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(2011-12) Agron-502 Principles and Practice of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management

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(2011-12) Agron-502 Principles and Practice of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Compendium of Lectures (Theory cum Practical) (2011-12) Agron-502 Principles and Practice of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management SS Rana Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062 (India) Compendium of Lectures (Theory cum Practical) (2011-12) Agron-502 Principles and Practice of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management SS Rana Sr Scientist Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, COA, CSK HPKV, Palampur-176062 Acknowledgements The help rendered by Dr. (Mrs) Neelam Sharma, Principal Scientist (Residue Chemistry) in going through critically the practical section of the compilation and making sincere appraisal of the things done therein is thankfully acknowledged. Course contents Agron 502 Principles and Practices of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management (2+1) Objective To impart knowledge of fertilizers and manures as sources of plant nutrients and apprise about the integrated approach of plant nutrition and sustainability of soil fertility. Theory UNIT I Soil fertility and productivity- factors affecting; Features of a good soil management; Problems of supply and factors affecting availability of nutrients; Relation between nutrient supply and crop growth; Organic farming – basic concepts and definitions UNIT II Criteria of essentiality of nutrients; Essential plant nutrients- their functions and deficiency symptoms; Transformation and dynamics of major plant nutrients in the soil. UNIT III Preparation and use of farmyard manure, compost, green manure, vermicompost, biofertilizers and other organic concentrates, their composition, availability and crop responses; Recycling of organic wastes and residue management. UNIT IV Commercial fertilizers; composition, relative fertilizer value and cost; crop response to different nutrients, residual effects and fertilizer use efficiency. Fertilizer mixers and grades; agronomic, chemical and physiological methods of estimating and techniques of increasing fertilizer use efficiency; nutrient interactions. UNIT V Time and methods of manures and fertilizers application; foliar application and its concept; relative performance of organic and inorganic manures; economics of fertilizer use; integrated nutrient management; use of vermicompost and residue wastes in crops. Practical • Determination of soil pH, EC, organic C, total N, available N, P, K and S in soils • Total N, P, K and S in plants • Interpretation of interaction effects and computation of economic yield optima . Suggested Readings Brady NC and Weil RR 2002. The Nature and Properties of soils. 13 th Ed. Pearson Edu. Fageria NK, Baliger VC and Jones CA 1991. Growth and mineral nutrition of Field Crops. Marcel Dekker. Havlin JL, Beaton JD, Tisdale SL and Nelson WL. 2006. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 7 th Ed. Prentice Hall. Mengel, K and Kirkby EA. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Kluver Academic Publishers. Prasad R and Power JF 1997. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. CRC Press. Yawalkar KS, Agarwal JP and Bokde S. 2000. Manures and Fertilizers. Agri-Horti Publ. Schedule of Lectures Agron 502 Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management 2+1 S. Topic Number of Lecture Page No. lectures no(s). Unit I 1. Soil fertility and productivity –factors affecting 1 1 1 2. Features of a good soil management 2 2-3 5 3. Problems of supply and factors affecting availability of nutrients 3 4-8 11 4. Relation between nutrient supply and crop growth 1 9-11 20 5. Organic farming – basic concepts and definitions 2 12 -13 23 Unit II 6. Criteria of essentiality of nutrients , Essential plant nutrients - their 3 14 -15 29 functions and deficiency symptoms 7. Transformation and dynamics of major plant nutrients in the soil 2 16 -17 37 Unit III 8. Preparation and use of farmyard manure, compost, green manure, 2 20 44 vermicompost, biofertilizers and other organic concentrates, their composition, availability and crop responses 9. Recycling of organic wastes and residue management 1 21 -22 51 Unit IV 10. Commercial fertilizers; composition, relative fertilizer value and cost ; 3 23 -25 54 Fertilizer mixers and grades 11. Crop response to different nutrients 2 26 -27 62 12. Residual effects and fertilizer use efficiency ; Agronomic, chemical and 1 64 physiological methods of estimating 13. Techniques of increasing fertilizer use efficiency 1 28 67 14. Nutrient interactions 2 29 -30 69 Unit V 15. Time and methods of manures and fertilizers application; Foliar 2 31 -32 81 application and its concept 16. Fertilizer dose 2 86 17. Relative performance of organic and inorganic manures; Economics of 1 95 , fertilizer use 96 18. Integrated nutrient management; Use of vermicompost and residue 2 97 , wastes in crops 100 Practical Soil sampling 