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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Zwischen Gewalt und friedlicher Koexistenz – Muslime und Christen im spätosmanischen Kosovo, 1870-1913“ Verfasserin Eva Anne Frantz, M. A. angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 312 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Oliver Jens Schmitt Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung _______________________________________________________________ 9 I. Einleitung __________________________________________________________ 11 1. Gegenstand und Fragestellung ______________________________________________ 11 2. Theoretisch-methodische Überlegungen ______________________________________ 15 Lebenswelt und soziale Kommunikation ______________________________________ 16 Soziabilität _____________________________________________________________ 19 Ethnizität ______________________________________________________________ 21 Konflikt und Gewalt ______________________________________________________ 25 3. Forschungsstand _________________________________________________________ 27 4. Verwendete Quellen ______________________________________________________ 35 5. Zur Schreibung der Ortsnamen _____________________________________________ 40 II. Kosovo als Teil des Osmanischen Reiches – ein historischer Überblick _______ 43 III. Kulturelle, soziale und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen, Strukturen und Kontinuitäten _______________________________________________________ 57 1. Religiöse und ethnische Bevölkerungsgruppen in Kosovo ________________________ 57 2. Berg und Ebene _________________________________________________________ 63 Naturraum und Klima ____________________________________________________ 63 Stammes- und komplexe Familienstrukturen ___________________________________ 65 Die Bedeutung des Waffentragens bei den Albanern: Gewohnheitsrecht und Blutrache, Vorstellungen von Ehre und Heldentum ______________________________________ 71 Die Wirtschaftsweise: Ackerbau und Viehzucht, Transhumanz, Wanderarbeit, Raub ___ 73 3. Stadt und Land __________________________________________________________ 80 Urbane Zentren und städtische Dorfstrukturen _________________________________ 80 Das Aufblühen der Städte im östlichen Kosovo durch den Eisenbahnbau ____________ 85 Städtische und dörfliche Selbstverwaltungsstrukturen ____________________________ 86 Die städtische Gesellschaft: osmanische Beamte, Agas und Beys, die ulema, albanische Chefs, Priester, Lehrer, Missionare, europäische Konsuln, Händler und Handwerker __ 88 Der ländliche Raum: Bauern und Grundbesitzer ________________________________ 93 IV. Das Zusammenspiel lokaler, regionaler und internationaler Akteure _________ 97 1. Der osmanische Staat _____________________________________________________ 97 Staatliche Zentralisierungsmaßnahmen und ihr begrenzter Erfolg: Steuereintreibung, Rekrutierung, Entwaffnung, Bevölkerungsregistrierung __________________________ 99 Die Reform des Steuersystems sowie des Militär- und Gendarmeriewesens __________ 107 Die Reform der Verwaltungs- und Rechtsorgane: Versuche der Gleichstellung und Gleichbehandlung von Christen und Muslimen ________________________________ 113 Der technologische Fortschritt ____________________________________________ 123 Die Politik Abdülhamids II.: Die Stärkung eines albanischen Islam ________________ 124 Die Jungtürken: zunehmende Vernetzung albanischer Muslime ___________________ 130 2. Der zunehmende Einfluss der Großmächte und der Balkanstaaten _________________ 134 Österreich-Ungarn ______________________________________________________ 134 Italien ________________________________________________________________ 141 Russland ______________________________________________________________ 143 Serbien _______________________________________________________________ 149 Montenegro ___________________________________________________________ 159 3. Islam, Orthodoxie, Katholizismus: religiöse Akteure ___________________________ 161 Das Bulgarische Exarchat ________________________________________________ 161 Das ökumenische Patriarchat von Konstantinopel und die serbische orthodoxe Kirche 166 Die katholische Kirche ___________________________________________________ 172 Der Islam _____________________________________________________________ 175 4. Die Ausweitung des Schulnetzes und die Rolle der Lehrer _______________________ 178 Islamische und staatlich-osmanische Schulen _________________________________ 179 Europäische Privatschulen _______________________________________________ 186 Das orthodoxe Schulwesen ________________________________________________ 186 Das katholische Schulwesen _______________________________________________ 194 V. Das Eigene und das Fremde: