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July 09, 1945 Record of a Meeting Between T. V. Soong and Stalin
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified July 09, 1945 Record of a Meeting Between T. V. Soong and Stalin Citation: “Record of a Meeting Between T. V. Soong and Stalin,” July 09, 1945, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Victor Hoo Collection, box 6, folder 9, Hoover Institution Archives. Contributed by David Wolff. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123425 Summary: Dr. Soong reports Chiang Kai-Shek's response to the stalemate on the question of Outer Mongolia to Stalin and Molotov. Chiang insists on preserving the territorial integrity of China vis a vis Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, and that China's sovereignty in Manchuria should be reinforced by Chinese administration of Port Arthur and Dairen. Stalin asks to think over his decision before responding to Chiang. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Chun & Jane Chiu Family Foundation. Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription 9 July 1945, 9:00 - 10:40 p.m. Stalin: What news? Soong: I reported to Chiang [Kai-shek] that our meeting was at a deadlock. I told that Stalin wanted remove all questions between two countries so that from now on we can co-operate in friendship without any cause of conflict. I have his reply today. Before translating his reply, I want to give background not by way of argument but to show the magnitude of concession of Chiang. When I left Washington I had no idea that Outer Mongolia question would be a problem. I told Truman that we might settle this question by not discussing it. -
Russian Federation As Central Planner: Case Study of Investments Into the Russian Far East in Anticipation of the 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference
Russian Federation as Central Planner: Case Study of Investments into the Russian Far East in Anticipation of the 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference Anne Thorsteinson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Studies: Russia, East Europe and Central Asia University of Washington 2012 Committee: Judith Thornton, Chair Craig ZumBrunnen Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Jackson School of International Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures ii List of Tables iii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: An Economic History of the Russian Far East 6 Chapter 2: Primorsky Krai Today 24 Chapter 3: The Current Federal Reform Program 30 Chapter 4: Economic Indicators in Primorsky Krai 43 Chapter 5: Conclusion 54 Bibliography 64 LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Primorsky Krai: Sown Area of Crops 21 2. Far East Federal Region: Sown Area of Crops 21 3. Primorye Agricultural Output 21 4. Russian Federal Fisheries Production 22 5. Vladivostok: Share of Total Exports by Type, 2010 24 6. Vladivostok: Share of Total Imports by Type, 2010 24 7. Cost of a Fixed Basket of Consumer Goods and Services as a Percentage of the All Russian Average 43 8. Cost of a Fixed Basked of Consumer Goods and Services 44 9. Per Capita Monthly Income 45 10. Per Capita Income in Primorsky Krai as a Percentage of the All Russian Average 45 11. Foreign Direct Investment in Primorsky Krai 46 12. Unemployed Proportion of Economically Active Population in Primorsky Krai 48 13. Students in State Institutions of Post-secondary Education in Primorsky Krai 51 14. -
Soviet Russia's Relation to China
SOVIET RUSSIA'S RELATION TO CHINA ".\ s I look at it. 1-<.u s ·ian influence has largely been confined to an appeal for international liberalism. or as the Russians put it. an ·appeal for liberation of all oppressed peoples from the imperialist yoke.· That appeal is not Russian in origin: it is the principle of self-determinati'on and goes back to the merican Declaration of ln lependence. A long as international inequalities and injustices exist, s uch an appeal wil l a l\\·ays he eff ecti ,·e." - Dr. llu Shih. Professor of Philosophy at the Cniversity of F>ekin. and Leader of the h inese Renaissance. Bulletin No. 7 Issued by The American Committee for Fair Play in China November, 1927 TRINifY COIL UB~AR..Y M.OORE COLLECTION RELATING TO THE FA~ EAST o..=~l.n-1\ CLASS NO.- BOOK NO.. -- VOLUM£ ___ ACCESSION NO. HISTORICAL OUTLINE Earlv Ru~'ian migrations into Asia from the 13th century on represcn.tcd by tr a d ~ r s and tillers of the soil. First definite a ncl organ ized effort to colomzc nndt•r ) cnnak Cossack leader, in latter half of 16th century. Settlement of territory in the neigh· borhood of the Amur river by Rus~ians between 1650 and 1700. Amur territory ceded to Ru~sia in 1858. \ 'ast increase in Russian migration to Asia from 1870 o n. 1895-Russia':; protest. augnH· nted by protests from France and Germany. to Japan as a result of her seizure of outhern Manchuria and Port Arthur after China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese \\'ar. -
