Ermöglichung einer freien Mitarbeit. Den Herren Dr. Joachim Rathmann, Nguyen Lien M. A. und Andreas Dichtl M. A. für die zahlreichen Diskussionen. Der Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg, insbesondere der Fernleihstelle, für die Beschaffung der Literatur. 1 Cf. Stephen W. Hawking & Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design, p. 187. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Die Vorgehensweise der Studie……………………………………………………... 2 I. Umgang mit Literatur anderer Disziplinen, Kulturen, Sprachen und Zeiten sowie mit orthographischen Gebräuchen und dem generischen Maskulinum……... 2 II. Begriffsdefinitionen………………………………………………………………...3 II.1 Transdisziplinär…………………………………………………………………... 3 II.2 Transkultural……………………………………………………………………... 3 II.3 Tiefenökologisch…………………………………………………………………. 6 II.4 Sechs Sinne und Bewusst-Sein…………………………………………………... 7 III. Die Auswahl der Quellen…………………………………………………………. 9 III.1 Die Weisheit der Wissenschaften……………………………………………….. 9 III.2 Die Weisheit der klassischen Weisheitstraditionen…………………………..... 10 III.3 Die Weisheit der eingeborenen Kulturen……………………………………… 12 III.4 Die Weisheit der Frauen……………………………………………………….. 23 IV. Der Top-Down-/No-Boundary-Ansatz…………………………………………. 27 Einleitung…………………………………………………………………………... 33 Das Problem der Balance zwischen Analyse und Synthese……………………... 41 I. Die Extension und Intension von Aussagen……………………………………… 46 II. Die Notwendigkeit eines Modells separater und separierender Denkmodelle…... 48 A Ein Modell von separaten und separierenden Denkmodellen………………... 53 A.I Das Denken im Stückwerk (Theorie)…………………………………………… 58 A.I.1 Die Unterscheidung von Erscheinung und Wirklichkeit……………………… 61 A.I.2 Phänomenbereiche in der Subjekt-Objekt Beziehung………………………… 61 A.I.3 Paradigmenwechsel…………………………………………………………… 66 A.I.4 Relative und universelle Wahrheiten…………………………………………. 68 V Inhaltsverzeichnis A.II Das Denken im Stückwerk denken (Metatheorie)……………………………... 71 A.II.1 Gleichzeitiges Trennen und Verbinden……………………………………… 73 A.II.2 Gedachte Phänomenbereiche und die Wirklichkeit………………………….. 75 A.II.3 Gedachte Phänomenbereiche in der Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehung…………….. 78 A.II.4 Die Unmöglichkeit von transzendentalen Deduktionen……………………... 80 A.II.5 Die das Denken im Stückwerk konstituierende Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehung… 81 A.III Das Denken des Denkens im Stückwerk denken (Meta-Metatheorie)………... 86 A.III.1 Die gedachte Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehung…………………………………… 87 A.III.2 Das Ende des Denkens? – Karl Jaspers’ „Wahrheitsinn“…………………… 88 A.III.3 Die fließende Form der Denkinhalte………………………………………... 91 A.III.4 Zusammenfassung anhand von Karl Jaspers’ „Gehäusen“……...………….. 93 A.III.5 Zusammenfassung anhand von Ashok Gangadeans „categorial frameworks“…………………………………………………………………. 99 A.IV Das Vierphasen-Schema des Wissens bei Plotin und Vasubandhu…………. 104 A.IV.1 Die vierte Phase des Wissens……………………………………………… 105 A.IV.2 Die dritte Phase des Wissens………………………………………………. 106 A.IV.3 Die zweite Phase des Wissens……………………………………………... 109 A.IV.4 Die erste Phase des Wissens……………………………………………….. 112 A.V Das Denken im Stückwerk im Fluss………………………………………….. 114 B Auswirkungen dieses Modells auf disziplinäres und kulturelles Denken….. 123 B.I Die Ganzheit des Geistes und die Ganzheit der Phänomene…………………... 129 B.II Separate und separierende Denkmodelle im Einklang der Natur…………….. 135 B.II.1 Die Extension und Intension von Aussagen………………………………… 135 B.II.2 Die interne Konsistenz der Disziplinen-, Kulturen- und Speziessprachen…. 137 B.II.3 Das Problem eines Disziplinen, Kulturen und Spezies umgreifenden Ethos.. 140 B.II.4 Schriftkulturen und Animismus…………………………………………….. 147 B.II.5 Die Musik des Denkens…………………………………………………….. 152 VI Inhaltsverzeichnis B.III Die Mehrdeutigkeit von Sprache und die Möglichkeit des Übersetzens…….. 159 B.III.1 Natürliche Sprachen als das Zentrum der Disziplinen……………………... 160 B.III.2 Natürliche Sprachen als das Zentrum der Kulturen………………………... 163 B.III.3 Das Zentrum der Disziplinen und Kulturen und die Postmoderne………… 164 B.III.4 Die Wechselwirkung von Wahrheitswert und Sinngehalt…………………. 