European Wars of the Christian Era
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Stony Brook University
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force. -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
2021 Itinerary
ATHENS & ISLANDS October 11-21, 2021 575 Pierce Street, Suite 604 • San Francisco, CA 94117 • (415) 626-5678 [email protected] • venture-out.com ITINERARY NOTE: This is a new program for Venture Out, published more than a year in advance. It is subject to change. While the broad stroke of the itinerary will not be altered, we reserve the right to revise some of the specific sights visited at each destination. Day 1, October 11, 2021 - Monday — Arrival in Athens With your own air arrangements you’ll arrive at the Athens airport and then make your way to our group hotel in the city center. There are a few options for getting into the city. If you would like a private meet & greet at the airport and transfer to the hotel we can set that up for you. (Please see the “Arrival & Departure Logistics” section.) We’ll come together in the early evening and enjoy a welcome drink, get to know our fellow travelers, and have a trip briefing before heading out for our welcome dinner. Welcome Drink, Dinner included Overnight in Athens → Note: If you would like us to arrange any pre-tour nights at the group hotel in Athens, please let us know. We will have only one complete day on the itinerary. Additionally, it would be helpful to arrive a day or two beforehand to shake off jet lag and/or to add a buffer in case of any travel hiccups. Day 2 — Athens Athens is known as the Cradle of Western Civilization — and for good reason. -
INTERVIEW with ZEQIR SOPAJ Prizren | Date: June 1, 2016 Duration: 63 Minutes
INTERVIEW WITH ZEQIR SOPAJ Prizren | Date: June 1, 2016 Duration: 63 minutes Present: 1. Zeqir Sopaj (Speaker) 2. Anna Di Lellio (Interviewer) 3. Ard Morina (Interviewer) 4. Noar Sahiti (Camera) 5. Shaban Morina (Son-in-law) Transcription notation symbols of non-verbal communication: () – emotional communication {} – the speaker explains something using gestures. Other transcription conventions: [ ] - addition to the text to facilitate comprehension Footnotes are editorial additions to provide information on localities, names or expressions. Part One [The interviewers ask the speaker to tell where is he from, where he was raised and details about his family. This part was cut from the video-interview.] Zeqir Sopaj: I was born in Llapushnik, in 1925. I was a young shepherd, I went to Orllan with my 1 grandfather, we had one hundred goats, cows. The house, the oda on the second floor, had room for 2 one hundred men. The meshliçet took place there, at the time we used to serve food to the guests. 3 Then I registered in school, at the time of Kralj’s Yugoslavia. I registered in 1936, I registered in school. I finished elementary school in 1939, it lasted four years. Then in the ‘40s as I shepherd I tended to goats, cows and goats. We shepherds played, at that time we played the shepherds’ games, various games in the oda. In 1941, Yugoslavia fell, Kralj’s Yugoslavia fell, 4 and the time of Albania came. Italy entered Albania in 1939, Yugoslavia in 1941 sene, the German on the other side took and destroyed Yugoslavia. We were now able to breath, because we had been 5 occupied by the Kralj. -
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe Michael Shafir Motto: They used to pour millet on graves or poppy seeds To feed the dead who would come disguised as birds. I put this book here for you, who once lived So that you should visit us no more Czeslaw Milosz Introduction* Holocaust denial in post-Communist East Central Europe is a fact. And, like most facts, its shades are many. Sometimes, denial comes in explicit forms – visible and universally-aggressive. At other times, however, it is implicit rather than explicit, particularistic rather than universal, defensive rather than aggressive. And between these two poles, the spectrum is large enough to allow for a large variety of forms, some of which may escape the eye of all but the most versatile connoisseurs of country-specific history, culture, or immediate political environment. In other words, Holocaust denial in the region ranges from sheer emulation of negationism elsewhere in the world to regional-specific forms of collective defense of national "historic memory" and to merely banal, indeed sometime cynical, attempts at the utilitarian exploitation of an immediate political context.1 The paradox of Holocaust negation in East Central Europe is that, alas, this is neither "good" nor "bad" for the Jews.2 But it is an important part of the * I would like to acknowledge the support of the J. and O. Winter Fund of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for research conducted in connection with this project. I am indebted to friends and colleagues who read manuscripts of earlier versions and provided comments and corrections. -
They Fought for Independent Poland