A Documentation of the Jewish Heritage in Siberia
Informationen der Bet Tfila – Forschungsstelle für jüdische Architektur in Europa bet-tfila.org/info Nr. 18 1+2/15 Fakultät 3, Technische Universität Braunschweig / Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew University of Jerusalem SPECIAL EDITION “Siberia” – SONDERAUSGABE „Sibirien“ “From Jerusalem to Birobidzhan” – A Documentation of the Jewish Heritage in Siberia In August 2015, the team of the Center for Jewish Art at the Hebrew University Erstmalig erscheint aus aktuellem Anlass of Jerusalem undertook a research expedition to Siberia. Over the course of 21 eine Sonderausgabe von bet tfila.org/info: Im days, the expedition spanned 6,000 km. Overall, the CJA team visited 16 sites August 2015 konnte sich das deutsch-israe- in Siberia and the Russian Far East: Tomsk, Mariinsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, lische Team des Center for Jewish Art und Kansk, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk, Babushkin (former Mysovsk), Kabansk, Ulan- der Bet Tfila – Forschungsstelle einen lange Ude (former Verkhneudinsk), Barguzin, Petrovsk Zabaikalskii (former Petrovskii gehegten Wunsch erfüllen und das jüdische Zavod), Chita, Khabarovsk, Birobidzhan, and Vladivostok. Erbe in Sibirien und im „Fernen Osten“ Russlands dokumentieren. In drei Wochen 16 synagogues and 4 collections of ritual objects were documented alongside a legten die fünf Wissenschaftler (Prof. Aliza survey of 11 Jewish cemeteries and numerous Jewish houses. The team consisted Cohen-Mushlin, Dr. Vladimir Levin, Dr. of Prof. Aliza Cohen-Mushlin, Dr. Vladimir Levin, Dr. Katrin Kessler (Bet Tfila, Katrin Keßler, Dr. Anna Berezin und Archi- Braunschweig), Dr. Anna Berezin, and architect Zoya Arshavsky. The expedi- tektin Zoya Arshavsky) auf ihrer Reise von tion was made possible with the generous donations of Mrs. Josephine Urban, Tomsk nach Vladivostok über 6.000 km zu- London, and an anonymous donor. -
The European Fortifications on the Coast of the Pacific Ocean
Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art, Volume 10, Number 10 The European fortifications on the coast of the Pacific Ocean Nikolay Kasyanov, Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Moscow, Russia Abstract. In the Russian Empire during XIX and early XX centuries, fortresses were built and strengthened along the frontiers. We studied the architecture of the Far Eastern Russian cities-fortresses using as examples Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Port Arthur (now Luishun) and mainly Vladivostok. Coastal fortresses significantly influenced the urban development of the Far Eastern cities. The architectural peculiarity of the fortress architecture at that period was associated with the transition from the brick and stone fortifications to the complex systems of monolithic reinforced concrete. In 1860, a military post with the expressive and geopolitically ambitious name "Vladivostok" ("Possess the East") was established. By the beginning of the XX century, Vladivostok became a rapidly growing city of the European culture and one of the most powerful marine fortresses in the world. The Vladivostok Fortress was an innovative project in early XX century and has distinctive features of the modern style (Art Nouveau), partly of the Russian and classical style in architecture, as well as an organic unity with the surrounding landscape. Plastic architectural masses with their non-linear shape are typical of the fortifications of Vladivostok. Vast and branching internal communication spaces link fort buildings, scattered on the surface and remote from each other. Huge, monumental forts located on the tops of mountains and fitted perfectly in the landscape are successful examples of landscape architecture. -
A Region with Special Needs the Russian Far East in Moscow’S Policy
65 A REGION WITH SPECIAL NEEDS THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN MOSCOW’s pOLICY Szymon Kardaś, additional research by: Ewa Fischer NUMBER 65 WARSAW JUNE 2017 A REGION WITH SPECIAL NEEDS THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN MOSCOW’S POLICY Szymon Kardaś, additional research by: Ewa Fischer © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITOR Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak EDITOR Katarzyna Kazimierska CO-OPERATION Halina Kowalczyk, Anna Łabuszewska TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Timothy Harrell GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH PHOTOgrAPH ON COVER Mikhail Varentsov, Shutterstock.com DTP GroupMedia MAPS Wojciech