AMBORELLALES Amborella trichopoda: (1) 2:6 6:58 Cabomb- MAGNOLIIDS MAGNOLIIDS An isolated . aceae 5:13 ANGIOSPERMS: The flowering Evidence suggests it Water lilies, Widespread 22:200 Canellaceae Yerba is sister to all other Barclaya S & E Asia, 5:3615 mansa 5:6 Water lilies Himant- 5:11 50:2500 Trees, Aromatic Nymphaeaceae N & S Am 2:75 Piperaceae Saururaceae 5-8:480 A chart of flowering families flowering plants. (2) Degeneri- andraceae Sweetshrub Lauraceae , trees: (Sub)trop E As, N Am Cosmopolitan, Magnoliaceae Trees 1:2 Shrubs, trees Siparunaceae Am, Gtr Afr Pepper, Pepper elder, Birthwort, Pipe- (3) freshwater aceae Cinnamon, Bay, Monimiaceae Herbs NYMPHAEALES Trees and shrubs Fiji 1:2 SE Asia, Calycanthaceae Trop Am, W Afr White cinn- Betel pepper,Kava,Cubeb vine, Snake-root This chart depicts a phylogeny of all existing flowering plants. The disks represent 1:12 Austr Aromatic Avocado, Camphor, (Sub)tropics, amon 1:1 (1) & (2) aquatics with Magnolia,Champak, N Am, E As, Sassafras: Trees, Austr, S Am, Shrubs, herbs, Aristolochiaceae families of plants. Groups of related families are indicated by a hierarchy of regions. Amborell- Annual, Tulip NE Austr shrubs, trees, small trees and lianas Herbs, shrubs,vines Lactori- aceae tufted aquatics diverse flower structure. few lianas shrubs, parasitic SE Asia 4-7:60-90 Root 1:1 daceae Some of these groups are named. Insets below explain how to interpret the chart New (3) many characters 2: 227 129:2220 vines: (Sub)trop, Winteraceae Pantropical, parasites Widespread, Juan Fern- and describe the information associated with each . Caledonia Hydatellaceae Eupom- 6-7:16 Hydnoraceae anomalous. Annonaceae atiaceae 1:3 SE As,S Am Trees and shrubs forests not Arctic andez Is Austr, NZ, Forest Athero- 1:1 5:55 Winter’s bark Gtr Afr, 2:7 Shrub trees, often Ylang-ylang,Sweetsop, Trees,shrubs spermataceae Greasenut India 4:75 Gomorteg- Warm mts & cool C&S Am For more than 250 years, families of flowering plants and relationships between aromatic Soursop,Custard apple, New Guinea E&W S Pacific aceae Hernandiaceae temp:S hemis, Herbs, Pawpaw (Asimina), E Austr Trees, shrubs Chile Trees, shrubs, families were determined mainly by morphology (the structure, shape and number shrubs, trees Myristicaceae Aromatic LAURALES not Afr Chloranthaceae Indian mast tree Blackheart tree vines of plant parts). Since the early 1990s, genetic information has become available CHLORANTHALES Nutmeg, Mace Trees, shrubs, lianas sassafras Pantropical, PIPERALES Position unclear, Pacific,S&E As, coastal and now the affinity of species, genera and families is based primarily on this 1:1-2 tropical Am, Pantropical Pantropical,N Am, Austro- possibly sister to 20:475 Old World molecular evidence. The previous morphological classifications were, to some baileyaceae the Magnoliids. Madgscr CANELLALES NE Austr extent, supported by the molecular analysis. However, major changes have been Lianas MONOCOTS 189:2361 necessary both to the circumscription of some families and to the placement of MAGNOLIALES Orchids, ARECALES ALISMATALES including vanilla, Arecaceae families relative to each other and to the corresponding higher groupings. 3:92 Mainly families of aquatic plants, (Sub)tropics - Kadsura,Star 1-2:6 helleborines,salep etc. anise: Trees, W Pacific (except (1) and (2)), with the only few Afr & temp shrubs & climbers Trimeniaceae truly marine flowering plants. (3) PANDANALES Orchidaceae Trees, shrubs, vines This chart is based on the extensive recent work aimed at resolving the molecular Schisandraceae Trees,vines, includes Lilaeaceae and Maundia, Cosmopolitan,wet tropics Palms: Date, Sago, phylogeny of flowering plants (see the references below) and is updated as new N&C America, (1) shrubs (4) Limnocharitaceae. 12:225 Smilax, Mycorrhizal herbs, many Coconut,Rattan, results become available. It depicts a classification in terms of a hierarchical S&E Asia 7:102 Woolly 1:1-10 Panama hat Sarsaparilla lily-like herbs epiphytic, some lianas Areca,Talipot grouping of families. Most placements are now well-established, but uncertainties Cosmopolitan, Ditchgrass 1:9 plant 16:635 Med, Austr Lanariaceae and subterranean temperate Ruppiaceae Cyclanthaceae Smilacaceae Afr Cape Austr, remain - these we have tried to indicate on the chart (see the inset below for details). Potamogetonaceae Posidoni- Herbs, Prickly climbers 788:20000 S&E Asia1:6 AUSTRO- Subaquatic, aceae climbers Herbs, shrubs, Lily, Fritillary, 1:1 Freshwater herbs coasts Submarine Widespread Hypoxis Hanguan- BAILEYALES Pondweed Stemonaceae lianas Tulip,Calochortus Marshaceae Spiderwort, The aim of the chart is to present some of the recent work in plant phylogeny in an (1) includes 5:16 Tropic Am Herbs: corms 2-4:36 Tradescantia (Potamogeton) Cymodoce- E As, Austr, 2:315 Geophytic herbs Astelia 1:4 herbs attractive and easily assimilable form and, at the same time, to provide a map of Illicium. or rhizomes Blandfordi- Commelinaceae 4:154:15 aceae E N Am N temp,E As, Asteliaceae flowering plant families with brief notes on each family. We hope that this will provide Arrowgrass Manatee grasses 4:27 N Am Hypoxidaceae aceae Succulent herbs, (Triglochin) 2:14 Undersea grass Trees, S&C Pacific, Lily-like herbs 4:5 a useful resource. Conservation of all biodiversity is both highly important and urgent. Marsh herbs Eel-grass 8:48 shrubs, lianas