District Profile Garhwal, Uttarakhand

The district lies in the south central portion of the state of Uttarakhand. The total area of the district is 5,329 sq km. Total number of tahsils in the district are 9. These are Pauri, Thalisain, Kotdwara, Landsdowne, Dhoomakot, Srinagar, Chaubattakhal, Satpuli and Yamkeshwar. Out of which Chaubattakhal, Satpuli and Yamkeshwar has been newly created. There are 15 community development blocks, 1,208 gram panchyats. There are 3,473 villages, out of which 3,142 villages are inhabited and nine towns. The Tahsil Chaubattakhal was carved out by transferring of 291 villages from Lansdowne tahsil. Tahsil Yamkeshwar was carved out by transferring 243 villages of Kotdwar tahsil. Tahsil Satpuli was carved out by transferring 269 villages from Lansdowne tahsil.

DEMOGRAPHY As per Census 2011, the total population of Garhwal is 687,271, out of which 326,829 were males and 360,442 were females. This gives a sex ratio of 1103 females per 1000 males. The percentage of urban population in the district is 16.40 percent, which is much lower than the state average of 30.23 percent. The decadal growth rate of population in Uttarakhand is 18.81 percent, while Garhwal reports a –1.52 decadal growth in the population. The decadal growth rate of urban population in Utta- rakhand is 39.93 percent, while Garhwal reports a 25.4 percent. The district population density is 129 in 2011. The Scheduled Caste population in the district is 17.8 per- cent while Scheduled Tribe comprises 0.32 percent of the population.

LITERACY

The overall literacy rate of Garhwal district is 82.02 percent while the male & female literacy rates are 92.71 percent and 72.60 percent respectively. At the block level, a considerable variation is noticeable in male-female literacy rate. Thailisain has the lowest literacy male and female rates at 89.24 percent and 61.93 percent respectively. Srinagar has the highest male and female literacy rates at 94.39 percent and 82.74 percent respectively.

Source: Census 2011

As urban population is present only in five blocks of Srinagar, Pauri, Lansdwone, Kotdwara and Yamkeshwar; the urban literacy rate could be accounted only in these blocks. Among the five, Kotdwara has the lowest urban literacy rate at 88.46 percent and Lansdowne has the highest with 95.9 percent. Thailisain has the lowest rural literacy rate at 73.99 percent and Srinagar has the highest with 85.54 percent. Source: Census 2011 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

The three sectors of the economy – primary, secondary and tertiary – reflect the direction of growth of any region. In Garhwal the tertiary (services) sector contributed the maximum share of 59.63 percent to Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) which is higher than that of Uttarakhand’s share of 51.9 percent to Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2013-14. The district’s primary (agricultural) sector contributes about 1/10th to GDDP (9.83 percent) while the secondary sector’s contribution is 29.63 percent. The GDDP of Garhwal in tertiary sector is more than that in Uttarakhand.

On considering Net District Domestic Product (NDDP), Garhwal has 10.47 percent of share in the primary sector, 26.3 percent secondary sector share, while 66.22 percent of the income comes from the tertiary sector. Uttarakhand, as a state, gets 10.31 percent of its output (NSDP) from the primary sector, one third from the secondary sector (33.43 percent); but is certainly led by the tertiary sector (56.26 percent). The district’s share in NDDP to the primary and tertiary sectors are more than that of the state and secondary sector lags behind that of the state as per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Uttarakhand, 2004-05 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Uttarakhand, 2004- to 2013-14 with base year, 2004-05. 05 to 2013-14 with base year, 2004-05

The per capita income or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year. Garhwal’s per capita income (Rs. 85156 is less than that of the state (Rs. 1,12,428). Low per capita income is usually an indicator of poverty in a region. According to the Planning Commission, Gov- ernment of India (2009), the proportion of population living below poverty line is ninth highest in Garhwal in rural with Poverty Ratio- PVR (2004-05) of 31.8 and second in urban sector with PVR of 52.58. 79.17 percent of the poor in Garhwal are in rural and 20.83 percent are in urban. Considering the distribution of poor across districts of urban and rural Uttarakhand, 7.2 percent of rural poor and 6.92 percent of urban poor population are in Garhwal.