166 B.III.5 Die Vielfalt der Sprache als die Vielfalt des In-der-Erde-Seins…………… 169 B.III.6 Artensterben und Sprachensterben………………………………………… 171 B.III.7 Sinnelemente des Klanges natürlicher Sprachen…………………………... 173 B.III.8 Die Person der Sprechenden und die Botschaft des Gesagten……………... 177 B.III.9 Die Person der Hörenden/Lesenden und die Botschaft des Gesagten……... 179 B.III.10 Bedeutung je nach Bedeutungsrahmen…………………………………… 181 B.IV Die Ganzheit des Geistes im Denken………………………………………... 186 B.IV.1 Subjektiv-objektive und objektiv-subjektive Phänomene…………………. 194 B.IV.2 Dynamisches und statisches Denken………………………………………. 198 B.IV.3 Das Denken in Beziehungen und in konkreten Einzelnen………………… 202 B.IV.4 Die Sinneswahrnehmungen und die Wirklichkeit…………………………. 210 B.IV.5 Die Sinneswahrnehmungen und die Wissenschaft………………………… 212 B.IV.5.a) Das Schöne und die Wissenschaft………………………………………. 214 B.IV.5.b) Das Heilige und die Wissenschaft………………………………………. 216 B.V Ganzheit – Geist – Denken – Musik………………………………………….. 223 B.V.1 Das Zusammenklingen von Sinngehalt und Wahrheitswerten……………... 226 B.V.2 Die Balance von Sinngehalt und Wahrheitswerten………………………… 231 B.V.3 Das Hören des Phänomens selbst…………………………………………... 232 B.V.4 Die Leerheit ermöglicht das Zusammenklingen……………………………. 236 B.V.5 Das Zusammenklingen der Dualitäten hören……………………………….. 240 B.VI Intuition und Geist…………………………………………………………… 245 B.VI.1 Die Vollendung der Intuition………………………………………………. 249 B.VI.2 Die Harmonie der Ganzheit………………………………………………... 252 VII Inhaltsverzeichnis B.VII Ganzheit als Resonanz………………………………………………………. 255 B.VII.1 Die Einheit von Mikro- und Makrowelt…………………………………... 255 B.VII.2 „Downward Causation“ ermöglicht Transformation……………….…….. 260 B.VII.3 Der Zusammenklang von allem…………………………………………... 267 B.VIII Die Konstitution des Geistes……………………………………………….. 271 B.VIII.1 Beeinträchtigungen des Geistorganismus………………………………... 279 B.VIII.2 Die Kreativität der Erde und des Menschen……………………………... 286 B.VIII.3 Belebungen des Geistorganismus………………………………………... 294 Das Denken auf der Bühne des Geistes…………………………………………. 300 Zitierte Literatur…………………………………………………………………. 309 VIII Die Vorgehensweise der Studie Vorwort Die Studie sucht Antworten auf zwei Fragen zugleich: Wie sind Natur und Kultur im Denken verbunden? Und wie sind Kulturen untereinander im Denken verbunden? Während des Studiums unterschiedlicher Philosophien, Wissenschaften und Religionen, und bereits bei der frühen Indianerliteratur habe ich mir diese Fragen häufig gestellt. Eingeborene Kulturen scheinen ihr Denken in direkter Inspiration aus ihrer jeweiligen natürlichen Umgebung zu formulieren und mündlich zu tradieren. Wie es aber um die Verbindung des Denkens mit der Natur in Schriftkulturen bestellt ist, innerhalb derer sich vor etwa dreihundert Jahren die modernen Wissenschaften formierten, scheint weit weniger offensichtlich. Aus den zwei Fragen sind drei geworden: Wie sind im Denken eingeborene Kulturen und Schriftkulturen jeweils untereinander, wie miteinander und wie sind sie mit der Natur im Denken verbunden? In den mündlich tradierten und oft erst spät aufgeschriebenen Weisheiten der eingeborenen Kulturen sowie auch in den Weisheiten der Schriftkulturen scheint die Verbundenheit der Menschen mit der Natur und miteinander ein mehr oder weniger zentraler Aspekt zu sein. In dem, was Menschen Weisheit nennen, taucht sie offenbar in irgendeiner Weise immer auf. Was sieht nun Verbundenheit im Denken aus, von der Weisheiten Kulturen übergreifend berichten? Weisheiten werden zumindest mit Gedanken ausformuliert. Das Denken scheint oft in der Erlangung von Weisheit, stets aber in der Mitteilung von Weisheit eine Rolle zu spielen. Demnach scheint das Denken in den Weisheiten verbinden zu können, es scheint Harmonie ausdrücken zu können. Verbinden kann das Denken jedoch nur, was es zuvor getrennt hat. Ob etwas Getrenntes wirklich verbunden werden kann, wird in der Studie zu untersuchen sein. Und wenn nicht, wird zu erörtern sein, wie das Verbinden, wie eine Harmonie des Widerstreits im Denken der Weisheiten dennoch zustande kommen kann. 1 Die Vorgehensweise der Studie Die Vorgehensweise der Studie I. Umgang mit
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