Tropics-temp, few climbers Juncaginaceae Trop & warm Herbs: S Africa Indian Ocean E Austr Herbs (Sub)tropics Many species of significance in plant phylogeny are particularly endangered. JuncaginaceaeMarsh herbs Zosteraceae sea,Austr (Sub)tropics Screw pines saprophytic Herbs Philydraceae Cosmopolitan, 1:6 7-9:200 40:652 Cosmopolitan Undersea grass Triuridaceae Pandanaceae Corsiaceae SW Pacific E Asia, coastal (3) Non-green Austr 106:4025 Subtropical- OW (sub)tropics, W Pacific, Rhipogon- (1) Araceae temp saprophytic coast & marsh S S Am aceae Cormose Austr 9:33 MONOCOTS Apono- herbs Climbers 14:116 Arum,Philodendron, 15:88 3:885 3:30 herbs 1:3 1:2 Boryaceae Pickerelweed, Relationship with getonaceae Aquatic and Petro- 9:240 Herbs Ixioliriaceae Doryanth- Water hyacinth Bloodwort, Taro,Monstera,Anthurium, Marsh saviaceae Xeromorphic Kangaroo paw Magnoliids and Cape pondweed, Scheuch- marsh herbs Xeromorphic Paris, Trillium, SS Am Egypt to aceae Pontederiaceae Duckweed,Water lettuce Alismataceae Herbs & myco shrubs Lapageria Giant herbs ‘lily trees’ Water hawthorn zeriaceae -trophs 2:4 False hellebores C As Aq/marsh herbs Haemodoraceae : possibly Herbs,climbers,aquatics Aqu/marsh herbs Arrowgrass Water plantain Philesiaceae E Austr N polar: 1:1 S&EAs Velloziaceae 2:12 (Sub)tropics, Austr, S Af, Am, 16:94 sister to Eudicots. including Lemna OW trop,S Afr NPod-grasspolar 1:1 Cosmopolitan, Melanthiaceae 8:23 temp,Am (1) Arid: Tropical Shrubs, 2:2 New Guinea Marsh herbs Age: > c110-120 Cosmopolitan, 1:43 (4) N temp,Am N hemisphere, vines Tecophilae- Rapateaceae tropics PETRO- S Am,Gtr Afr, E As, EN Am aceae 67:1800 Herbs 4:16 Mya (earliest re- 18:116 1:1 COMMELINALES Trop S Am, 5:260 OW temp SAVIALES China 16:170 Cormose herbs Iridaceae Dasypogon- 57:1400 Yellow-eyed POALES cognised monocot Small herbs Frogbit, Elodea aceae Guiana mtns, 1:2-4 Butomaceae Bog Chile, Calif, Crocus, Iris, Freesia, 2:35 Stout Bromeliaceae grass (Xyris) (1) includes pollen). 2:4 1 sp W Af 1:2-30 Acoraceae Tofieldiaceae Hydrocharitaceae Flowering asphodel 5:170 Gtr Afr Crocosmia, Gladiolus Banana, herbs to Bromeliads: Airplants, Xyridaceae Mossy Sparganiaceae. Sweet flag rush SW Pacific small trees Hornwort SE USA,N S Am Submersed aquatics, 13:126 Nartheciaceae Alstroemer- Manila hemp 1:15 Pineapple,Spanish moss Marsh herbs 1:4 herbs Wet: N Am, Campynem- Perennial herbs Musaceae W&S Austr Mayacaceae Cosmopolitan N temp including marine Mycotrophic N temp, NS Am, ataceae Herbs, iaceae 120-150: Lowiaceae (Sub)tropics to 2:4 Ceratophyllaceae Eurasia (2) Widespread Giant herbs Bird Herbs and shrubs, Am, 1 sp in 3-5:27 Cosmopolitan, forest herbs, SE Asia:Herbs Herbs climbers:Peruvian 2300-2650 Orchid-like of paradise xerophytes & epiphytes warm temp, Thurniaceae Submerged tropics inc Thismia OW (sub)trop N Am Afr rootless ACORALES (2) 4-5:41 lily, Bomarea Asparagaceae Xero- forests forest herbs Strelitziaceae (Sub)tropic Am, Pipewort Grassy herbs herbs Burmanniaceae C&S Am,NZ, Widespread: Squill, nemataceae SE Asia S Am,Gtr Afr Cattail, S Afr,S Am Tropics, E As, Yams, 1:1 3:7 1 sp W Af Grassy herbs (1) Austr Asparagus, Hyacinth, Large herbs Bur-reed 98:4350 CERATOPHYLLALES NZ,(US?) Black bryony, E Austr Asphodel, 1:2 NZ, New Eriocaulaceae EUDICOTS Petermanni- Yucca, Agave, Ruscus, Caledonia Typhaceae (1) Cyperaceae Position unclear, possibly EUDICOTS Bat plant, Ube, aceae Aspidistra, Cordyline Aloe, Daylily ZINGIBERALES Scattered, 7:430 Age: c125 Mya sister to the Eudicots. CORE EUDICOTS Polynesian arrowroot 15:245 4:110 Widespread Grassy herbs, few (1) Climber Herbs,shrubs, Widespread, Austr Costaceae Marsh herbs (sub)tropics,S.Am shrubs and lianas Juncaceae (triaperturate Dioscoreaceae Gloriosa, Xanthorrhoeaceae trees,succs Large herbs 1:100-200 2:22-27 marsh areas Sedges,Clubrush,Coco Rushes, including pollen appears). Climbers, herbs Meadow saffron (4) Large herbs Woodrush Pantropical (3) Geophytic herbs Pantropical: Am, 10:1160 grass,Papyrus,Eleoch- RANUNCULALES PROTEALES Colchicaceae to ‘grass trees’ Heliconiaceae Joinville- aris(Water chestnut) Grassy herbs, shrubs 4:817 Geophytes, some 60:1605 SE As - Austr aceae Widespread, E Asia Nelumbo- 1:10 Geophytic herbs 35:900 Lobster-claw 1:2 Widespread,cool climbers (2) Costa (Heliconia) 1:4 Coarse herbs marsh, cool Euptele- 44:760 1:1-2 naceae 80:1600 DIOSCOREALES Malaysia, marshes aceae Sacred lotus Platanaceae OW, N Am Aromatic S and C Am, Flagellari- W Austr & mtns Herbs, few Proteaceae (1) includes Taccaceae and (2) forest herbs aceae Pacific Tree, shrub shrubs,vines Am, S As, Plane trees Agapanthus, Garlic, SW Pacific Ecdeiocol- 1:2 N Austr Grevillea, Banksia, Thismiaceae, both provisionally. Zingiberaceae 31:550 OW tropics 2:3 eaceae 3:11 Papaveraceae N Am,SE As, Macadamia, Protea Onion, Daffodil, Clivia, Climbers S Europe LILIALES Ginger, E Ind arrowroot, Herbs, lianas Sedge-like Anarthriaceae Poppy, Fumitory, Trees, shrubs Amaryllis, Snowdrop 1:10 668:10025 herbs 58:520 VITALES (1) includes Cardamom, Turmeric Marantaceae 3:35 Opium, Hypecoum Austr, NZ, (S) Afr, Widespread Cannaceae Poaceae Rush-like Centro- Cape rush 9:36 Widespread, Position unclear, Luzuriagaceae. Pantropical, Bamburanta, Prayer herbs C&S Am,S&E As plant,W.Ind arrowroot, (Sub)trop Am The grasses, including lepidaceae Akebia, N temp 70:420 possibly sister Indomalaysia W Austr Restionaceae