DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploring the Pattern of Islamic Social Movements: Four Case Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exploring the Pattern of Islamic Social Movements: Four Case Studies Exploring The Pattern of Islamic Social Movements: Four Case Studies By: Seyed Saaid Zahed Zahedani I Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy May 1997 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. 11 Abstract This thesis is a study of Iranian-Islamic social movements. Iran has witnessed four major social movements in the late nineteenth and twentieth century. Except for the Islamic Revolution of 1978-79 which attracted a great deal of sociological attention, and the Constitutional Revolution which has received some specialist study, the other two, regardless of their importance and influence in the Iranian history, have been grossly neglected. In order to have a better sociological understanding and a more general model of this type of social movements there is need to review all of them according to the same theory and with an identical method. These cases which are explored in this study are: the Tobacco Movement (1892) - an 'anti colonialism' movement, the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1906) - a 'justice' movement, the 15th of Khordad movement (1963) - an 'anti modernisation' movement, and the last in chain, the Islamic Revolution of 1978-79 - an 'anti imperialism' movement. This thesis also attempts to provide a contribution to the theory of social movements with a review and synthesis of the existing major theories of the area. Ten key social movement theories are reviewed and a new synthetic one is developed. The models under review belong to Smelser (1962), Davies (1962), Toch (1966), Blumer (1969), Wilson (1973), Tilly (1978), Touraine (1981), McCarthy and Zald (1987), Melucci (1989) and Scott (1990). These theories identify quite different 'engines' of the social movement and thus can be classified according to whether they regard the individual, society, or their relations as the main cause or initiator of the social movements. Following the discussions of the relationship between the individual and society, this thesis recognises the need for an approach to social explanation which looks at the fine texture of the interrelationship of the structure, agency, and their relations, and so proposes a 'synthetic' theory of social movements which recognises the importance of the conjunction of the three elements of the individualist, the structural and the relationalist models. In this theory of social movements, social context provides the 111 ground for the underlying mechanism of the movement to be released. Ideology plays the part of the relational factor between the individual and the society. It is the main mobilisational factor of social movements. Actors then 'perform' the movements at three levels of social actions: leadership, distribution, and enactment of the outburst. The synthetic theory provides a framework for a more comprehensive study of the four cases. Each of the movements is explained using it as a 'conceptual grid' and it is shown on each occasion to be useful tool in identifying the main agents, antagonisms, ideologies, social opportunities and constraints, and the accomplishment of the movements. So whilst the movements vary by 'focus' and by 'success' it is shown that it is Islamic ideology which shapes the goals of 'justice', 'freedom', 'independence' and 'democracy'. In all of the reviewed movements the authority of the shah came into dispute with the command of the ulama, and it was religious rituals and organisations which mobilised the people. Whilst the synthetic theory proposed here can provide an analytic framework with which to compare the movements, the history of the analysed movements reveals the significance of the 'political sociology' of Iran's last hundred years. This dimention provides an understanding of some of the 'initial conditins' which underpin the Iranian social movements. The thesis attempts to outline some crucial elements in this socio- political history, and attest their importance by examination of one further Iranian social movement, the National Movement of Iran (195 1-1953). This was a predominantly non-Islamic movement which failed because it declined to take the advantage of the authority of the ulama as one of the major sways at the socio-political setting of Iranian society. The adequacy of the resultant knowledge from the proposed model of Iranian-Islamic social movements is further tested against the some writings of nine scholars on Iranian social movements: Fischer (1980), Milani (1988), Parsa (1989), Amuzegar (1991), Ray (1993), Zubaida (1993), Moaddel (1993), Foran (1994) and Keddie (1995). iv Acknowledgement The writer is grateful for the help and support of many people. I wish to thank them all, however, due to the lack of space I will only mention a few. First of all, I should thank my supervisors Dr. Ray Pawson, Dr. Paul Bagguley, and Dr. Carolyn Baylies who enabled me to engage for the first time with some of the sociological debates that inform this thesis. Secondly, I would like to thank Simon Strickland-Scott, and Stephen Vartigans for reading my manuscripts and providing some useful comments that helped to clarify my analysis. Third, I wish to also thank my parents who supported me spiritually and encouraged me to continue my further studies. Similarly, I am indebted to my wife, Tahere, her parents, and my children: Hossein, Maryam, and Yekta. Finally, I should also thank the Ministry of Culture and Higher Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Shiraz University for my scholarship funding. V Table of Contents Subjects Pages Abstract 11 Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents V Table of Figures x Transliteration xi A Map of Iran xii A. Chapter One: Introduction 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Definition of Social Movements 5 3. Types of Social Movements 10 B. Chapter Two: Theories 18 I. Introduction 19 2. Individual and Society 21 3. Social Movements Theories 27 a. Individualism 28 b. Relation ism 31 c. Social Determinism 39 d. Results 49 4. A New Approach 53 a. Ideology 54 b. Actors and their Behaviours 58 c. Social Context 59 d. Synthesis 60 C. Chapter Three: Methodology 63 vi 1. Introduction 64 2. The Operational Model of Theory 67 3. The Comparative Case Study 74 4. Methods of Historical Sociology 83 5. The Model of The Other Theories 88 D. Chapter Four: Social Historical Literature 92 1. Introduction 93 2. Historical Documents 96 a. The Tobacco Movement 97 b. The Constitutional Revolution 99 c. The 15th of Khordad Movement 101 d. The Islamic Revolution of 1978-79 104 3. Historical Interpretations 107 a. Individualism 109 b. Relation ism 111 c. Social Determinism 115 c.1. Structural- Functionalism 116 c.2. Marxism and Neo-Marxism 118 4. Conclusion 131 E. Chapter Five: The Tobacco Movement 133 1. Introduction 134 2. The Synthetic View 135 a. The Social Context 135 a. 1. The Political Structure 141 a.2. The Religious Structure 143 b. Ideology 146 c. Actors and Behaviours 150 d. The Movement 153 3. Other Perspectives 155 a. Individualism 156 vii b. Relation ism 157 c. Social Determinism 161 c. 1. Structural-Functionalism Perspective 162 c.2. Conflict Theory Perspective 164 4. Conclusion 167 F. Chapter Six: The Constitutional Revolution 172 1. Introduction 173 2. The Synthetic View 174 a. The Social Context 174 a.1. The State 180 a.2. The People 182 a.2.I. The Ulama 183 a.2.2. The Merchants 185 b. Ideology 187 c. Actors and Behaviours 191 d. The Movement 194 3. Other Perspectives 198 a. Individualism 198 b. Relationism 200 b.1. Tilly's Perspective 200 b.2. Melucci's Perspective 202 c. Social Determinism 205 c. 1. Structural-Functionalism Perspective 205 c.2. Conflict Theory Perspective 208 4. Conclusion 210 0. Chapter Seven: The 15th of Khordad Movement 213 1. Introduction 214 2. The Synthetic View 214 a. The Social Context 215 a. 1. The Opposition 219 viii b. Ideology 222 c. Actors and Behaviours 226 d. The Movement 228 3. Other Perspectives 231 a. Individualism 232 b. Relation ism 232 b.1. Tilly's Perspective 234 b.2. Melucci's Perspective 235 c. Social Determinism 237 c. 1. Structural-Functionalism Perspective 238 c.2. Conflict Theory Perspective 240 4. Conclusion 242 H. Chapter Eight: The Islamic Revolution of 1978-79 245 1. Introduction 246 2. The Synthetic View 247 a. The Social Context 247 a.l. The State 248 a.2. The Opposition 250 b. Actors and Behaviours 256 c. Ideology 261 d. The Movement 272 3. Other Perspectives 276 a. Individualism 276 b. Relationism 277 b.l. Tilly's Perspective 278 b.2. Melucci's Perspective 280 c. Social Determinism 281 c. 1. Structural-Functionalism Perspective 281 c.2. Conflict Theory Perspective 283 4. Conclusion 286 ix I. Chapter Nine: Conclusion 288 1. Introduction 289 2. History of Iranian-Islamic Social Movements 291 a. Social Context 292 b. Ideology 295 c. Actors and Behaviours 296 3. Results in Historical Sociology 298 4. Conclusion 301 J. Appendices 305 1. Appendix I 306 2. Appendix II 307 3. Appendix ifi 309 4. Appendix IV 310 a. The Small Migration 311 b. The Great Migration 312 5. Appendix V 315 6. Appendix VI 318 7. Appendix VII 319 8. Appendix VIII 320 9. Appendix IX 321 10. Appendix X 323 K. Notes 326 L. Glossary 332 M. Bibliography 334 A. Books and Articles in English 334 B. Books and Articles in Persian 341 C. Newspapers 343 x Table of Figures Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of the four-step sequence to membership (Toch 1966, 27). 29 Figure 2.2: The Mobilisation Model (Tilly 1978, 56). 36 Figure 2.3: Need Satisfaction And Revolution (Davies 1962, 7).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Living Together in Europe in the 21 Century