As per Census 2011, the percentage of main workers in the total workforce in In terms of work participation rate Work Participation Rate Garhwal is 23.93 percent which is slightly higher than the State main workers (WPR) in the district, the male Male Female (28.46 percent). Among the four categories, Cultivators form about 54.94 WPR at 45.09 percent is higher percent of all workers which form the highest percent, while agricultural la- than that of female WPR at 35.17 Srinagar 47.17 23.16 bourers form 5.0 percent. The catchall category ‘Other Workers’ form 38.01 percent Pauri 45.79 42.76 percent of the entire working population of the district which is much lower Thailsain 45.06 50.34 than that of the cultivators . It includes forms of employment in secondary Yamkeshwar has the highest male and tertiary sector. The workers in household industry forms 2.06 percent. WPR (47.6 percent) and Dhoo- Dhoomakot 44.69 45.41 makot has the lowest male WPR Lansdowne 45.45 38.97 (44.69 percent). Thailisain has the highest female WPR (50.34 per- Satpuli 47.32 39.29 cent) and Kotdwara has the low- Chaubattakhal 44.87 49.03 est female WPR (15.17 percent) Kotdwara 45.03 15.17

Yamkeshwar 47.60 36.58 Other Workers Cultivators Agricultural Labourer Household Workers 38.01 percent Garhwal District 45.09 35.17 54.94 percent – 5.0 percent 2.06 percent Source: Census 2011 Source: Census 2011 BASIC AMENITIES & HEALTH Garhwal Uttarakhand

The overall percentage of households having access to improved drinking water source is 88.1 percent which is lower than the state Household (percent) with improved sanitation 66.2 64.5 average (92.9 percent) as per NFHS– 4, 2015-16. The same survey re- ports that 66.2 percent household have improved sanitation facilities Household (percent) with clean fuel for cooking 35.4 51.0 which is higher than state average of 64.5 percent. Apart from drink- ing water and sanitation facility, only 35.4 percent of household use Household (percent) with improved drinking 88.1 92.9 clean fuel for cooking compared to state average of 51 percent. How- water source

ever, in the district, 98.1 percent of household having electricity 98.1 97.5 which is higher than that of the state average (97.5 percent). Household (percent) with electricity Source: NFHS-4, 2015-16

In terms of health facilities, besides a district hospital, there is a network of sub- health centres (SHCS/Sub-HCs), Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs) across the district. CHCs have the highest spread, followed by PHCs and then sub- health centres. Hence, CHCs and PHCs cater to a higher proportion of population than sub- health centres. The Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the community. NUTRITIONAL STATUS Health Facilities Covered Nutritional Status (Children under 5 Years)

Garhwal Uttarakhand No. of Community Health Centre 05 59 Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

No. of Primary Health Centre 32 257 Stunted* 22.9 22.9 NA 33.5 34.0 32.5

Wasted* 27.4 25.1 NA 19.5 19.9 18.6 No. of Sub Health Centre 239 1848 Underweight* 27.9 27.1 NA 26.6 27.1 25.6 Garhwal Uttarakhand Source: NFHS 4, 2015-16 Source: RHS 2016 in HMIS (*for births in the 5 years before the survey)

Infant Mortality Rate Maternal Mortality Ratio In Garhwal, the proportion of stunted children is lesser in rural (22.9 percent)

areas than in Uttarakhand having 34.0 percent of stunted children. Garhwal 33* Garhwal 158 Among the three broad categories, the average proportion of wasted chil- dren appears to be the lowest both in State & District; 27.4 percent in Garhwal Uttarakhand 33** Uttarakhand 165 which is almost the double of that in Uttarakhand (19.5 percent).

Sources: In Uttarakhand, about 26.6 percent of its under 5 year population is under- Source: Annual Health Survey 2012-13 *Annual Health Survey 2012-13 weight, while in Garhwal it is slightly higher with 27.9 percent. **SRS 2016 *Stunted-Height for Age; Wasted-Weight for Height; Underweight-Weight for Height

EDUCATIONAL STATUS — DISTRICT

(Government Schools include schools administered under Central Government, Local Bodies, Tribal and Social Welfare Department and Department of Education) Garhwal has 2245 Govt. schools, of which 2237 are till elementary grade. The district has 146 contractual teachers. Out of 2237 Govt. elementary schools in Garhwal have 739 Anganwadi Centres. Of all 2245 Govt. schools; only 739 have Anganwadis. In other words, only 32.9 percent of all Govt. schools have An- ganwadis. In Garhwal, average numbers of teachers at elementary to higher secondary grade is 3.4 while it is approximately 3.4 at the elementary level. Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) at the elementary level is 7 in Garhwal, while it is 11 across schools with elementary to higher secondary grades.

Government Schools– Elementary to Hr. Secondary Grade Government Schools– Elementary Grade Only

739 Number of school having AWC* 739 2245 Number of school 2237 Girls enrolment is 1.05 times lesser than Girls enrolment is 1.04 times higher than 83708 Total enrolment (excluding AWC) 51156 boys enrolment boys enrolment 41017 Boys enrolment 24963 42691 Girls enrolment 26193

7685 Total teachers 7608

146 Contractual teachers 146 Male teachers recruitment is 1.49 times Male teacher recruitment is 1.51 times 4619 Male teachers 4558 more than female teachers more than female teachers 3066 Female teachers 3050 3.42 Average number of teachers per school 3.4 11 Pupil teacher ratio 7

* Anganwadi Centres Source: DISE, 2016-17

School Facilities As far as provision of infrastructure facilities are concerned, 2234 schools in the district have buildings . Out of the total, 2170 government schools have Library facilities . Out of the total, 2176 government schools have toilets for girls.