Sargentodoxa Arid areas to other . Water canna Large lily-like Wheat, Rice, Maize/Corn, Grassy/mossy Lianas, trees, 3:100 c50:c1200 herbs: Austr, NZ, Rush-like herbs Lardizabalaceae shrubs and herbs Sabiaceae (Sub)tropics, herbs Sorghum, Oat, Millet, Rye, Vines, shrubs TROCHO- Position of (1) uncertain. (2) includes Am SE As, SS Am, S hemis & SE As, Menispermaceae Trees,shrubs, Canna Bamboo, Sugar-cane, Age: c60-55 trop mtns S Af, Austr, NZ S & E Asia, Trees DENDRALES 14:850 Asphodelaceae and Hemerocallidaceae, Mya (grass Chile Moonseed, Curare few climbers Barley, Tef, Reed (Chondrodendron) Tropical Am, Trochoden- Vitaceae (3) Alliaceae and Agapanthaceae, and pollen). COMMELINIDS 14:701 draceae Grape,Cissus,Leea Cosmopolitan Relationship of Barberry, (Sub)tropics, S&E As ZYGO- CELASTRALES (4) Agavaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, 2:2 few temp S&E Asia Climbers, herbs, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmanniaceae, orders uncertain. Circae- Epimedium,Twin- 2:2 PHYLLALES (1) includes shrubs & trees Stackhousiaceae, Themidaceae and Ruscaceae. asteraceae ,Sacred bamboo Widespread, India,China Berberidaceae 1:2 1:18 Parnassiaceae and Cercidi- (sub)tropics Rhatany EUDICOTS CORE EUDICOTS Herbs Trees, shrubs, herbs phyllaceae Pottingeriaceae. N temp, SE As, Katsura tree Krameriaceae Plants of varied habitat, including C&S Am mts 1:13 2:2-3 ROSIDS 1:33 Altingiaceae E Asia Hemiparasitic important component of tropical GERANIALES (1) includes Heteropyxidaceae 62:2525 4:11 herbs & shrubs Lepido- MALVIDS Paeoniaceae Sweetgum botryaceae rainforest understorey. (1) includes FABIDS and Psiloxylaceae, (2) Mem- Trees 1:10 America (1) includes Hypse- Ranunculaceae Peony, Moutan S&E As, Med, C&S Am,Afr Turneraceae & Malesherbiaceae, Relationship of ocharis, (2) Franco- ecylaceae and (3) Sonnerati- Buttercup, Hellebore, Daphniphyll- Herbs & shrubs C&N Am aceae 22:285 Trees (2) Hugoniaceae, (3) Aneulophus, orders tentative. aceae and Greyia, aceae (some mangroves), (4) Anemone, Clematis, Tropical N temperate, Lignum vitae, 95:1400 Oliniaceae (1:5; trees, shrubs) (1) includes Aceraceae Trees Trees, shrubs Creosote bush (1) (4) Medusagyne & Quiinaceae, (5) (3) Ledocarpaceae Glaucidium, Hydrastis etc S Am,W Afr E Asia Staff trees,Kokoon, and Rhynchotheca. & Rhynchocalycaceae (1 tree). and Hippocastanaceae. Herbs,climbers,shrubs 27:82 E&S Asia Zygophyllaceae Spindle trees,Mayten, Samydaceae, Scyphostegiaceae (1) Witch hazel Cosmopolitan, Herbs, shrubs, Khat,Grass of Parnassus and Trichostephanus, (6) Bhesa. 7:805 (3) 34:1370 Hamamelidaceae few trees: xeros 2:14 30:145 Shrubs N temp 1:2 Celastraceae (7), (8) and (9) need regrouping. (5) Achariaceae Pelargonium, 3:16 2:6 Sumac(h), 18:550 GUNNER- Succ herbs, Trees, shrubs Widespread, Lacistemat- 56:1012 & wdy herbs Kirkiaceae Trees,shrubs Aphano- 1:150 Cosmopolitan,tropics Many relationships unresolved aceae Trees, shrubs, Cranesbill, Erodium Shrubs Pistachio, petalaceae shrubs,1 aquatic Widespread, (sub)trop Salicaceae Vivianiaceae Harmal Trees,shrubs ALES Trees, shrubs Trees, shrubs, (climbing) herbs Geraniaceae Cashew, Poison ivy, Burseraceae Viny shrubs Crassulaceae E As climbers, some 2:21 Trees,shrubs Willow, Sallow, 1:2 S Am,Andes Nitrariaceae E&S Afr, Mango, Lacquer tree Frankincense, Gtr Afr Austr Grossulariaceae herbs Trop Am C&S Am Osier, Aspen, Poplar, NE S Am (Sub)tropics Herbs,few shrubs 4-7:18 Arid, N hemis, Mdgsr BUXALES Myrothamn- Stonecrop,House- Goupiaceae Chaulmoogra oil, Anacardiaceae Myrrh, Pili- N temp, Andes Trees,shrubs 13:584 Brushholly, Kei apple Widespread, few Austr & Trees, shrubs, vines Tropics, warm Includes Didymelaceae 1:2 aceae leek, Kalanchoe Evergreen Afr dogrose 5:13 N Am 33:540 Gooseberry, 26:280 Caryocaraceae Pantropical Widespread, tropics, trees temp (2) (Sub)tropics,temp temperate (2 species of trees from Resurrection 8:145 Widespread, Afr, S S Am plants Saxifragaceae Currants Cunoniaceae Position Souari tree, few Austr,none NZ (1) 19:95 70:600 Madagascar). Aquatic/marsh S Afr, Mex Clusiaceae Melianthaceae Tropics, temp herbs, few shrubs Saxifrage, Astilbe, Eucryphia,Ulmo, uncertain, Pequi Gamboge,Pitchapple, Trees 23:800 Passion- Bieber- 1:40-50 Rodgersia, Heuchera Kamahi,Coachwood Trop Afr possibly in 3:15 3:35 , Stripeseed, Natal bottlebrush steiniaceae 4:70 Box, Haloragaceae Huaceae Mangosteen,Bacuri Gunneraceae 1:1 Mainly herbs Tropics, S hemis, Oxalidales. Pandaceae SE Asia, Violet, Pansy, Granadilla, Damiana Shrubs,trees, 2:46 Greece-C As Trees and shrubs Trees, 161:1815 Pachysandra Water milfoil Tasmania Shrubs, trees Trees, shrubs, herbs Hairy herbs Tree of heaven, Marsh herbs N temp-Arctic,trop few Africa Garlic-tree Trees,shrubs C&S Am White ipecacuanha Passifloraceae Macary bitter few (sub)shrubs Buxaceae S&C Pacific, Widespread, Tetracarp- Trees, shrubs, epiphytes 1:5 Quassia aeaceae mnts,S temp 2:3 W Africa to 1:1 Bonnetiaceae Trees, shrubs, vines, Tropics, warm temp, Picramniaceae Meliaceae Citrus, Choisya, Rue, Mainly shrubs Gtr Afr, S hemis 2-3:21 climbers Evergreen some herbs Am,Af. Herbs,vines, 14:500 Mahogany, Omu, Angostura, Dictamnus, Widespread, 1:2 Shrub Iteaceae 6:770 SE Asia 14:476 (Sub)tropical S Am (2) 4-5:21 Lophopyxid- shrubs Widespread, (1) shrubs,trees Trees,shrubs, America 135:1580 Toon, Sapele, Jaborandi, Cneorum tropics Penthor- Sweetspire Oxalidaceae aceae 