    Living together in Europe in the 21st century: the challenge of plurilingual and multicultural communication and dialogue Vivre ensemble au 21e siècle: le défi de la communication et du dialogue plurilingues et pluriculturels Proceedings of the third colloquy of the European Centre for Modern Languages (Graz, Austria, 9-11 December 1998) Actes du troisième colloque du Centre Européen pour les Langues Vivantes (Graz, Autriche, 9-11 décembre 1998) European Centre for Modern Languages in co-operation with Directorate General XXII of the European Commission Centre Européen pour les Langues Vivantes en coopération avec la Direction Générale XXII de la Commission européenne Table of contents Table des matières Preface / Préface ..........................................................................5 Michel Lefranc................................................................................................. 7 Claude Kieffer.................................................................................................. 9 Opening speeches / Discours d’ouverture.................................11 Jacques Pécheur..............................................................................................13 Cornelia Grosser.............................................................................................21 Round tables / Tables rondes ....................................................27 Round table I / Table ronde I........................................................................29 The challenge of plurilingual communication
    [Show full text]
  • The Devils' Dance
    THE DEVILS’ DANCE TRANSLATED BY THE DEVILS’ DANCE HAMID ISMAILOV DONALD RAYFIELD TILTED AXIS PRESS POEMS TRANSLATED BY JOHN FARNDON The Devils’ Dance جينلر بازمي The jinn (often spelled djinn) are demonic creatures (the word means ‘hidden from the senses’), imagined by the Arabs to exist long before the emergence of Islam, as a supernatural pre-human race which still interferes with, and sometimes destroys human lives, although magicians and fortunate adventurers, such as Aladdin, may be able to control them. Together with angels and humans, the jinn are the sapient creatures of the world. The jinn entered Iranian mythology (they may even stem from Old Iranian jaini, wicked female demons, or Aramaic ginaye, who were degraded pagan gods). In any case, the jinn enthralled Uzbek imagination. In the 1930s, Stalin’s secret police, inveigling, torturing and then executing Uzbekistan’s writers and scholars, seemed to their victims to be the latest incarnation of the jinn. The word bazm, however, has different origins: an old Iranian word, found in pre-Islamic Manichaean texts, and even in what little we know of the language of the Parthians, it originally meant ‘a meal’. Then it expanded to ‘festivities’, and now, in Iran, Pakistan and Uzbekistan, it implies a riotous party with food, drink, song, poetry and, above all, dance, as unfettered and enjoyable as Islam permits. I buried inside me the spark of love, Deep in the canyons of my brain. Yet the spark burned fiercely on And inflicted endless pain. When I heard ‘Be happy’ in calls to prayer It struck me as an evil lure.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi
    Official Digitized Version by Victoria Arakelova; with errata fixed from the print edition ON THE MODERN POLITICIZATION OF THE PERSIAN POET NEZAMI GANJAVI YEREVAN SERIES FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES Edited by Garnik S. Asatrian Vol.1 SIAVASH LORNEJAD ALI DOOSTZADEH ON THE MODERN POLITICIZATION OF THE PERSIAN POET NEZAMI GANJAVI Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies Yerevan 2012 Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi Guest Editor of the Volume Victoria Arakelova The monograph examines several anachronisms, misinterpretations and outright distortions related to the great Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi, that have been introduced since the USSR campaign for Nezami‖s 800th anniversary in the 1930s and 1940s. The authors of the monograph provide a critical analysis of both the arguments and terms put forward primarily by Soviet Oriental school, and those introduced in modern nationalistic writings, which misrepresent the background and