Average Annual Dropout Rate

Drop-out rate in Govt. schools in Garhwal is 4.25 percent at the Primary level. However, it is seen to increase as one moves to higher grades. The Drop out rates are 1.49 percent in Upper Primary level, 7.7 percent in Secondary level and 2.89 percent at Higher Secondary level. Girls tend to drop out slightly more than boys, and dropout rate increases as pupils move up the grade ladder. At the Secondary level, dropout rate among boys is 7.96 percent, while the same among girls is as high as 7.43 percent. Drop-out rate for boys is seen to be highest at the secondary level. 2.31% Higher Secondary Higher Secondary 3.49%

Average Dropout Rate is seen to steadily 7.43 % Secondary

Secondary 7.96% increase for both boys and girls across 2.33% Upper Primary Upper Primary 0.59% higher grades.

3.92% Primary Primary 3.92 % Source: DISE, 2016-17 Note: Negative rate is not displayed which is because of inconsistent enrolment data. The tip of the arrow indicates to the higher value.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS — BLOCK Blocks Total number of No. of schools Percentage of schools having AWCs Schools with AWCs Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) All Schools Bironkhal 190 65 41.1 Dugadda 192 36 19.3 Among the 15 blocks of Garhwal district, Pabau has the highest number of all Dwarikahl 178 47 28.2 Govt. schools with Anganwadi centers with 62.3 percent. Pauri block has the Ekeshwar 131 65 47.3 lowest percentage of Govt. schools with Anganwadi centers with 15.0 percent. Jayharikhal 137 38 28.7 In total, 36.9 percent of Govt. schools have AWC in the district. Kaljikhal 153 35 33.1 Khirsu 89 13 20.2 Kot 132 31 22.7 Nainidanda 149 86 60.4 Pabau 151 75 62.3 Pauri 127 17 15.0 Pokhra 101 30 47.5 Rikhanikhal 135 72 54.8 Thalisain 212 57 28.8 Yamkeshwar 168 72 45.2 All Blocks 2245 739 36.9 Source: DISE, 2016-17 EDUCATIONAL STATUS — BLOCK

Blocks No. of Schools Enrolment Pupil Teacher Ratio Boys (%) Girls (%) Total Primary Only Primary with Upper Primary Total Bironkhal 190 49.20 50.80 5667 8 0 11 Dugadda 192 48.01 51.99 11950 13 0 14 Dwarikahl 178 48.79 51.21 5151 7 0 8 Ekeshwar 131 49.68 50.32 3108 6 0 8 Jayharikhal 137 51.89 48.11 4677 7 3 8 Kaljikhal 153 48.16 51.84 3754 6 0 8 Khirsu 89 47.56 52.44 3417 7 0 10 Kot 132 51.95 48.05 3750 7 0 8 Nainidanda 149 49.37 50.63 4574 8 0 10 Pabau 151 48.45 51.55 5734 9 0 12 Pauri 127 48.34 51.66 4861 8 0 10 Pokhra 101 48.28 51.72 2299 7 0 9 Rikhanikhal 135 49.69 50.31 5192 9 0 12 Thalisain 212 48.00 51.99 13435 16 0 19 Yamkeshwar 168 50.53 49.47 6139 10 0 12 All Blocks 2245 49.00 51.00 83708 9 3 11 Source: DISE, 2016-17 Garhwal has 2245 Govt. schools. Thalisain block has the highest number of Govt. schools (212) and Khirsu has the lowest number of Govt. schools (89). Enrolment rate among girls remain constant- ly higher than that of the boys across all blocks in Garhwal, except in Jayharikhal, Kot and Yamkeshwar where boys enrolment. In Garhwal, Govt. schools account for 49.0 percent of boys enrol- ment and 51.0 percent of girls enrolment. Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) at both primary and upper primary level remains below the RTE mandate of 30 and 35 respectively. Blocks Teachers Contractual Teachers Average no. of teachers per school Male Female Total Male Female Total Primary Only Primary with Upper Primary Total Bironkhal 390 137 527 7 8 15 1.9 0.0 2.8 Dugadda 382 471 853 3 4 7 2.4 0.0 4.4 Dwarikahl 401 222 623 4 2 6 1.8 0.0 3.5 Ekeshwar 243 150 393 4 1 5 1.7 0.0 3.0 Jayharikhal 357 209 566 17 16 33 1.8 5.0 4.1 Kaljikhal 292 203 495 0 5 5 1.7 0.0 3.2 Khirsu 156 184 340 0 2 2 1.8 0.0 3.8 Kot 268 216 484 11 9 20 1.6 0.0 3.6 Nainidanda 317 132 449 6 9 15 1.8 0.0 3.0 Pabau 286 210 496 2 1 3 1.8 0.0 3.2 Pauri 230 269 499 2 1 3 1.7 0.0 3.9 Pokhra 175 90 265 1 4 5 1.7 0.0 2.6 Rikhanikhal 299 141 440 7 4 11 1.8 0.0 3.3 Thalisain 548 177 725 10 4 14 2.0 0.0 3.4 Yamkeshwar 275 255 530 0 2 2 1.9 0.0 3.1 All Blocks 4619 3066 7685 74 72 146 1.9 5.0 3.4 Source: DISE, 2016-17 The proportion between male and female teachers is seen to vary heavily among the districts at Garhwal. The male-female imbalance in workforce is seen to be the highest in Thalisain, and lowest in Khirsu. However blocks of Duggada ,Khirsu and Pauri have more female teachers than male teachers. Interestingly, the districts of Garhwal has only 146 para teachers out of a total teaching cadre of 7685. Measuring the average number of teachers each school has, it is seen that at the primary level, four blocks– Kaljikhal, Ekeshwar, Pokhra and Pauri have only 1.7 average teachers per school, the lowest among all blocks. A typical school will sections (Primary to Secondary) tend to have 3.4 teachers on an average.