1:55 Pantropical aceae 9:560 Calophyllaceae tropics 26:932 lianas,mangroves Trees Sapindaceae WI Cedar,Neem Aromatic trees, shrubs, Fleshy herbs Trees, shrubs Wood sorrel, Oca, Brunelliaceae SE As Widespread Tamanu Combretaceae (Sub)tropics & lianas, few herbs 10:300 Carambola, Bilimbi Ixonanthaceae 3:210 Maple,Guarana,Akee, E As,N Am SE As, E Afr, Woolly trees Hypericaceae (Punnai) oil (Sub)tropics, esp PICRAM- 52:621 Widespread,tropics, In core Eudicots, C&N Am Herbs, few shrubs, Trees and Rambutan,Mamoncillo, Tropical Am, Putranjivaceae St John’s wort, Trees & shrubs 218:5735 African savannah 22:656 NIALES Lichee,Horse-chestnut (1) S Af,Austr but placement Trees, shrubs, trees and lianas shrubs Spurge,Croton, Onagraceae provisional. climbers, herbs 17:50 Widespread, esp mtns Evergreen trees and Tutsan Pantropical 5:135 (8) Afara, Idigbo Position Trees,shrubs,vines Fungi-like 12:180 shrubs Herbs,shrubs, Riverweed Rubber, Cassava, Evening primrose, Dillenia,Hibbertia (1) includes Soyauxia and (sub)trop 1:1 Peraceae Jatropha,Castor oil provisional. Widespread, non-green herbs Connaraceae Cephalot- (Sub)tropics, E As, trees (Podostemum) Fuchsia, Willowherb, (sub)tropics (Sub)tropics, Balanophoraceae (1) Medusandra, (2) Ptero- aceae Aquatic herbs Shrubs to trees Clarkia, Gaura Asia,Austr Some ‘zebrawoods’ 1:165 Afr, SE As 31:620 2:5 Root parasites stemonaceae. Trees, shrubs, Flycatcher 1:3 Podostemaceae Pantropical Trees, shrubs, herbs, Herbs, shrubs, trees 2:16 W Austr Lythraceae Cosmopolitan, Trees Trees,shrubs (Sub)tropics, (Sub)tropics woody vines Pantropical Ctenolo- (Sub)tropics: lianas, succulents 1:2 Tapisciaceae E Asia phonaceae Clutia, Pera Herbs, shrubs, trees W N Am Dipentodont- Petenaea (1 tree Shrubs, trees and Pantropical, 12:605 Dichapetalaceae 1:9 Am, As, N Am Widespread, Gerrardin- C&S Am, sp., C. Am) may SW Pacific W Af, SE As 24:80 tropics Henna,Crape myrtle, E Af aceae aceae Includes various 6:18 lianas: Some root esp OW Trees & shrubs 48:270 Stem and Pomegranate,Trapa (3) China SE As, Austr, belong here. “mistletoes”. Family Tropics 4:13 hemiparasites 1:10 (1) Trees and lianas Balanop- Trees 4:240 Picrodendr- (9) Scrambling Trees, shrubs Misodendr- Elaeocarpaceae aceae aceae root parasites (Water caltrop) shrubs C&S Am limits provisional. Strombosi- 3:c58 aceae Poisonleaf Tropics, Am Lebombo (7) aceae Ximeniaceae Aerial OXALIDALES Crinodendron, Trees Rafflesiaceae Widespread, 7:190 (1) position in Inc hemiparasites hemiparasitic Ceylon olive ironwood 8:50 tropics Jaboty, Shrubs to trees (1) includes 17:460 1:1-2 3:10 (Sub)tropics Rafflesia Trees,shrubs 3:10 uncertain. (2) includes Trop-warm temp 73:988 subshrubs (Sub)trop & temp, Euphro- 16:149 Quaruba Daphne, Kulim & Afina (on S Beech) Tremandraceae. Coco plum, Trees: Bush Coca (cocaine) SE Asia Humiriaceae Herbs and Ramin,Gaharu Comandraceae, Thes- woods ‘Yellow/hog plum’ Loranthaceae not Afr niaceae mango, Dika nut Pantropical Trees Vochysiaceae subshrubs 4:21 (3) (Ximenia) SS Am Makita Guyana mtns Small trees, 3:20 Liberian cherry, Thymelaeaceae Bixaceae 2:18 iaceae, Viscaceae, Hemiparasites Irvingiaceae Rhizophoraceae 59:1745 Bastard bullet Tropic Am, W Af Neuradaceae Sphaero- Nanodeacae, Amph- 3:3 3:c50 Chrysobalanaceae Trees shrubs Tropics, SE Asia, Trees, shrubs, Toxic trees, shrubs, Annatto, Coulaceae 1:7-14 Shrubby epiphytes, 3:23(+) C&W Africa, Red mangrove Trop Am, Allspice, Arid: India, lianas and herbs Rose imperial sepalaceae orogynaceae and Root parasites Non-green Trees and shrubs (3) S temp, few N temp climbers, few Afr, Med Tropical trees Evergreen shrubs,lianas,trees Schoepfiaceae 5:28 SE As Trees,shrubs,inc W Af Myrtle, Cloves, Widespread, Trees to herbs Madagascar Cervantesiaceae. Gabon nut, (Sub)trop, temp, parasites (Sub)tropics Evergreen 10-12:300 Guava,Eucalyptus, herbs (2) (Sub)trop, Trees and Huambula trees & shrubs Trees,shrubs,herbs Apodanthaceae mangroves S hemis & Afr 3:35 S. hemis trees and lianas 32:551 Herbs to trees, few Linaceae Bottlebrush,Tea tree arid shrubs Octoknemaceae C&S America, Am,Austr,E Afr, (1) (4) aquatics (1) 50:891 Shrubs, trees, Tropical African E Asia Trigoniaceae Ochnaceae 68:1250 Flax, Linseed Myrtaceae 243:4225+ lianas Macachi Med-SW As C&S Am,SE As Hawaiian snowbush, 8:175 forests 11:c35 Trees, shrubs, Climbers, Indian Gooseberry, Herbs, shrubs, Shrubs and trees Malvaceae (1) 17:680 Erythropalaceae Madgsr few herbs, lianas 2:35 trees, lianas (Sub)tropics, Trees, shrubs, herbs, Rockrose, 3:3 8:c33 Opiliaceae 44:990 4:34 Coryno- shrubs, small trees Waterwort Leafflower Shorea, Meranti Labdanum Muntingi- (Sub)tropics, Trees, shrubs Sandalwood carpaceae 1:5 Ochna, Azobe, (2) Widespread Am,Austr few climbers: Cotton, Tropics, SE Asia aceae trop Am (Sub)tropics Many ‘mistletoes’ Ovoga wood Bird’s eye bush Malpighiaceae Elatinaceae Cistaceae Trees Aptandraceae Trees, shrubs, Shrubs,trees Warm temp 131:4620 Kapok,Cocoa/Chocolate, Dipterocarpaceae Aromatic herbs, Angueuk wood, Santalaceae Anisophylle- SW Pacific Coriariaceae 1:35 Tropics, Acerola, Aq herbs,shrubs Hibiscus,Baobab,Durian, Trop Am climbers: root Widespread, (sub)trop aceae 1:6 Trees,shrubs Trees, shrubs S Am Forest trees: often (sub)shrubs Isano oil parasites Surette, Caapi Worldwide, Okra,Cola,Lime trees Pantropical, Root & stem hemi- Trees, shrubs Coriaria Nothofagaceae 2:6 Trees (2) 188:5005 gregariously N