Integrated Nutrient Management: an Approach to © 2019 IJCS Received: 07-03-2019 Boost Sustainable Wheat Production Accepted: 09-04-2019

International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(3): 4479-4482

Arvind Kumar Arvind Kumar, VP Singh, Rajeew Kumar and DS Pandey Department of Agronomy, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Abstract Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Wheat is an important food crop in India. The increasing population and decreasing soil health are serious issues to sustain wheat production. The increased and uncontrolled uses of chemical fertilizers are VP Singh also a great concern which posses the serious threat to soil health and the environment. Organic farming Department of Agronomy, has the potential to improve soil health and crop productivity. But, overburdening population can need a Govind Ballabh Pant University steady rise in production which can’t be achieved with organic farming. So, the integrated nutrient of Agriculture & Technology, management for sustainable wheat production is one of the opportunities to overcome on the above Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India issues. The integration of chemical and organic fertilizers with biofertilizers not only improved the soil health but also increases wheat production. The soil organic matter content, soil nutrient status, water Rajeew Kumar holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, and biological activity were observed to be improved while Department of Agronomy, pH and bulk density ware observed to decrease. So, ultimately improved soil fertility status with Govind Ballabh Pant University integrated nutrient management positively influences sustainable wheat production. of Agriculture & Technology,

Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Keywords: Wheat, integrated nutrient management, soil health, crop productivity. DS Pandey Department of Agronomy, Introduction Govind Ballabh Pant University Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereals crop that holds the pillars of food of Agriculture & Technology, security. Wheat can be grown in half of the world for satisfying the food requirement of Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India drastically increasing human population. The population explosion and increasing food

demand can cause the overexploitation of resources such as land and water that decline the soil [8] health . To overcome these food production burdens the integrated nutrients management approaches are needed to be followed to sustain the wheat production. But, the soil health degradation due to imbalance/uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers is the major consequence for the rapid decline in food production [8]. The recent time chemical fertilizers are overcoming

on organic fertilizers due to more specified and high nutrient requirement of present-day high [5] yielding varieties . However, figure 1 & 2 showed that the rate of increase of chemical fertilizers was more than the rate of increase in crop production which showed the degradation of soil fertility status [14].

Correspondence Arvind Kumar Department of Agronomy, Govind Ballabh Pant University Fig 1: Trends of fertilizer consumption and rice + wheat production (1961–2016) of the Indian of Agriculture & Technology, [14] Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India subcontinent, (Reproduced from Sharma et al., 2019) .

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Fig 2: The rice + wheat production and fertilizer consumption ratio (1961–2016) of the Indian subcontinent, (Reproduced from Sharma et al., 2019) [14].

The shift toward organic farming must have the potential to other hand, the enormous nutrient requirement of high improve soil health and crop productivity. But, the yielding wheat varieties might not be satisfied through the use overgrowing human population food demand can’t be of alone organic manures [21]. Therefore, the integration of satisfied through organic farming. Its need a steady increase both organic sources and chemical fertilizers are ever in crop production which can be possible through the coupled suggested to hasten the crop productivity through improving application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients [14]. the soil fertility status [19, 3]. Integrated nutrient management So, The integrated nutrient management approaches are approaches lie on the use of all the possible available nutrient required to be followed for increasing the food production resources that use to supply plant nutrient spatially and with sustaining the soil health. The inevitable practices of temporally. The INM must be economically viable and sound organic manure use by resource-poor people as a nutrient through reducing the nutrient losses [21]. input can be totally replaced by chemical fertilizer. On the

Fig 3: The nutrient budgeting into the integrated nutrient management (adapted from Wu et al., 2015) [21].

Figure 3 showed all agronomic resources that supply the health. Manure is the composted heterogeneous organic nutrients to plant system into the integrated nutrient mixture that made up by dung, various types of crop residues, management. Many field studies showed that the integration and household wastes with various level of decomposition of manure and fertilizers application can lead to an and slowly releases plant nutrients [10]. So, the initial supply of improvement in soil health and crop production in a plant nutrients can be done with chemical fertilizers for better sustainable manner. However, optimization of the fertilizers plant growth. But, manures are also the source of a large dose could be necessary action toward environmental safety. number of macro and micronutrients essential for crop Ma et al., (2018) [9] observed that the use of organic manure growth. It's improved the soil health and reduced the leaching could be reduced the nitrogen leaching and improved the soil losses [13,9]. Thus, manure might be a potential organic source