2019 Special edition PISMO CODZIENNE Independence Day, November 11, 2019 FREE AGAIN! THEY FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENT POLAND Dear Readers, The day of November 11 – the National Independence Day – is not accidentally associated with the Polish military uni- form, its symbolism and traditions. Polish soldiers on almost all World War I fronts “threw on the pyre their lives’ fate.” When the Polish occupiers were drown- ing in disasters and revolutions, white- and-red flags were fluttering on Polish streets to mark Poland’s independence. The Republic of Poland was back on the map of Europe, although this was only the beginning of the battle for its bor- ders. Józef Piłsudski in his first order to the united Polish Army shared his feeling of joy with his soldiers: “I’m taking com- mand of you, Soldiers, at the time when the heart of every Pole is beating stron- O God! Thou who from on high ger and faster, when the children of our land have seen the sun of freedom in all its Hurls thine arrows at the defenders of the nation, glory.” He never promised them any bat- We beseech Thee, through this heap of bones! tle laurels or well-merited rest, though. On the contrary – he appealed to them Let the sun shine on us, at least in death! for even greater effort in their service May the daylight shine forth from heaven’s bright portals! for Poland. And they never let him down Let us be seen - as we die! when in 1920 Poland had to defend not only its own sovereignty, but also entire Europe against flooding bolshevism. -
Firearms and Artillery in Jan Długosz's Annales Seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae
FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXV, PL ISSN 0860-0007 JAN SZYMCZAK FIREARMS AND ARTILLERY IN JAN DŁUGOSZ’S ANNALES SEU CRONICAE INCLITI REGNI POLONIAE Jan Długosz (Johannes Dlugossius), whose 600th birth- and a metal arrow being thrown from its barrel. Another day anniversary will be celebrated in 2015, is counted handwritten copy by Walter de Milimete, entitled De secre- among the greatest chroniclers of fifteenth-century Europe. tis secretorum, containing a figure representing a similarly As the present volume of „Fasciculi Archaeologiae His- shaped cannon surrounded by four gunners, is held at the toricate” is devoted to the issue of firearms and artillery, British Museum in London. I would like to come back to the remarks on this question As far as battlefield activities are concerned, the year made by undoubtedly the most outstanding Polish annalist 1331, when cannons were used during the siege of Civi- in his largest work entitled „Annales seu Cronicae incliti dale del Friuli in northern Italy, deserves special attention. Regni Poloniae”1. The use of cannons was also mentioned during sieges in *** France and England throughout 1338, as well as in Spain It is a well known fact that in the case of firearms and in 1342. Cannons were recorded in the municipal accounts heavy guns, projectiles are launched due to a propelling of Aachen, Germany, in 1346. In the same year, pieces force generated by the combustion of gunpowder (originally of artillery were first used in open battle at Crécy. Those only black powder was used for this purpose). This propel- were the beginnings of artillery in Europe. -
“More Glory Than Blood”: Murder and Martyrdom in the Hussite Crusades
117 “More Glory than Blood”: Murder and Martyrdom in the Hussite Crusades Thomas A. Fudge (Christchurch, New Zealand) In 1418 Pope Martin V urged the ecclesiastical hierarchy in east-central Europe to proceed against the Hussite heretics in all possible manner to bring their dissent to an end.1 Two years later a formal bull of crusade was proclaimed and the cross was preached against the recalcitrant Czechs.2 The story of the crusades which convulsed Bohemia for a dozen years is well known.3 Five times the cross was preached, crusade banners hoisted and tens of thousands of crusaders poured across the Czech frontier with one pre–eminent goal: to eradicate the scourge of heresy. At Prague in 1420, peasant armies commanded by Jan Žižka won an improbable victory and the crusaders, under the personal command of Emperor Sigismund, retreated in disarray and defeat. At Žatec the following year, Hussites once again saw a vastly superior army withdraw disorganized and crushed. In 1422 the crusaders were unable to overcome their internal squabbles long enough to mount any real offensive and once more had little option other than to retreat in dishonour. For five years the crusading cause rested. Then in 1427 the crusaders struck again, first at Stříbro and then at Tachov in western Bohemia. Prokop Holý’s forces scattered them ignominiously. Once more, in 1431, the armies of the church and empire were mustered and with great force marched through the Šumava [Bohemian Forest] to confront the enemies of God. The odds favoured the crusaders. They out–numbered the heretics by a four to one margin, were militarily superior to the flail–touting peasants and were under the command of Friedrich of Brandenburg, veteran warrior in charge of his third crusade, and the spiritual direction of the president of the ecumenical Council of Basel, Cardinal Guiliano Cesarini. -
Baseline Assessment Report of the Lake Ohrid Region – Albania Annex
TOWARDS STRENGTHENED GOVERNANCE OF THE SHARED TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE LAKE OHRID REGION Baseline Assessment report of the Lake Ohrid region – Albania (available online at http://whc.unesco.org/en/lake-ohrid-region) Annex XXIII Bibliography on cultural values and heritage, agriculture and tourism aspects of the Lake Ohrid region prepared by Luisa de Marco, Maxim Makartsev and Claudia Spinello on behalf of ICOMOS. January 2016 BIBLIOGRAPHY1 2015 The present bibliography focusses mainly on the cultural values and heritage, agriculture and tourism aspects of the Lake Ohrid region (LOR). It should be read in conjunction to the Baseline Assessment report prepared in a joint collaboration between ICOMOS and IUCN (available online at http://whc.unesco.org/en/lake-ohrid-region) The bibliography includes all the relevant titles from the digital catalogue of the Albanian National Library for the geographic terms connected to LOR. The bibliography includes all the relevant titles from the systematic catalogue since 1989 to date, for the categories 9-908; 91-913 (4/9) (902. Archeology; 903. Prehistory. Prehistoric remains, antiquities. 