temp (Med), (4) (2) (Sub)tropics, tropics Jongkong Cosmopolitan, 2:10 Olivillo SE China parasites: Trees, Tropics Southern beech W Af, SE As S Am Glory bush, tropics flowering S S Am Aextoxic- shrubs,herbs 2:2 Centropl- Crypter- Cytinaceae aceae Trees SW Pacific, 7:670 Dissotis, Medinilla East Non-green root 1:1 acaceae (6) oniaceae Madagascar Chilean 118:845 Tetramel- 1:2 S Am Fagaceae 38:1100 MALVALES parasites Berberid- aceae Tall herbs Trees S&SE Asia Sarcolaenaceae opsidaceae tree Melon, Luffa, S&E As, Trees, few shrubs Moraceae Shrubs, herbs, few (1) includes Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae Med,S Af,C Am, Datiscaceae 3:10 trees, lianas Vines, shrubs Cucumber, Pumpkin Austr 7-10:50 Oak, Sweet chestnut, 6:35 Fig, Iroko, Fustic, and Bombacaceae, (2) Tepuianthus, Trees & shrubs Madagascar Austr,Chile Athel Med-C As, 52:925 (Sub)tropics, tree, Tamarisk 43:1110 Cucurbitaceae W USA Hickory, Pecan, Beech, Chinquapin, Cosmopolitan, Ulmaceae Mulberry, Breadfruit, and (3) Cochlospermaceae and 8:60 2:3 Tanoak, Cork 9:29 Tamaricaceae Polygonaceae Mainly climbers Walnut, Wingnut (sub)tropics Trees,shrubs Banyan, Osage orange S America Diegodendraceae. Family relation- BERBERID- Temp & tropical 3:45 Heathy 1:3 Shrubs-small trees Buckwheat,Rhubarb, Widespread, Rhamnaceae N temp,SE Asia, Trees,shrubs,lianas, shrubs, trees (4) ships unclear, especially (4). OPSIDALES Eurasia & Africa, Trees & shrubs forests Oleaster, C Am: Zelkova, stranglers,herbs Rhabdo- Sorrel,Dock,Russian vine tropics (1) Sea buckthorn Trees, shrubs, lianas Penaeaceae dendraceae sands esp Med Herbs, shrubs, N temp,SE As, Elm,Keaki (Sub)tropics, Trees Herbs, shrubs, few C&S Am 3:57 Elaeagnaceae Buckthorn,Jujube, Afr, St Helena, Alzateaceae 3:11 Trop S Am 5:90 vines Ceanothus, few temp 1:1 tropical trees & lianas Bog myrtle, 90:2520 Shrubs, trees S Africa C & S Am Setchell- Miswak Trees 1:90 (Sub)tropics,E As, 4:95 Wax myrtle N Am, Austr, Cascara Trees Shrub 1:2 OW (sub)tropics Cosmopolitan, Rosaceae 11:170 (2) (1) 1:2? Akaniaceae anthaceae Koeberlini- Halophytes Sea heaths not Austr or NZ Casuarin- Myricaceae Apple, Pear, Strawberry, Eurasia 54:2625 Mexico Salvadoraceae Frankeniaceae N temp 3:115 aceae 1:1 Worldwide SE Asia, 1:1 aceae Bataceae Shrub Carnivores Widespread Quince, Cherry, Bramble, Barbey- Urticaceae E Austr Shrub Arid: N Am, Trees, shrubs Simmonds- Halophytes 2:1401 SW Pacific, Cannabaceae 16:480 Am, Pacific: 27:836 SE Asia, Trees, shrubs: Rose, Almond, Plum etc 1:2 Tree aceae Nettles, Cecropia, (1) 2:2 Trees, shrubs, Limn- Bolivia coasts of savannah 1:1 iaceae Herbs,shrubs Droseraceae (1) position unclear, aromatic Dirachm- Trees to herbs Ramie, Mamaki, Helxine, anthaceae SW N Am Sea lavender, Sundew, Indian Ocean Cosmopolitan, Arabia, herbs and lianas Warm, dry Thrift, Plumbago here provisionally. She-oaks Tree aceae Hackberry, Hemp, Garden Meadowfoam Jojoba areas Venus’ fly-trap N temperate NE Af Cannabis, Hop, Pellitory-of-the-wall,Pilea Socotra, Worldwide, tropics nasturtium Capparaceae N Am herbs Plumbaginaceae Widespread, 6:145 Herbs, trees, NE Af Pigeon wood, 2:45 2:8 1:1 Hairy herbs, Bladdernut Tropaeolaceae Caper, Karir Cosmopolitan,Med Austr, NZ Some families are 1:1 Betulaceae shrubs Celtis Guam- Widespread, 10:300 Viny shrub 1:8 - C As, dry, saline shrubs, lianas, atelaceae Succ climbers Cleome, Pentadipl- Astero- 1:2 Ticodendr- Trees, shrubs tropics Physen- Herbs,shrubs, 1:90 possibly associated aceae ROSALES 730:19400 few trees S&E Asia,C&S Am, Brambly C&S Am, mts Spectacle fruit andraceae peiaceae 1:1 Tree Hazel, Hornbeam, 338:3710 aceae climbers Pitcher plants with ‘Normapolles- (1) includes Fabaceae N temp : Trees, shrub 1:1 1:95 Cleomaceae 1:2 W Afr Trees,shrubs Trees,shrubs Droso- C Am Birch, Alder C Am Brassicaceae Madgscr phyllaceae Nepenthaceae ROSIDS type’ pollen, origin- Cecropiaceae, Pea,Bean,Soya,Acacia, shrubs Papaya Herbs and shrubs Shrub,herb Madgscr ating c98-94 Mya. N temp, Andes, 21:940 Wallflower,Turnip,Stock, Tovariaceae Carnivores Indian Ocean, (2) Celtidaceae. Alfalfa,Clover,Senna,Lupin, Polygalaceae Caricaceae Widespread W Med SE Asia, SE Asia Shrubs Cabbage,Cress,Radish, C&S Am Lentil,Indigo,Carob,Mimosa, Herbs,shrubs,trees, 1:3 Trees, E As SW N Am C&S Am, Afr tropics, Am 86:2200 174:2050 N Austr Small trees 5:8 shrubs Stachy- Mustard,Rapeseed (1) 1:12 Peanut,Broom,Liquorice etc lianas, parasites Crossosomat- Small trees, Carnation, Pink, Marsh samphire, Quillajaceae Surianaceae uraceae few vines Herbs, few shrubs Herbs, 5:18+ Grubb- Cosmopolitan Milkwort, aceae Campion, Pearlwort Beet,Spinach,Orache, Ancistro- (1) includes Rhoiptelea, Temp S Am (Sub)tropics, Trees,1:5 4-6:34 Cosmopolitan, few shrubs Gyrostem- Quinoa,Celosia,Saltbush cladaceae iaceae Herbs, shrubs, Senega root shrubs Greasebush onaceae Caryophyllaceae Heathy 17:190 1 tree species, SE Asia. Austr N temperate Resedaceae Amaranthaceae Trop Afr, SE As 1:3 trees, lianas Widespread 4:12 Shrubs - Trees & shrubs, Herbs, shrubs and vines shrubs Trees, shrubs, massive trees 1:1 Mignonette,Weld Herbs, shrubs & vines Non-carnivores S Af lianas, few herbs FABALES 2:2 (1) Subshrub lvs often succ Widespread, Strasburg- Trees, Moringaceae Scattered, Med Worldwide, esp Vines Curtis- Hydrangeaceae Internal relation- Xero Ben nut, Moringa Emblingi- Austr mainly N temp, aceae shrubs shrub.1:1 aceae 3-7:75 warm