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to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and environmental crop productivity [15]. The incorporated applications of N pollution. fertilizers with manure could increase the soil Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents and wheat quality [19, 20]. The mingled application Soil health of organic manure with inorganic fertilizer would efficiently Soil health improvement was reported in a number of uplift the soil physicochemical and biological properties that farmer’s field trial with integrated nutrient management. It could be improved the crop productivity [22]. The shoot NPK was also been reported with combined used of NPK fertilizers uptake and shoot dry weight were found to be significantly with manure increased the plant uptake of N, P and K, accelerated with the coupled application of organic manure microbial activity and soil health. Organic manure might be and chemical fertilizers. The integration of organic and helpful in forming air and water stable aggregates, reduce soil inorganic nutrient source is the best way to improve soil bulk density and improve soil carbon status, water holding health and wheat productivity in a sustainable manner [19]. The capacity and cation exchange capacity [4]. Moreover, it is assured long term sustainable productivity was also achieved associated with improvement in soil organic matter content, through legume rotation in the system with the integrated use soil physicochemical and biological properties [10, 12]. of organic and inorganic fertilizers [1]. Therefore, the improvement in soil health might increase the The integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers had an plant nutrient uptake, crop growth and productivity [18]. efficient/synergistic soil interaction which leads to hastening Soil chemical and biological properties ware also hastened the crop grain yield [2]. The integrated application of organic through the supply of manure or crop straw coupled with and inorganic fertilizers observed to improve the nutrient use chemical fertilizers especially P enriched fertilizers. It plays efficiency, soil health and reduced the nitrogen losses that an important role in improving the soil organic carbon, total priorities the environment safety with improving crop NPK status and soil biological activity, which leads to productivity [3]. The long term application of chemical increment in agricultural production in a sustainable manner fertilizers showed a drastic reduction in soil pH and crop [7, 6]. The application of NPK fertilizers alone into the soil was yield. However, continuous use of organic manure with observed to be decrease the soil organic carbon status of the chemical fertilizers improved the soil carbon, NPK status, soil soil while the integration of chemical fertilizers with organic cation exchange capacity and crop outputs [4]. Whereas, the inputs such as FYM, green manure, vermicompost, and crop coupled application of organic and inorganic fertilizers residue was observed to be build up the soil organic matter improved the growth and yield of wheat then separate the use and increase the nutrient holding capacity of the soil. of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The coupled application Ultimately, It can provide a way to improve soil health and of FYM, press mud, and poultry manure with inorganic crop productivity [17]. fertilizers was also observed to be an improvement in wheat Sharma et al., (2013) [13] observed that conjunctive production [16]. So, the integrated nutrient management can be application of organic and inorganic fertilizers with a promising approach to improve the soil health and wheat Biofertilizers was improved the soil NPKS and Zn status of production through the supply of most of the essential the soil which leads to encouraging the soil and crop elements to the soil system. responses. It’s also helpful in increasing of infiltration rate, available soil moisture, labile C, and microbial activity. Conclusion However, there was a decrease in bulk density, soil strength, The population explosion and soil health degradation can be pH, EC of soil. The integration of organic and inorganic potential thrusts for increasing wheat production. Wheat nutrient source was observed to be positively responsive production can be increased by improving soil health and toward soil fertility and crop productivity [19]. The integrated mitigating crop nutrient requirement through the various nutrient management has the potential to change the soil organic, inorganic sources and biofertilizers. But, the various system through manipulating soil physicochemical and effects were variable due to uses of different organic sources biological properties which could be lead to improve the soil on soil health which can directly assign with the wheat health and fertility status. production. The sustainable wheat production without endangering soil and environmental health could only be Effect on wheat productivity and nutrient use efficiency possible with integrated use of organic and inorganic Soil health is an important factor in improving crop fertilizers and biofertilizers. productivity and nutrient use efficiency. Soil health can be managed to improve nutrient use efficiency and wheat crop References productivity through integrated nutrient management. Ma et 1. Behera UK, Sharma AR, Pandey HN. Sustaining al., (2018) [9] reported that the integration of N fertilizers with productivity of wheat-soybean cropping system through manures not only guarantee to hasten the NUE (20.2%) and integrated nutrient management practices on the Vertisols winter wheat yield (14.7%) but shrinkage the limits of of central India. Plant and Soil. 2007; 297(1-2):185-199. residual N content into the soil profile. The wheat production 2. Cheraghi Y, Mohyedi FA, Kalhor M. Effect of organic was observed to be increased up to 214% over control due to and chemical fertilizers on yield components of common the combined supply of manure with chemical fertilizer [15]. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). IIOAB J. 2016; 7:82-86. The nutrient-enriched biochars observed to be a more 3. Duan Y, Xu M, Gao S, Liu H, Huang S, Wang B. Long- valuable amendment for improving the soil health and crop term incorporation of manure with chemical fertilizers performance than structural biochars. Therefore, the nutrient- reduced total nitrogen loss in rain-fed cropping enriched biochars are largely recommended to application systems. Scientific reports. 2016; 6:33611. with chemical fertilizers which help to improve the crop 4. Hati KM, Swarup A, Dwivedi AK, Misra AK, productivity and soil health [12]. The chemical fertilizers Bandyopadhyay KK. Changes in soil physical properties coupled with organic manure or crop residues retained the and organic carbon status at the topsoil horizon of a huge amount of organic matter in soil that helps in vertisol of central India after 28 years of continuous improvement in soil fertility, total soil nutrient content and