cultural heritage of Nezami. Outright forgeries, including those about an alleged Turkish Divan by Nezami Ganjavi and falsified verses first published in Azerbaijan SSR, which have found their way into Persian publications, are also in the focus of the authors‖ attention. An important contribution of the book is that it highlights three rare and previously neglected historical sources with regards to the population of Arran and Azerbaijan, which provide information on the social conditions and ethnography of the urban Iranian Muslim population of the area and are indispensable for serious study of the Persian literature and Iranian culture of the period. ISBN 978-99930-69-74-4 The first print of the book was published by the Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies in 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideology and the Iranian Revolution1
    Ideology and the Iranian Revolution1 Mehdi Shadmehr2 First Draft: May 2008. This Draft: Summer 2011 Comments are welcomed. 1I wish to thank Bing Powell, Charles Ragin, Mehran Kamrava, Bonnie Meguid, Gretchen Helmeke, and participants in the Comparative Politics Workshop at the University of Rochester for helpful suggestions and comments. 2Department of Economics, University of Miami, Jenkins Bldg., Coral Gables, FL 33146. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Some theories of revolution deny an independent role for ideology in the making of rev- olutions, whereas others grant it an indispensable role. I investigate the role of ideology in the Iranian Revolution by focusing on two periods of Iranian history that witnessed popular uprising: the early 1960's and the late 1970's. While the former uprising was aborted, the latter led to the Iranian Revolution. Contrasting these periods, I argue that the structural and non-agency process factors underwent the same dynamic in both periods, and hence are not sufficient to explain the variation in outcome. I propose that the change in the oppo- sition's ideology accounts for this variation. To establish the causal link, I investigate this ideological change, tracing its role in the actors' decision-making processes. I argue that: (1) Khomeini's theory of Islamic state expanded the set of alternatives to the status quo theory of state, and changed the Islamic opposition's \calculus of protest"; (2) an ideological change is an intellectual innovation/shock, the timing of which is intrinsically uncertain. Therefore, integrating ideology to the theory enhances its explanatory power; (3) an ideological change can serve as an observable intermediate variable that mediates the effect of unobservable cumulative and/or threshold processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Iii Iranian Government Policies Toward Kurdish Minority
    CHAPTER III IRANIAN GOVERNMENT POLICIES TOWARD KURDISH MINORITY In this chapter, the writer will describe the condition of Kurdish minority ethnic in Iran, a situation that describes the treatments of Persian regime toward Kurds. The elaboration of Iranian government policies itself will be categorized on the segment of issues. Policies that produced by a dynasty of Persia, Pahlavi Dynasty that was ordered by two Shah1 puts several limits on the social and cultural activities of the Kurds in Iran to current time.2 Categorization is used as tool to ease understanding of short history of Iranian Kurds that reflects and creates Kurds condition today. Life of Kurdish people in Iran today has been known for a long time. The origin of Kurds that believed to have connection to Persians make their relation can be seen as one coin in different side. Nonetheless, Persians nation, time by time, always dominate the land of Iran and Kurds nation who live in Persians authority, they only stay on small area who acted as civilians, not the rulers. Fact that Kurds often being ruled than ruling and over domination of Persians rulers toward other nations in their authority inevitably gave some side effects to Kurds nations, especially Iranian Kurds. Feeling of marginalized to the repressive actions and policies from Tehran authority later made Iranian Kurds was treated as second-class society. Here, there are brief examples of Iranian major policies toward Kurds nation in some issues. 1 Shah literally means King in Persian Empire, Dictionary on web http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shah, consulted on 20 April 2015 2 Info on Kurds, http://kurdishrights.org/info-on-kurds/, consulted on 20 April 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • KHERAD-DISSERTATION-2013.Pdf