temperate, iaceae Hydrangea, Deutzia, ships uncertain. Aphloiaceae Med-India, Gtr Afr Med 3:7 W Afr Evergreen SW Pacific Geissolom- W Austr Achato- arid,saline Dionco- 7:107 Philadelphus E Gtr Afr semi-arid trees S Af Cornaceae 2:1000 Trees ataceae 1:12 carpaceae phyllaceae N temp,SE As, Impatiens, 1:1 S Af Trees,shrubs Vines, some 1:1/2 Dogwood, Tupelo, S Am FABIDS BRASSICALES Warm Am 1:3 carnivores Davidia Busy Lizzie 7:130 CROSSOSOMATALES Stegnosp- 3:3 (1) includes Bretschneidera. Scattered, (2) Balsaminaceae Am tropics ROSIDS (1) includes Ixerbaceae. MALVIDS Stixaceae belongs some- 9:87 ermataceae N temp,S&E Asia Green Wdy climbers Fleshy herbs Marcgraviaceae 3:5 Tetra- EUASTERIDS where in the Brassicales. carpetweed Trees & shrubs, Widespread, OW meristaceae 2:23 C Am 1:20 creepers Lianas,epiphytes, ASTERIDS Molluginaceae Limeaceae Hydro- esp Gtr Afr, not Trees, shrubs Herbs,shrubs 14:265 some shrubs & C&S Am, Herbs, 2:6 stachydaceae Loasaceae S Am,Austr small trees (5) Malaya LAMIIDS Tropics,warm subshrubs Aquatic herbs CAMPANULIDS DIPSACALES arid, Afr Lophio- Rock nettle (1) includes Linnaeaceae, Africa,S As, carpaceae Madagascar, (C) includes (4) Austr Corbichonia C&S Afr Hairy herbs, 2:17 1:1 (C) Diervillaceae, Morinaceae, (1) vines and shrubs 18:385 Eucom- 34:c190 Apodytes, 5-7:43-45 12:80 1:1 7:16 Afr, As Am, temp Eurasia Ocotillo, Garryaceae GARRYALES 1:7 Lemon thorn, Cassinopsis, (1) Dipsacaceae and Halophy- Didiereaceae Am, Gtr Afr (3) 25:310 Garrya,Aucuba miaceae 1:2 Citronella-tree Shrubs & trees Polemoniaceae Boojum tree Trees & shrubs Decid tree C&S Am Oncothe- African white pear Emmotum (1) includes Leptaulus. Valerianaceae. taceae Woody, mainly Evergreen trees Mettenius- caceae Stemonuraceae 1:1 Phlox, Cobaea, Fouquieriaceae China aceae provisionally. Argentina 9:140+ column plants Lecythidaceae and shrubs N Caledonia (Sub)tropics Herb Barbeu- Gilia, Polemonium Spiny shrubs Evergreen Trees, shrubs, lianas Tropics: Austr, C Am- Succulent herbs Madagascar, iaceae CORNALES Brazil nut,Cannonball N&C Am, 660:11150 trees Tree,shrub Trees,shrubs, BRUNIALES 4:19 Herbs, some SW N Am C&E As (Sub)tropics, vines SE As Chile, mtns Montiaceae S & E Afr Madagascar Family relationships shrubs, trees & 1:11 tree, Barringtonia Columelli- 12:75 Climbers Rubiaceae E Asia (A) and (B) (1) includes aceae Basellaceae Blinks, Lewisia, Liana unclear. (1) uncertain lianas Tropics, S Am, Holly, S Afr:Cape W Afr Trees,shrubs,lianas, positions Yerba mate, Desfontainia. Shrubs,trees (Sub)tropics,Am Spring beauties position (in ?), (2) few herbs, 1 sp. aqu. 148:2740 1:4 1:3 2:5 Bruniaceae Indian spinach, (A) uncertain. Winterberry (1) Widespread, Hottentot fig, (2) includes Nyssaceae Chicle, Star 87:1655 Gardenia, Coffee, (B) 1:8 Phyllonom- Helwingi- Brunia, Berzelia Madeira vine, Evidence suggests sister Gentian, Exacum, (A) includes aceae aceae Aquifoliaceae Heath-like Oca quina W America Lithops, Mesembs and Alangium. 58:2590 apple, Sapodilla, Madder, Ipecacuanha, Forget-me-not,Borage, Vahliaceae C&E Asia Trees,shrubs & vines ESCALLONIALES to Asterids. (1) includes Lisianthus, Centaury Gtr Afr, India Hydrophyll- Trees,shrubs shrubs Aizoaceae Argan, Gutta-percha Quinine, Bedstraw Comfrey,Heliotrope,Lung- C&S Am Shrubs,small Worldwide, Includes Polyosmaceae, Chenopodiaceae. Family Primrose, Pimpernel, Gentianaceae Widespread, Hairy herbs, aceae and trees 1:40+ Leaf succulent herbs E Afr, wort,Phacelia,Waterleaf shrubs Am & SE Asia Tribelaceae, Anopterus and Succulent herbs limits uncertain in places: Cyclamen, Soldanella, Sapotaceae SE Asia Herbs, shrubs, trees, (sub)tropics (tentatively) Arid (sub)tropics and (2), (3) & (4) may be dis- Herbs, shrubs, trees, 1:405 Eremosynaceae. Position Portulacaceae warm temperate, Colicwood, Featherfoil, Pantropical, few temp Sladeniaceae few mycotrophs lianas, parasites Hoplestig- of order not fully resolved. 3:36 mantled. (3) includes Cudjoe-wood Trees and shrubs Evergreen Cosmopolitan, mataceae. 84:2380 Purslane (Portulaca) S Afr, Austr Agdestis and Petiveria. (7) trees: 2:3 13:420 Widespread Paracryphi- 123:2020 Worldwide 53:1100 temp, mtns (1) includes Asclep- Campanulaceae 9:130 PARACRYPHIALES aceae Worldwide, Trees to herbs, Strychnine Escallonia, Sub(trop) America (4) iadaceae, (2) Dialy- Bindweed, Lobelia, Throatwort, Includes Trees,shrubs lianas Trees 12:337 (1) Loganiaceae Bellflowers, Rampion 4:13 Tasmanian laurel 1:27 Sarco- 30:395 and (sub)shrubs Trees,shrubs 415:4555 Herbs, shrubs, petalanthaceae and Sweet potato,Jalap, and Sphenostemon. SW Pacific bataceae Theligonaceae, and Cosmopolitan Rousseaceae Escalloniaceae (2) Talinaceae Herbs to (2) Apocynaceae trees & climbers Morning glory,Dodder Trees, shrubs, herbs Thorny shrubs trees, lianas Ebenaceae (3) (provisionally) Herbs, some trees, Trees & vines Cacti, Herbs, shrubs Styrax, Ebony, Persimmon Periwinkle, Milkweed, Tropics, temp, Convolvulaceae C&S Am,C&E Asia, W N Am Nyctaginaceae Sakaki,Cleyera, Pteleocarpa. Herbs, shrubs, climbers, shrubs & cactus- SW Pacific, 5:200 Teasel, including Peyote, (some scandent) 1:2 Benzoin resin, (Sub)tropics, Eurya Oleander, Dogbane, Gtr Austr 3:5 Austr, NZ, Herbs, Scabious, Prickly pear,Saguaro America,Africa (Sub)tropics,Am trees, some parasites like lobelias (3) Mauritius Silverbell tree Indochina (Sub)tropics, Hoya, Frangipani (3) Afr, Mdgsr Reunion shrubs and