Wahrnehmungsmuster, Selbstverortungen, Abgrenzungen _____________________________________________________ 201 1. Regionale und lokale Bezugswelten_________________________________________ 201 Regionale Kommunikationsnetzwerke _______________________________________ 201 Lokale und kleinregionale Selbstverortungen: Janjevci, Goranci, Sirinićani, Kolašinci, Fandi ________________________________________________________________ 203 Der Raum „Kosovo“ als Bezugspunkt für Serben und Albaner ____________________ 205 Die albanische regionale Selbstwahrnehmung als Gegen ________________________ 208 2. Religiös geprägte Eigen- und Fremdwahrnehmungen ___________________________ 210 Christen: Raya, Latin, Katolik, Giaur _______________________________________ 211 Muslimische Selbstbezüge und Abgrenzungen: Muslim und Osmanli _______________ 214 3. Ethnische Eigen- und Fremdwahrnehmungen _________________________________ 217 Arnauti, Arbanasi, Arnautaši, Latini Škipi, Shqiptar ____________________________ 218 Türken _______________________________________________________________ 228 Serben, Altserben, osmanische Serben, Bulgaren, Slawen, Shkje __________________ 229 Ein slawisch-mazedonisches Bewusstsein ____________________________________ 232 Die geringe Festigung ethnonationaler serbischer Konzepte innerhalb der slawisch- orthodoxen Bevölkerung _________________________________________________ 233 Heimat _______________________________________________________________ 235 VI. Kommunikation und soziale Praxis ____________________________________ 239 1. Sprache und Mehrsprachigkeit _____________________________________________ 239 Albanisch-slawische Mehrsprachigkeit ______________________________________ 240 Der Gebrauch der osmanisch-türkischen Sprache _____________________________ 247 2. Mischung und Trennung in den Wohnvierteln von Städten und Dörfern ____________ 249 Städte und größere Ortschaften ____________________________________________ 249 Der ländliche Raum _____________________________________________________ 253 3. Kontakte im öffentlichen Raum ____________________________________________ 257 Wirtschaftsbeziehungen: Der Handel auf dem Markt und Schmuggelgeschäfte _______ 257 Grundbesitzer und Bauern ________________________________________________ 259 Albanische Muslime als Beschützer von orthodoxen Christen und Wächter von Kirchen und Klöstern ______________________________________________________________ 261 Muslimisch-christliche Kooperation: Widerstand gegen osmanische Beamte und neue Steuern, Ablehnung des österreichisch-ungarischen Machtzuwachses in Bosnien und dem Sancak Yeni Pazar, Absprachen vor den jungtürkischen Parlamentswahlen _________ 263 4. Das Private: Freundschaft und Heirat _______________________________________ 267 Freundschaftliche und nachbarschaftliche Beziehungen _________________________ 267 Heiratsverbindungen ____________________________________________________ 270 5. Religiosität und religiöse Praxis im Alltag____________________________________ 272 Islamische Glaubenspraxis _______________________________________________ 272 Christliche Glaubenspraxis _______________________________________________ 276 Transreligiöse Praktiken und volksreligiöse Elemente __________________________ 278 VII. Konflikt und Gewalt in Zeiten des Umbruchs und der Unsicherheit _________ 287 1. Traditionale Formen von Alltagsgewalt ______________________________________ 288 Raub und Diebstahl _____________________________________________________ 288 Streit um Weideland und das Recht des Holzfällens ____________________________ 292 Gewohnheitsrecht und Blutrache ___________________________________________ 296 Mädchenraub und Zwangsheirat ___________________________________________ 306 2. Religiös und ethnisch konnotierte Spannungen und Konflikte bis 1875 _____________ 309 Das muslimisch-christliche Verhältnis: „Arroganz“ von Muslimen und Gefühle des Bedrohtseins bei Christen ________________________________________________ 309 Albanisch-slawisch orthodoxer Antagonismus ________________________________ 313 Der serbisch-aromunische Kirchenstreit in Prizren ____________________________ 314 3. Die Auswirkungen der Ereignisse 1875–1878 _________________________________ 320 Die Bedeutung der orthodoxen Aufstände in der Herzegowina, in Bosnien und Bulgarien in den Jahren 1875 und 1876 ________________________________________________ 321 Die Auswirkungen der Kriegserklärung Serbiens und Montenegros Ende Juni und Anfang Juli 1876 und die Gewalt der Başıbozuks ____________________________________ 329 Das muslimisch-christliche Verhältnis während der Zeit der Liga von Prizren _______ 335 4. Kosovo als Grenzregion: Bandenkämpfe und Grenzkonflikte _____________________ 341 5. Konflikt und Gewalt als Folge der osmanischen Reformpolitik
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