Mańkowski PUBLISHER Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-65827-06-7 Contents THESES /5 INTRODUctiON /7 I. THE SPEciAL CHARActERISticS OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AND THE EVOLUtiON OF THE CONCEPT FOR itS DEVELOPMENT /8 1. General characteristics of the Russian Far East /8 2. The Russian Far East: foreign trade /12 3. The evolution of the Russian Far East development concept /15 3.1. The Soviet period /15 3.2. The 1990s /16 3.3. The rule of Vladimir Putin /16 3.4. The Territories of Advanced Development /20 II. ENERGY AND TRANSPORT: ‘THE FLYWHEELS’ OF THE FAR EAST’S DEVELOPMENT /26 1. The energy sector /26 1.1. The resource potential /26 1.2. The infrastructure /30 2. Transport /33 2.1. Railroad transport /33 2.2. Maritime transport /34 2.3. Road transport /35 2.4. -
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Arctic and North. 2018. No. 33 55 UDC [332.1+338.1](985)(045) DOI: 10.17238/issn2221-2698.2018.33.66 The prospects of the Northern and Arctic territories and their development within the Yenisei Siberia megaproject © Nikolay G. SHISHATSKY, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Economy and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sci- ences, Kransnoyarsk, Russia Abstract. The article considers the main prerequisites and the directions of development of Northern and Arctic areas of the Krasnoyarsk Krai based on creation of reliable local transport and power infrastructure and formation of hi-tech and competitive territorial clusters. We examine both the current (new large min- ing and processing works in the Norilsk industrial region; development of Ust-Eniseysky group of oil and gas fields; gasification of the Krasnoyarsk agglomeration with the resources of bradenhead gas of Evenkia; ren- ovation of housing and public utilities of the Norilsk agglomeration; development of the Arctic and north- ern tourism and others), and earlier considered, but rejected, projects (construction of a large hydroelectric power station on the Nizhnyaya Tunguska river; development of the Porozhinsky manganese field; place- ment of the metallurgical enterprises using the Norilsk ores near Lower Angara region; construction of the meridional Yenisei railroad and others) and their impact on the development of the region. It is shown that in new conditions it is expedient to return to consideration of these projects with the use of modern tech- nologies and organizational approaches. It means, above all, formation of the local integrated regional pro- duction systems and networks providing interaction and cooperation of the fuel and raw, processing and innovative sectors. -
Progress and Obstacles
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SECURITY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND SOUTH KOREA: PROGRESS AND OBSTACLES Se Hyun Ahn London School of Economics and Political Science Department of International Relations A thesis submitted to the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2006 UMI Number: U213461 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U213461 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F £5 ibU I o S ’ 3 3 q. Abstract This thesis explores the progress in, and the obstacles obstructing, the building of comprehensive security between Russia and South Korea since diplomatic relations were established in 1991. It focuses on oil and natural gas projects, linking the Trans-Siberian and Trans-Korean Railroads, industrial development in the Nakhodka Free Economic Zone, fishery cooperation, and the arms trade, and examines whether these five aspects of cooperation serve to contribute to building Russian-South Korean bilateral and regional economic security. The study pays particular attention to three aspects of security: definitions of economic, comprehensive and regional economic security, the security building process between states, and security threats. -
Stephanie Hampton Et Al. “Sixty Years of Environmental Change in the World’S Deepest Freshwater Lake—Lake Baikal, Siberia,” Global Change Biology, August 2008
LTEU 153GS —Environmental Studies in Russia: Lake Baikal Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia is approximately 25 million years old, the deepest and oldest lake in the world, holding more than 20% of earth’s fresh water, and providing a home to 2500 animal species and 1000 plant species. It is at risk of being irreparably harmed due to increasing and varied pollution and climate change. It has a rich history and culture for Russians and the many indigenous cultures surrounding it. It is the subject of social activism and public policy debate. Our course will explore the physical and biological characteristics of Lake Baikal, the risks to its survival, and the changes already observed in the ecosystem. We