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Small Mammal Communities of the Mongolian Gobi Region: Diversity and Impacts of Mining

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Small Mammal Communities of the Mongolian Gobi Region: Diversity and Impacts of Mining Russian J. Theriol. 19(1): 94–98 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2020 Small mammal communities of the Mongolian Gobi Region: diversity and impacts of mining Setev Shar, Igor V. Moroldoev* & Davaa Lkhagvasuren ABSTRACT. In the Gobi region of Mongolia, mining activities have developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The development of the mining sector is important for the economic growth of Mongolia, but local communities have always been critical of its negative impact. The purpose of our study was to determine the mining effects on the small mammal community in the Gobi region. In order to achieve this goal, we estimated the species diversity and abundance of small mammal populations in the vicinity of the Tavan Tolgoi and Oyu Tolgoi mines in Umnugobi aimag of Mongolia in August 2017 and in August 2018. Gener- ally, mining activities in the Gobi region have negative impacts on small mammal communities, and at the same time effects differ on the different species of small mammals. How to cite this article: Shar S., Moroldoev I.V., Lkhagvasuren D. 2020. Small mammal communities of the Mongolian Gobi Region: diversity and impacts of mining // Russian J. Theriol. Vol.19. No.1. P.94–98. doi: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.19.1.10. KEY WORDS: diversity, small mammals, communities, impact of mining, Mongolian Gobi. Setev Shar [[email protected]], Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin gudamj-1, p.o.box -46a/402, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia; Igor V. Moroldoev [[email protected]], Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze str. 11, Novosi- birsk 630091, Russia; Davaa Lkhagvasuren [[email protected]], Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin gudamj-1, p.o.box -46a/523, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia. Cообщества мелких млекопитающих Монгольской Гоби: разнообразие и влияние горнодобывающей промышленности С. Шар, И.В. Моролдоев*, Д. Лхагвасурен РЕЗЮМЕ. В течение последних 20 лет в пустыне Гоби (Монголия) бурно развивается добыча полезных ископаемых. Местное население критически относится к негативному воздействию горнодобывающей промышленности, хотя эта отрасль важна для экономического роста страны. Целью нашего исследо- вания было определение влияния добычи полезных ископаемых на население мелких млекопитаю- щих в регионе Гоби. Для этого мы оценили видовое разнообразие и численность популяций мелких млекопитающих в окрестностях шахт Таван-Толгой и Оюу-Толгой в Южно-Гобийском (Умнуговь) аймаке Монголии в августе 2017 г. и в августе 2018 г. В целом, добыча полезных ископаемых имеет негативное воздействие на сообщества млекопитающих, однако уровень этого воздействия различа- ется у различных видов мелких млекопитающих. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: разнообразие, мелкие млекопитающие, сообщества, влияние горнодобыва- ющей промышленности, Монгольская Гоби. Introduction continuously. Foreign researchers have reported that creating licensing buffer zones in Mongolia’s Gobi region The Gobi region of Mongolia is located on the and some protected areas causes environmental problems northern edge of the steppe region and north of the (Farrington, 2005). At present, around 96.500 hectares Central Asian Desert, and it is a diverse habitat for small of land are in the Tsogttsetsii soum, which is affected by mammals. During the last 20 years, coal and gold–copper coal mining in Tavan Tolgoi, and approximately 14.785 mines have been established in Tsogttsetsii and Khanbogd hectares in the Khanbogd soums are affected by Oyu soums of Umnugovi aimag, where they are operating Tolgoi’s copper-gold production. There are some 50 species of small mammals in the * Corresponding author Gobi region of Mongolia (Bannikov, 1954; Dulamtseren, Impacts of mining on the small mammal communities 95 1970; Sokolov & Orlov, 1980). Further studies of Russian scientists (Rogovin & Shenbrot, 1995) added over 15 rodent species to the mammal list of the Gobi region. We have chosen this topic because there are still no data on the impact of the mines in the Gobi region. The purpose of our study was to determine whether a mine affects a small mammal community in the Gobi region. In order to achieve this objective, a study of small mammal species found near the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine in the South Gobi province and the Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mines was carried out in August 2017 and in August 2018, taking into account diversity and population density. Afterwards, computations of the small mammals in the mining habitat were compared with the results received in the control area. Based on Fig 1. View of Tavan Tolgoi mine. these findings, attempts were made to determine whether the mines have a negative impact on the small mammal community. The results of field surveys are outlined in this article. Materials and methods In 2017 and 2018, we captured a small