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cropping, fertilization, and manuring. Agriculture, 19. Walia MK, Walia SS, Dhaliwal SS. The long-term effect Ecosystems & Environment. 2007; 119(1-2):127-134. of integrated nutrient management of properties of Typic 5. Hossain M, Singh VP. Fertilizer use in Asian agriculture: Ustochrept after 23 cycles of an irrigated rice (Oryza implications for sustaining food security and the sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system. Journal environment. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. of Sustainable Agriculture. 2010; 34(7):724-743. 2000; 57(2):155-169. 20. Wei GAO, Xiao-ting TAO, Yuan-ling WANG, Xiao-yan 6. Hu W, Jiao Z, Wu F, Liu Y, Dong M, Ma X et al. Long- QUAN, Xing XU, Jian-fei LU, et al. Effects of combined term effects of fertilizer on soil enzymatic activity of applications of pig farm slurry and chemical fertilizer on wheat field soil in Loess Plateau, China. Ecotoxicology. medium-and micro-element contents and quality of 2014; 23(10):2069-2080. wheat. Ying yong Sheng tai Xue bao. 2014; 25(2):433- 7. Kaur K, Goyal S, Kapoor KK. Impact of organic 40. fertilizers with and without chemical fertilizers on soil 21. Wu W, Ma B. Integrated nutrient management (INM) for chemical properties and the establishment of nitrogen- sustaining crop productivity and reducing environmental fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere. Microbes and impact: A review. Science of the Total Environment. environments. 2008; 23(4):313-316. 2015; 512:415-427. 8. Lal R. Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil 22. Zhang Q, Liu X, Ma X, Fang J, Fan T, Wu F, et al. degradation. Sustainability. 2015; 7(5):5875-5895. Microcalorimetric study of the effects of long-term 9. Ma C, Liu YN, Liang L, Zhai BN, Zhang HQ, Wang ZH. fertilization on soil microbial activity in a wheat field on Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and the Loess Plateau. Ecotoxicology. 2014; 23(10):2035- organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual 2040. nitrate-N in dryland soil. Ying Yong sheng Tai xue bao. 2018; 29(4):1240-1248. 10. Motavalli PP, Singh RP, Anders MM. Perception and management of farmyard manure in the semi-arid tropics of India. Agricultural systems. 1994; 46(2):189-204. 11. Raman KR, Singh MP, Singh Rom, Singh USP. Long- Term Effects of Inorganic and Organo-Inorganic Nutrient Supply System on Yield Trends of Rice-Wheat Cropping System. The Journal of Applied Biology. 1996; 6 (1– 2):56-58. 12. Sadaf J, Shah GA, Shahzad K, Ali N, Shahid M, Ali S, Hussain RA et al. Improvements in wheat productivity and soil quality can accomplish by co-application of biochars and chemical fertilizers. Science of the Total Environment. 2017; 607:715-724. 13. Sharma GD, Thakur R, Raj S, Kauraw DL, Kulhare PS. Impact of integrated nutrient management on yield, nutrient uptake, the protein content of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soil fertility in a Typic Haplustert. The Bioscan. 2013; 8(4):1159-1164. 14. Sharma S, Padbhushan R, Kumar U. Integrated Nutrient Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System: An Evidence on Sustainability in the Indian Subcontinent through Meta-Analysis. Agronomy. 2019; 9(2):71. 15. Sheng-zhe E, Ning-ping DING, Li-li LI, Jin-hua YUAN, Zong-xian CHE, Hai-yan ZHOU, et al. Relationship of crop yield and soil organic carbon and nitrogen under long-term fertilization in black loessial soil region on the Loess Plateau in China. Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao. 2018; 29(12):4047-4055. 16. Sheoran S, Raj D, Antil RS, Mor VS, Dahiya DS. Productivity, seed quality and nutrient use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient management practices after twenty years of fertilization. Cereal Research Communications. 2017; 45(2):315-325. 17. Singh F, Kumar R. Integrated nutrient management in rice-wheat cropping system for sustainable productivity. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science (India). 2008; 56(2):205-208. 18. Singh Y, Singh B, Khera TS, Meelu OP. Integrated management of green manure, farmyard manure, and nitrogen fertilizer in a rice‐wheat rotation in north- western India. Arid Land Research and Management. 1994; 8(2):199-205.

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