will also explore its cultural significance in the arts, literature, and religion, as well as political, historical, and economic issues related to it. Class will be run largely as a seminar. Each student will be expected to contribute based on their own expertise, life experience, and active learning. As a final project, student groups will draw on their own research and personal experiences with Lake Baikal to form policy proposals and a media campaign supporting them. Week 1: Biology and Geology of Lake Baikal Moscow: Meet with Environmental Group, Visit Zaryadye Park (Urban Development) Irkutsk Local Field Trip: Baikal Limnological Museum—forms of life in and around Lake Baikal Week 2: Threats to the Baikal Environment Local Field Trip: Irkutsk Dump, Baikal Interactive Center/Service Work Traveling Field Trip: Balagansk/Angara River, Anthropogenic Effects on Environment Weeks 3/4: Economics and Politics of Lake Baikal, Lake Baikal in Literature and Culture Traveling Field Trip: Olkhon Island/Service Project, Service Work on Great Baikal Trail/Camping Week 5: Comparison of Environmental Issues and Policies in Russian Urban Centers St. -
Irkutsk's Cold Spring by Gregory Feiffer
Irkutsk's Cold Spring By Gregory Feiffer IRKUTSK, Eastern Siberia Stepping onto the airfield five time zones east of Moscow, I braced myself for the cold. Minus 12 degrees Celsius in April was a rude shock nonetheless. On top of that came snow brought by winds sweeping the vast continental steppe, altering direction to change the weather by bringing blizzards one minute and bright sun the next. "If only we didn't have to suffer through the winter each year," an Irkutsk native glumly told me later, "then we'd have far fewer problems." Of course, it would be easier to envision our solar system without the sun, so central is winter to life here. I wasn't thinking about weather patterns initially while rattling across the Irkutsk airfield at five in the morning, however. I was breathing sighs of relief that I was finally out of earshot of an angry and intricately made-up female fel- low passenger on whom I'd very recently spilled my one glass of Aeroflot water while getting up to visit the toilet. Good I hadn't opted for red wine. My sensitivity to the climate picked up again when the old ZIL truck pulling the ancient airfield shuttle stalled while shifting gears in front of the airport's three equally ancient military Tupolev cargo planes. By the time got inside the main building accessible only after leaving the airfield and finding one's way intuitively to the front entrance I was freezing. assumed that since I'd flown from Moscow, I needed the domestic-flights building. -
Cultural Landscapes and the Formation of Local
CBU INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND EDUCATION MARCH 25-27, 2015, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC WWW.CBUNI.CZ, OJS.JOURNALS.CZ CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND LOCAL IDENTITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN SIBERIAN CITIES (FROM LATE 18TH TO EARLY 19TH CENTURY) Maria Mihailovna Plotnikova1 Abstract: This article considers the interaction of geographical and cultural landscape in identity formation of the East-Siberian cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kirensk in the late 18th century and early 19th century. The comparative analysis of the European city of Valga with the East-Siberian city of Kirensk revealed that, while most of the citizens of the European city were artisans, the military personnel played a significant role in the outskirts of the Russian Empire. At the end of 18th century and during the early 19th century, the Eastern Siberian cities collected taxes as revenue for the city, using the advantage of their geographical position. The author concludes that the study into the essence of the “genius loci” of a city gives insight into the origins of the local identity formation. UDC Classification: 94(571.53), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.614 Keywords: cultural landscape, city identity, city incomes, East-Siberian cities, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Kirensk, Valga, comparative analysis Introduction The study of a cultural landscape uncovers relationships between space and local identity, and space and culture, to understand the influence of landscape on the urban environment. The local identity in this case relates to the “essence of place.” This present work attempts to show the formation of this identity in the Siberian cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kirensk, in terms of the “genius loci” (the location’s prevailing character), and in developing the cultural landscape. -
Subject of the Russian Federation)
How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country.