mammals in the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine and Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mines. At the same time, we selected a second area of survey control, which is located far from the mines. Based on quantitative data such as diversity and abundance of the small mammal species we conducted field surveys to determine whether mines impacted small mammals. Fig 2. Field sites in Mongolian Gobi region. During this study, we conducted 2673 trap/nights, totalling 14 species and 419 individuals: Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), midday gerbil (M. meridianus), were selected as close to the mine as possible. In order Mongolian hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus), grey to compare the abundances of small mammals found dwarf hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), Campbell’s in these areas, one field control area (N43°17’32’’, hamster (Phodopus campbelli), Roborovski’s hamster E106°12’49’’, elevation 1395 m a.s.l.) was selected to (P. roborovskii), long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus compare the abundances of mammals found in the mines auritus), Gobi jerboa (Allactaga bullata), Siberian (Fig. 2). We obtained a number of small mammals per jerboa (A. sibirica), Balikun jerboa (A. balikunica), 100 trap/nights with the formula N = 100n/at (where n hairy-footed jerboa (Dipus sagitta), five-toed pygmy is the total number of captured small mammals; a is the jerboa (Cardiocranius paradoxus), thick-tailed pygmy number of traps; t is the time of capture); standard error jerboa (Salpingotus crassicauda), and house mouse is calculated by SN = 100√n/at. (Mus musculus). We used parameters of species abundance, the We used live traps (Sherman type) in the field study Shannon diversity index, the Pielou evenness index, of small mammals. The live traps were positioned 6 m and the Simpson dominance index to analyse the small apart and placed linearly at 100–500 m from the mine mammals’ community structure. The Shannon diversity site. Each trap contained a single bait type (chunks of index was measured as H = -Σpi*lnpi, where pi is the banana or peanut butter, sunflower seeds, or sardines). proportion of individuals belonging to the i-th species We used the light-emitting method for mammals active (ni/N). The Pielou evenness index is J = Hi/Hmax = Hi/lnS, in the night, and we captured 101 individuals from five where S is the total number of species in the community. jerboa species of the family Dipodidae. The Simpson dominance index was calculated as C = We selected a field site for small mammalian 2 i 2 Σ (ni/ N) = Σ(p ) . community research at 100–500 m away from the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine site (Fig. 1) in Tsogttsetsii soum (N43°42’59’’, E105°28’40’’, elevation 1502 m a.s.l.). Results We also selected a site of small mammals at 100–500 m from the Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold mining area in A total of 419 individuals from five species of small Khanbogd soum of South Gobi province (N43°01’57’’, mammals were found around the Tavan Tolgoi and Oyu E106°47’15’’, elevation 1203 m a.s.l.). These sites Tolgoi mines using Sherman traps. Around the Tavan 96 Setev Shar et al. Tolgoi mine, the most abundant species is the Mongolian The Pielou evenness index, which showed how even the gerbil, with 12.6±0.1 individuals per 100 trap/nights. community was numerically, was high in Oyu Tolgoi. The surroundings of the Oyu Tolgoi mine are marked It can be explained by the low species and individual with low species diversity and population density, and abundance of small mammals near Oyu Tolgoi. At the the Mongolian gerbil is the more dominant species. We same time, the Pielou evenness index was high enough in captured 244 individuals in the control area, a habitat the control area, as the community there is characterised without a mine, where the Roborovski’s hamster occupies by even numerical distribution of different species. The 58.2% of the total abundance of small mammals. Simpson dominance index increased with a significant The species diversity and relative abundance of small dominance of one or more species. In the community mammals in the three studies sites are shown in Table 1, of Tavan Tolgoi, there were only five species, and over and the results of counting the density of Dipodidae 92% of the individuals belonged to one species, Meriones species by car are presented in Table 2. unguiculatus. For this reason, the dominance index in this Communities of small mammals of the Tavan community increased dramatically. The lowest value of Tolgoi and Oyu Tolgoi mines consist of five and three the dominance index, which indicates a large number of species, respectively, and the highest species diversity species, but low numbers, was found in the community was observed in the communities of the control area of the control area. In small mammal communities of (habitat without a mine, Table 3). The Tavan Tolgoi Oyu Tolgoi, Simpson’s index was 0.51 because of the mine is characterised by the lowest level of the Shannon low species diversity and high numerical advantage of diversity index, and the most diverse is the control area.
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