trees Weigela,Valerian, Cactaceae Ombu, Bougainvillea, Styracaceae Trees, shrubs, 2:11 Montiniaceae Cosmopolitan, Honeysuckle,Abelia Pokeweed 4:548 few Afr warm areas Adoxaceae Xerophytic trees, Mirabilis Shrubs and trees lianas, few herbs Carolina 1:12 Shrubs,trees, 1:30 Viburnum,Moschatel, Caprifoliaceae 3:32 (Sub)tropics, Am N temp, tropical Widespread, jessamine Marsh/aquatic lianas 57:1625 (2) Herbs,shrubs,trees succulents & epiphytes Subshrubs (3) herbs, shrubs 5:10 SE Asia Elderberry America: arid, (few S Am, SE As trop forests (1) 1:12 Cosmopolitan Anacamp- Trees, shrubs, 1:5 2:320 Shrubs, lianas Hydroleaceae Herbs, Alseuosmi- Pentaphrag- Widespread, (1) OW tropics) Giseki- 11:160 SE Asia, Am, Phellinaceae N temp 40-43:890 serotaceae lianas, herbs aceae (1) Lodh bark, Pitcher Tropics, Spheno- shrubs,trees,lianas aceae mataceae 111:1500 17:60 Gtr Africa cleaceae New Caledonia Scattered: Afr, Gtr Afr, S As 6:18 Bogota tea plants warm temp Solanaceae SW Pacific Fleshy Austr, Am Herbs,shrubs Sarraceniaceae Tropical marsh Trees herbs Herbs Symplocaceae C Am herbs Potato,Tomato,Aubergine, Shrubs N America, Trees & shrubs Plocosper- 1:2 Chilli, Tobacco, Petunia, (1) includes Aralidiaceae 3:10 Shortia,Galax Guyana mts mataceae 24:615 Capsicum, Mandrake etc 2:17 Trees (Sub)tropics, Shrubs,trees 6:245 and Melanophyllaceae, Arctic, 3:15 Shrub - tree Oleaceae Cosmopolitan, Trigger plants Torricelliaceae N temp not Africa 1:1 2:5 Argophyllaceae (2) Mackinlayaceae, (3) 1:2 3:355 Trees, shrubs, lianas tropical Am Madagascar, Olive, Lilac, Privet, Carlemann- Wire-netting Stylidiaceae 7:195(+) S Africa Kiwi fruit iaceae 102:2460 Hydrocotylaceae. SE Asia Roridulaceae Forsythia, Jasmine, Herbs,shrubs 229:c4000 bush Cushion-plants, 2:3 SW Pacific Small Ash, Osmanthus SE Asia Acanthaceae (2) herbs,shrubs,vines 1:4 (1) Tea, Franklin tree, shrubs Trees,shrubs,lianas Tetra- Worldwide, SOLANALES Pennant- 1:6 Plants of varied habitat, chondraceae Austr, S S Am, Griselini- Camellia,Loblolly bay SE As, Austr Acanthus, Thunbergia, 13:70 (1) includes iaceae INTERPRETING THE CHART (Sub)tropics, America,NZ Pedaliaceae (1) NZ,SE As Trees,shrubs aceae 434:3780

Designed by David E. Rydeheard, University of Manchester, U.K. including an important Trees, shrubs, lianas Aphelandra, Avicennia Nolanaceae, 5:c58 Trees,shrubs component of tropical S & E Asia, Herbs Cosmopolitan, tropics OW mainly tropics, SW Pacific Apiaceae The chart corresponds to a phylogenetic tree. Regions on the chart, Tropics, Am, As, , not Afr 2:260 Goetzeaceae, Bogbean NZ,S Am rainforest understorey. Purdiaea Herbs, shrubs, Shrubs, herbs, vines, arid and coasts Parsley, Dill, Hemlock, Copyright 2011. All rights reserved. Version reserved. Copyright 2011. All rights 1.0 (Online). delimited by boundaries or shaded areas, correspond to nodes in a few temp and Duckeod- Menyanthaceae Carrot, Parsnip, Fennel, Relationships of some 147+:3200 (5) and lianas aquatics & trees, Herbs to trees 12:440 tree, and families, as disks on the chart, are of the tree. In Sesame endraceae,(2) Cosmopolitan Herbs, shrubs 2:19 Anise, Cumin, Arracacha, families unresolved. Shrubs,small trees Gesneriaceae Calceolariaceae mangroves Aqu/marsh phylogenetic trees, proximity of two families is represented by the depth 126:3995 Trees, Cuscutaceae. few trees Trees,shrubs Celery, Coriander etc (1) includes Halesiaceae, SE As,Madeira, African violet, Gloxinia, Calceolaria and herbs of the root of the smallest subtree containing the two families. Here it is 1:2 Ericaceae 110:800 shrubs 1:6 Goodeniaceae Myodocarp- Herbs, few trees (2) Lissocarpaceae, Am. 2:75 Columnea,Streptocarpus Jovellana 11:39 Trees to herbs, Thomanders- Widespread, represented by a shared region. Proximity does not cross boundaries: Parasites Rhododendron, Stilbaceae Goodenia aceae (3) Scytopetalaceae, Mitrastem- Blueberry, Heathers, Herbs, shrubs, few C&S Am, NZ often vines iaceae Leschenaultia, SW Pacific (2) N temp onaceae (6) Gtr Africa,Cape W&C Af families close on the chart but separated by a boundary are no closer (4) Ternstroemiaceae, 2:2 Monotropa, Kalmia, etc. lianas and trees 1620:23600 (Sub)tropics, (not NZ) than their common region indicates. Areas and boundaries are given S&E As, (Sub)shrubs,trees,herbs, Afr forest elder Catalpa,Jacaranda, (5) Pellicieraceae, and C Am Tropics (esp OW), 1:6 Shrubs, 3:320 Asteraceae Austr (2) (3) 43:1450 (8) Trees,shrubs lianas,epiphytes, some Calabash tree, varying colours and styles - this is merely to aid the eye and has no (6) Empetraceae, Epacr- few temp 4:28 Hairy herbs herbs Trumpet vine Butterwort, Daisy, Sunflower, Shrubs, Araliaceae America mycotrophs Byblidaceae trees, climbers phylogenetic significance. idaceae, Monotropaceae Worldwide,temp C&S Am Tropics,S Am Bladderwort Lettuce, Chicory, Dahlia, S&C Am, Ivy, Ginseng, Fatsia, Titi Schlegeliaceae New Guinea, Pittosporaceae Uncertainties: Many of the placements of families are now well- and Pyrolaceae, (7) and mtns 236:7173 Lentibulariaceae Camomile, Echinacea, Andes, arid Udo, Water pennywort Lamiaceae Trees,shrubs, Austr Calyceraceae Parchment-bark,Karo, established and much work has been done to resolve remaining issues. Myrsinaceae, Maesaceae 34:1175 Aquatic/marsh: Marigold, Thistle, etc. Cosmopolitan, Herbs,shrubs,trees, vines, cosmopolitan Daisy-like Tarata,Petroleum nut However, uncertainties remain. Where