904. Cultural remains of the historic times. 908. Regional studies. Studies of a place. 91. Geography. The exploration of the land and of specific places. Travels. Regional geography). It also includes the relevant titles found on www.scholar.google.com with summaries if they are provided or if the text is available. Three bibliographies for archaeology and ancient history of Albania were used: Bep Jubani’s (1945-1971); Faik Drini’s (1972-1983); V. Treska’s (1995-2000). A bibliography for the years 1984-1994 (authors: M.Korkuti, Z. -
The Origins of Greek Cypriot National Identity
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1998 The Origins of Greek Cypriot National Identity Elena Koumna Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Koumna, Elena, "The Origins of Greek Cypriot National Identity" (1998). Master's Theses. 3888. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3888 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ORIGINS OF GREEK CYPRIOT NATIONAL IDENTITY by Elena Koumna A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1998 Copyrightby Elena Koumna 1998 To all those who never stop seeking more knowledge ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis could have never been written without the support of several people. First, I would like to thank my chair and mentor, Dr. Jim Butterfield, who patiently guided me through this challenging process. Without his initial encouragement and guidance to pursue the arguments examined here, this thesis would not have materialized. He helped me clarify and organize my thoughts at a time when my own determination to examine Greek Cypriot identity was coupled with many obstacles. His continuing support and most enlightening feedbackduring the writing of the thesis allowed me to deal with the emotional and content issues that surfaced repeatedly. -
Polish) Lesson Plan (English) the Crisis, Reform, and Collapse of the Nobles’ Republic (Revision Class)
The Crisis, Reform, and Collapse of the Nobles’ Republic (revision class) The Crisis, Reform, and Collapse of the Nobles’ Republic (revision class) Lesson Plan (Polish) Lesson Plan (English) The Crisis, Reform, and Collapse of the Nobles’ Republic (revision class) 3rd May 1791 Constuon Source: Jan Matejko, Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 roku, 1891, oil on canvas, domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn to describe the most important historical events of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; to list the crises that struck Poland in the eighteenth century and what attempts at reform were undertaken; to explain the historical significance of the collapse of the Polish‐Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu By the eighteenth century, the Polish‐Lithuanian political system became anachronistic. The state was becoming ever weaker. It did not pursue an active foreign policy; it was more of an object than a subject on the international stage. Due to the presence of the liberum veto, the nobility obstructed attempts at reform with ease. One deputy’s vote against a project was enough to dismiss the entire Sejm. The representatives of the nobility oftentimes accepted bribes from foreign powers that wished to keep Poland‐Lithuania weak. Russia had ever more say in the affairs of the country. When Stanisław II Augustus was elected King, some of the patriotically inclined nobles rebelled against his rule and created the Bar Confederation The part of the military that remained loyal to the King suppressed the rebellion with the aid of Russian forces. Capitalizing upon the opportunity, Russia, Austria, and Prussia conducted the First Partition of Poland in 1772. -
Charlemagne's Heir
Charlemagne's Heir New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814-840) EDITED BY PETER' GOD MAN AND ROGER COLLINS CLARENDON PRESS . OXFORD 1990 5 Bonds of Power and Bonds of Association in the Court Circle of Louis the Pious STUART AIRLIE I TAKE my text from Thegan, from the well-known moment in his Life of Louis the Pious when the exasperated chorepiscopus of Trier rounds upon the wretched Ebbo, archbishop of Reims: 'The king made you free, not noble, since that would be impossible." I am not concerned with what Thegan's text tells us about concepts of nobility in the Carolingian world. That question has already been well handled by many other scholars, including JaneMartindale and Hans-Werner Goetz.! Rather, I intend to consider what Thegan's text, and others like it, can tell us about power in the reign of Louis the Pious. For while Ebbo remained, in Thegan's eyes, unable to transcend his origins, a fact that his treacherous behaviour clearly demonstrated, politically (and cultur- ally, one might add) Ebbo towered above his acid-tongued opponent. He was enabled to do this through his possession of the archbishopric of Reims and he had gained this through the largess of Louis the Pious. If neither Louis nor Charlemagne, who had freed Ebbo, could make him noble they could, thanks to the resources of patronage at their disposal, make him powerful, one of the potentes. It was this mis-use, as he saw it, of royal patronage that worried Thegan and it worried him because he thought that the rise of Ebbo was not a unique case.