In Garhwal district, a total of 7685 teachers are employed in Govt. schools, out of which 4619 are male and 3066 are female. Pokhra (265) employs the lowest number of teachers among all blocks, of which 90 are female teachers. Dugadda block has the highest total of 853 teachers, of which 382 are males and 471 are females. Professional Qualification of Teachers

District Garhwal B.El.Ed. (0.79%) B.Ed. or equivalent (28.12 %) Others (14.83 %)

Kot (3.10%)

Duggada (3.00%) Pokhra (3.00%) Yamkeshwar (1.70%)

Pauri (2.60%) Nainidanda (2.00%) In terms of professional qualifications, only 0.79

Thalisain (1.93%) percent of teachers have a B.El.Ed. degree only Teachers qualified with a B.El.Ed. Jayharikhal (2.00%) in the district. Kot has the highest proportion of Dwarikahl (2.00%) Degree in Garhwal Bironkhal (0.95%) teachers with B.El.Ed. degree (3.10 percent). Khirsu (1.00%) Rikhanikhal (1.36%) Pabau (1.00%) Kaljikhal (1.01%) Ekeshwar (2.54%)

Rikhanikhal (72.05%) Kot (71.00%) Thalisain (69.79%) Pabau (72.58%) Another 28.12 percent have B.Ed. or Pokhra ( 67.17%) Jayharikhal (66.08%) equivalent degrees as well in the dis- Ekeshwar (67.00%) Teachers qualified with a B.Ed. or trict. Among the blocks, Pabau has the Khirsu (66.47%) equivalent Degree in Garhwal highest number of teachers with B. Ed. Kaljikhal (65.00%) Dwarikahl (65.01%) degree (72.58 percent) and the least is Pauri (63.00%) in Dugadda (54.28 percent). Bironkhal (63.57%) Yamkeshwar (58.87%) Nainidanda (61.00%) Dugadda (54.28%) Dugadda (39.74%) Yamkeshwar (38.11%) Nainidanda (33.18%) Kaljakhal (32.73%) Pauri (31.86%) Dwarikahl (30.66%) Around 14.83 percent of the total teaching Teachers qualified with any Ekeshwar (29.26%) cadre hold degrees other than a B.Ed. or a

other* degree in Garhwal Khirsu (30.29%)

Jayharikhal (30.21%)(21.44%) Ghat B.El.Ed. Bironkhal (30.74%) Pabau (23.99%) Thalisain (24.69%) Kot (24.59%) Rikhanikhal (24.09%) Source: DISE, 2015-16 Pokhra (26.04%)

A moderate proportion of teachers are with no professional degree (1.07 percent). * other category includes teachers with professional degree equivalent to D. El.Ed, M. Ed or equivalent, Others, Diploma in Teacher Training and Diploma or Degree in Special Education.

This is a preliminary report published based on publicly available data. Some of the issues discussed in the report are compl ex in nature and need further investigation and analysis. This publication is freely available for sharing for non -commercial purposes, and without any change, subject to due credit to the publisher.