evidence is poor, we have and Theophrastaceae. epiphytes c13:195 Verbenaceae Cosmopolitan OW tropics-temp trop Am, SE As vines: Mints,Sage,Basil, Herbs, aquatics Carnivores Shrubs, herbs, few herbs either (a) left relationships unresolved (as a ‘poly(cho)tomy’), or (8) position unclear. Verbena (Vervain), 6:60 Austr, S Asia Trees, shrubs, vines Rosemary,Thyme,Teak, 1:6 Fogfruit, Lantana, trees & vines and herbs (b) chosen the best supported on current evidence, or (c) indicated Patchouli,Chaste tree, E Asia 5:16 6-9:200 Paulowni- Torenia, Beebrush alternative placements. On the whole, we have been conservative ASTERIDS Oregano,Lavender etc aceae Micranthemum Herbs, shrubs, (Sub)trop Am ASTERALES in the depiction of family relationships. Cosmopolitan, Foxglove Pantropical, warm trees, lianas & xeros Martyniaceae (1) includes Donatia- Med,C As An estimated age of some taxa is indicated. We have included this trees temp, Am (Sub)tropic,Am, Unicorn plant ceae, (2) Brunoniaceae, CAMPANULIDS few temp (3) Lobeliaceae. information only when the age is clearly supported by fossil pollen SOURCES 90:1700 Figwort, Sticky herbs 100:2066 evidence, but even these estimates should be treated with caution. This chart is based on the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and many Ngaio, Buddleia, Broomrape,Rattle, 95:234 Nomenclature: Following standard practice, we name only those Hebe,Water starwort, Nemesia, Diascia, Lousewort,Eyebright Herbs, few wdy, LAMIALES other phylogenists. Angiosperm families are an update of those in Veronica,Culver’s root, aquatics groups of families where a name has proved useful, e.g. Monocots, Mullein, Boobialla Orobanchaceae Family limits and relat- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Mare’s-tail (Hippuris), ionships unclear, even FAMILY KEY The size Asterids etc. and the names of orders (suffix -ALES, mainly coloured (Hemi)parasites: Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III Foxglove,Snapdragon Herbs,shrubs Monkey-flower, those depicted. (1) Approx. number of genera : grey on the chart). Common, or vernacular, names are used to herbs, shrubs 38:1100 of the disk Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 161:105-121. Herbs,shrubs,aquatics Worldwide Lopseed includes Buddlejaceae describe some familiar plants and plant products. These names can, Cosmopolitan, (1) Cosmopolitan, Widespread, Approx. number of species Moraceae indicates (4) 65:1700 N temp,Gtr Af (3) and Myoporaceae, (2) in some cases, be misleading. An Index of Flowering Plants is available The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website of Stevens, P.F (2001 onwards) Version 9, temp N Am,Austr Avicenniaceae, (3) Family name Fig, Iroko, Fustic, the number Mulberry, Breadfruit, to accompany the chart. This provides a more comprehensive list of June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since] at Nesogenaceae and Some familiar plants of species, http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb (tentatively) Rehman- Banyan, Osage orange names and more details about the use of common names. and products Trees,shrubs,lianas, in ranges: Distribution: The predominance of the tropics in flowering plant is a valuable and detailed resource which is kept up-to-date as new results nia, (4) Globulariaceae become available. It should be consulted for details of the families and relation- LAMIIDS and Callitrichaceae, Range of growth forms stranglers,herbs 1-10 diversity is evident. Indeed, the richness of tropical forests is astonishing. EUASTERIDS (Sub)tropics, 10-100 2 ships on this chart. (5) Peltanthera. Distribution few temp For example, in parts of the Amazon forest, areas as small as 100km AVAILABILITY 100-1000 may contain over 1,000 species of trees. The role of certain areas Phrases in italics are to be read as ‘mainly/predominantly’, including 1000-10000 amongst whose endemics are species of high significance in phylogeny The chart was designed by David E. Rydeheard (2011). It is available from the Botanical Chart website http://www.botanicalchart.org.uk. An extended Unplaced families: Cynomoriaceae (Root parasites 1:2 Med-C As) Evidence weak: Saxifragales, Rosales, etc? ‘centres of distribution’. (Sub)tropics = tropics and subtropics. N/S/E/W 10000+ is clear from this chart. Such areas are concentrated in the tropics and index of names and their locations on the chart is available from this website. UNPLACED Haptanthaceae (Evergreen tree 1:1 C America - may be extinct) Possibly in Buxales. Apodanthaceae (Non- = North/South/East/West, C = Central, SE Asia includes the islands subtropics but also include isolated Gondwanaland fragments and green parasites 3:23(+) Scattered, America) Possibly associated with Malvales or Cucurbitales. between mainland Asia and Austr. C Am includes the Caribbean islands, The chart was prepared using Framemaker (TM). It will be updated as further Unplaced genera: Gumillea (ex Cunoniaceae), Nicobariodendron (Celastraceae?). Other familes areas of high diversity in the northern temperate zone. phylogenetic results become available. OW = Old World, Gtr Africa = Africa, Madagascar, Arabia and nearby islands, and genera of uncertain position have been included in the chart, indicating a possible placement. Med = lands adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, Mya = Million years ago.