    Copyright by Nastaran Narges Kherad 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Nastaran Narges Kherad Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: RE-EXAMINING THE WORKS OF AHMAD MAHMUD: A FICTIONAL DEPICTION OF THE IRANIAN NATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY Committee: M.R. Ghanoonparvar, Supervisor Kamran Aghaie Kristen Brustad Elizabeth Richmond-Garza Faegheh Shirazi RE-EXAMINING THE WORKS OF AHMAD MAHMUD: A FICTIONAL DEPICTION OF THE IRANIAN NATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY by Nastaran Narges Kherad, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication Dedicated to my son, Manai Kherad-Aminpour, the joy of my life. May you grow with a passion for literature and poetry! And may you face life with an adventurous spirit and understanding of the diversity and complexity of humankind! Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation could not have been possible without the ongoing support of my committee members. First and for most, I am grateful to Professor Ghanoonparvar, who believed in this project from the very beginning and encouraged me at every step of the way. I thank him for giving his time so generously whenever I needed and for reading, editing, and commenting on this dissertation, and also for sharing his tremendous knowledge of Persian literature. I am thankful to have the pleasure of knowing and working with Professor Kamaran Aghaei, whose seminars on religion I cherished the most.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the Rise of the Revolutionary Guards
    Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh February 5, 2018 Issue Paper #1 2019 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), launched in 2015, is an independent, nonprofit institution dedicated to providing expert research and analysis of the social, economic, and political dimensions of the Gulf Arab states and how they impact domestic and foreign policy. AGSIW focuses on issues ranging from politics and security to economics, trade, and business; from social dynamics to civil society and culture. Through programs, publications, and scholarly exchanges the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform the U.S. policy community regarding this critical geostrategic region. © 2019 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its board of directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: [email protected] This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credits: Khamenei.ir/Wikimedia Commons About the Author Ali Alfoneh is a senior fellow at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. He is the author of Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards are Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship, published by AEI Press in April 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • GD4.1 English.Indd
    GLOBAL 4.1 DIALOGUE NEWSLETTER 4 issues a year in 14 languages Simon Clarke – An Inspired Collaboration Sociology as Alain Touraine, a Vocation Kalpana Kannabiran Chile’s Democratic Transition Manuel Antonio Garretón Felipe Arocena, Adriana Marrero and Leandro Pereira, Uruguay’s Social Marcos Supervielle and Mariela Quiñones, Democracy Diego Piñeiro Hungary’s György Csepeli, Eszter Bartha, Rightwing Surge György Lengyel > South Africa’s Women Miners > Côte d’Ivoire’s Mobile Phone Culture > European Sociological Association’s Meeting VOLUME 4 / ISSUE VOLUME 1 / MARCH 2014 http://isa-global-dialogue.net > Final Declaration of ALAS > Social Transformations and the Digital Age > Global Dialogue’s Russian team GD > Editorial Reactions to Neoliberalism ie live in a neoliberal world where markets spread ever wider and ever deeper. Nothing escapes the market as it enters terrains that have for long been protected. From being a crea- Wtive activity labor becomes the source of ever more uncertain survival; from being a medium of exchange money becomes a vehicle for making more money through loans and bets on loans, leading to wealthy creditors at one pole and impoverished debtors at the other; from sustaining life, nature (land, water, air) is subject to the destructive forces of capitalism, and turned into a high-priced commodity, encouraging violent dispossession; once a public good, knowledge is now sold to the highest bidder whether Simon Clarke is interviewed here by two of his students about the extraordinary they be students in search of credentials or corporations in search of subsi- collaboration he cultivated with young and dized research. The commodifi cation of each factor of production feeds the gifted Russian sociologists, producing a cor- commodifi cation of all.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Chaotic Pattern of Dynamic Hazmat Routing Problem☆