10 3 1. Determination of soil Ph 1 1 10 4 2. Determination of EC 1 2 10 5 3. Determination of Organic C 1 3 10 6 4. Determination of Total N 1 4 108 5. Determination of available N, P, K and S in soils 4 5-8 109 6. Determination of total N, P, K and S in plants 4 9-12 11 6 7. Interpretation of interaction effect 1 13 12 0 8. Computation of economic yield optima 1 14 12 2 Unit I Soil fertility and productivity – factors affecting Soil productivity and soil fertility are two terms which always create confusion in our minds. Soil fertility is the status or the inherent capacity of the soil to supply nutrients to plants in adequate amounts and in suitable proportions. Soil productivity is the capacity of the soil to produce crops with specific systems of management and is expressed in terms of yields. All productive soils are fertile, but all fertile soils need not be productive. It may be due to some problems like water logging, saline or alkaline condition, adverse climate etc. Under these conditions, crop growth is restricted though the soil has sufficient amounts of nutrients. According to modem usage, soil fertility is the capacity of the soil to produce crops of economic value and to maintain health of the soil without deterioration. Differences between soil fertility and productivity Soil Fertility Soil Productivity It is an index of available nutrients to plants It is a broader term u sed to indicate yields It is one of the factors for crop production. The It is the interaction of all the factors that other factors are water supply, slope of the determine the magnitude of yields land, depth of water table etc. It ca n b e analyzed in the laboratory It can be assessed in the field under particular climatic conditions It is the potential stat us of the soil to produce It is the resultant of various factors influencing crops soil management It is very essential to manage soil fertility in such a way that one gets maximum production from his land. For better fertility management, one should always consider what elements are needed for a particular crop and in what Soil fertility evaluation methods (classified) quantity, and of the total requirements, how 1. Visual observation of deficiency symptoms (a) Plants much is present in the soil. The first step, (b) Soil therefore, is to find out the soil fertility status i.e. 2. Microbiological studies related to soil fertility what is the capacity of the soil to supply (a) Azotobacter plaque test (b) Aspergillus niger test elements may be balanced and timely to avoid (c) Cunninghamella plaque test the following ill effects of unbalanced use of (d) Carbon dioxide evolution method. 3. Chemical methods fertilizers: (a) Qualitative: (i) soil test (ii) plant tissue test 1. Excess of elements (Mn, Cu and Zn) may be (rapid) (b) Quantitative: toxic to living materials (protoplasm) of the (i) Soil analysis plant. (ii) Plant analysis (for total and available nutrients). 2. Excess of one plant food element may cause 4. Experiments related to soil fertility (a) Field trials: (i) simple (ii) complex deficiency of another such as: (b) Green house (pot culture) and lysimeter (a) Excess of N causes K starvation in experiments (c) Use of indicator plants certain crops like potato, (d) Nutrient injection and foliar sprays. (b) Excess of K causes deficiency of Mn in tomato, Principles and Practices of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management (Agron 502) – 2011-12 1 (c) Excess of P causes deficiency of Zn in most of the crops. Apart from these, imbalanced fertilization increases cost of production because any amount more than required does not help in producing higher crop yields. Thus, the consumption of more than required quantity of elements is called 'luxury consumption’ , which is nothing but a waste. This type of loss is in addition to leaching, washing and other losses of elements. Thus, it is necessary for an agriculturist to know the fertility status of' his soil which is to be used for crop production. For evaluating soil fertility status, several techniques are commonly employed. 1. Nutrient deficiency symptoms of plants 2. Analysis of tissue from plants growing on the soil 3. Biological tests in which the growth of either higher plants or certain micro-organisms is used as a measure of soil fertility 4. Soil fertility It has been known for a very long time that certain substances (such as dung and ash), when added to the soil, improve production. These are now called fertilizers. For reasons of cost and ease of use, chemical fertilizers have replaced natural ones. Although plants can't distinguish the difference, artificial fertilizers can easily be over-used, resulting in damage to the soil, rivers and ocean. Learn to know how to produce more, while damaging the soil and environment less. What do plants need, how are nutrients formed and maintained and what can we do to increase the natural fertility of the soil? plant needs What do plants need? Liebig's law states that the need in shortest supply will be the main factor limiting growth. Often overlooked needs are light and warmth.
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