    IATSSR-00059; No of Pages 9 IATSS Research xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect IATSS Research Developing a chaotic pattern of dynamic Hazmat routing problem☆ Abbas Mahmoudabadi a,⁎, Seyed Mohammad Seyedhosseini b a Department of Industrial Engineering, Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran b Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran article info abstract Article history: The present paper proposes an iterative procedure based on chaos theory on dynamic risk definition to Received 25 September 2012 determine the best route for transporting hazardous materials (Hazmat). In the case of possible natural disas- Received in revised form 15 June 2013 ters, the safety of roads may be seriously affected. So the main objective of this paper is to simultaneously Accepted 27 June 2013 improve the travel time and risk to satisfy the local and national authorities in the transportation network. Available online xxxx Based on the proposed procedure, four important risk components including accident information, popula- tion, environment, and infrastructure aspects have been presented under linguistic variables. Furthermore, the Keywords: Hazmat routing problem extent analysis method was utilized to convert them to crisp values. To apply the proposed procedure, a road net- Chaos theory work that consists of fifty nine nodes and eighty two-way edges with a pre-specified affected area has been con- Emergency situations sidered. The results indicate that applying the dynamic risk is more appropriate than having a constant risk. The Dynamic risk analysis application of the proposed model indicates that, while chaotic variables depend on the initial conditions, the Linguistic variables most frequent path will remain independent.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxists Into Muslims: an Iranian Irony Abdolrahim Javadzadeh Florida International University, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Florida International University Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-13-2007 Marxists into Muslims: An Iranian Irony Abdolrahim Javadzadeh Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Javadzadeh, Abdolrahim, "Marxists into Muslims: An Iranian Irony" (2007). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 36. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/36 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida MARXISTS INTO MUSLIMS: THE IRANIAN IRONY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh 2007 To: Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh, and entitled Marxists into Muslims: The Iranian Irony, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ____________________________________ Douglas Kincaid ____________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi ___________________________________ Barry B. Levine, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 13, 2007 The dissertation of Abdolrahim Javadzadeh is approved. ___________________________________ Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences ____________________________________ Dean George Walker University Graduate School Florida International University, 2007 ii © Copyright 2007 by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism
    Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism THE LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF IRAN UNDER THE SHAH AND KHOMEINI H. E. CHEHAB! ,. _,:...,~ ·::,~:-- . ,,.;:\.<;;:. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers Lon_don Published by For my parents l.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 110 Gloucester Avenue London NW1 8JA Copyright © 1990 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Chehabi, Houchang E. Iranian politics and religious modernism: the liberation movement of Iran. t. Iran. Politics I. Title 320.955 ISBN 1-85043-198-1 Printed in the United States of America Iranian Polity in Comparative Perspective / 31 ide?logically t~e re~l or imagine.cl _local representatives of powers against N.llillll·ili·;in ,111 .1 1.:\·ligious Modernism which. , all Nahonahsts. were stnvmg·· communism, Bah a ,.ism, z·ionism. · is l·k.ir th.ii 111 tlH' old polities of the non-Western world National- 11 Lmz s observation that the "anti" character of fascism can be t b . .\·lii'H''''• 1111Hkrnism share many affinities. Both strive to make d d . 4 s e 11 un erstoo as anh-mternational and anticosmopolitans also a r t \Sill ,\Ill ,, ' I . N t' l. d . pp ies o tlw l\it1ntn· ,111 d 1h ndture. an equa.l .among equals: the one in the raman a 10na ism an religious modernism. Transnational move- . .• l si1\1t·n· tlll' sl'cond m the spmtual sphere. Religious modern- t'l' 1Ill1 •I · 1 ' .
    [Show full text]