Who Invented Vaccination?
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First Vaccine
THE HISTORY OF THE first vaccine If you’re a new grad, entering the job market can feel overwhelming. It can be a challenge to know where to start. That’s why we’ve made this simple checklist to help you land your first nursing job. Complete these items, and you’ll be in a much better position to kickstart your career in no time. 1570-1050 BCE First identified case of smallpox is found in an Egyptian mummy. 1774 Benjamin Jesty inoculates non-infected individuals with smallpox postulates to prove they could be protected from contracting the disease. 1796 Edward Jenner discovers that infection with cowpox could protect a person from smallpox infection. Jenner inoculated eight-year-old James Phipps with matter from a cowpox sore. Jenner later inoculated the boy with human smallpox matter and Phipps remained healthy. 1798 Jenner publishes his paper “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae”. In his paper Jenner coined the word vaccine from the Latin 'vacca' for cow. The paper received little attention and Jenner was even ridiculed for his claims. 1967 The WHO announces an intensified program to eradicate smallpox globally. 1978 Janet Parker is the last person to die from smallpox. 1980 BREAKING NEWS The 33rd World Health SMALLPOX Assembly officials announce ERADICATED that smallpox has successfully been eradicated worldwide. Eisenhower Health is a leader in providing quality patient care. Search for opportunities to work at our world-class medical center on our Career page. View Our Available Positions at careers.eisenhowerhealth.org #LiveWorkPlayProsper Brought to you by. -
Vaccine Hesitancy
WHY CHILDREN WORKSHOP ON IMMUNIZATIONS ARE NOT VACCINATED? VACCINE HESITANCY José Esparza MD, PhD - Adjunct Professor, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA - Robert Koch Fellow, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany - Senior Advisor, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA. Formerly: - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA - World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland The value of vaccination “The impact of vaccination on the health of the world’s people is hard to exaggerate. With the exception of safe water, no other modality has had such a major effect on mortality reduction and population growth” Stanley Plotkin (2013) VACCINES VAILABLE TO PROTECT AGAINST MORE DISEASES (US) BASIC VACCINES RECOMMENDED BY WHO For all: BCG, hepatitis B, polio, DTP, Hib, Pneumococcal (conjugated), rotavirus, measles, rubella, HPV. For certain regions: Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis. For some high-risk populations: typhoid, cholera, meningococcal, hepatitis A, rabies. For certain immunization programs: mumps, influenza Vaccines save millions of lives annually, worldwide WHAT THE WORLD HAS ACHIEVED: 40 YEARS OF INCREASING REACH OF BASIC VACCINES “Bill Gates Chart” 17 M GAVI 5.6 M 4.2 M Today (ca 2015): <5% of children in GAVI countries fully immunised with the 11 WHO- recommended vaccines Seth Berkley (GAVI) The goal: 50% of children in GAVI countries fully immunised by 2020 Seth Berkley (GAVI) The current world immunization efforts are achieving: • Equity between high and low-income countries • Bringing the power of vaccines to even the world’s poorest countries • Reducing morbidity and mortality in developing countries • Eliminating and eradicating disease WHY CHILDREN ARE NOT VACCINATED? •Vaccines are not available •Deficient health care systems •Poverty •Vaccine hesitancy (reticencia a la vacunacion) VACCINE HESITANCE: WHO DEFINITION “Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. -
The Health of Nations
THE HEALTH OF NATIONS Health of Nations.indd 1 16/01/2017 11:15 Health of Nations.indd 2 16/01/2017 11:15 THE HEALTH OF NATIONS The Campaign to End Polio and Eradicate Epidemic Diseases KAREN BARTLETT Health of Nations.indd 3 16/01/2017 11:15 A Oneworld Book First published by Oneworld Publications, 2017 Copyright © Karen Bartlett 2017 The moral right of Karen Bartlett to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78607-068-5 eISBN 978-1-78607-069-2 Illustration credits Introduction Opener: David Stowell/Geograph.org.uk. Chapter 1 Opener: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Public Health Image Library. Chapter 2 Opener: US Food and Drug Administration. Chapter 3 Opener: FDR Presidential Library & Museum. Chapter 4 Opener: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Chapter 5 Opener: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/James Gathany. Chapter 6 Opener: John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Chapter 7 Opener: The Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Chapter 8 Opener: John Moore/Getty Images. Chapter 9 Opener: World Health Organization/PATH global health/Flickr. Typeset by Falcon Oast Graphic Art Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Oneworld Publications 10 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3SR England Stay up to date with the latest books, special offers, -
Vaccine-Grabenstein-Article.Pdf
Vaccine 31 (2013) 2011–2023 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Vaccine jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine Review What the World’s religions teach, applied to vaccines and immune globulins ∗,1 John D. Grabenstein Merck Vaccines, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP97-B364, West Point, PA 19426, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: For millennia, humans have sought and found purpose, solace, values, understanding, and fellowship Received 20 October 2012 in religious practices. Buddhist nuns performed variolation against smallpox over 1000 years ago. Since Received in revised form Jenner developed vaccination against smallpox in 1796, some people have objected to and declined 21 December 2012 vaccination, citing various religious reasons. This paper reviews the scriptural, canonical basis for such Accepted 7 February 2013 interpretations, as well as passages that support immunization. Populous faith traditions are considered, Available online 26 February 2013 including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Subjects of concern such as blood components, pharmaceutical excipients of porcine or bovine origin, rubella strain RA 27/3, and Keywords: Religion cell-culture media with remote fetal origins are evaluated against the religious concerns identified. Beliefs The review identified more than 60 reports or evaluations of vaccine-preventable infectious-disease Vaccines outbreaks that occurred within religious communities or that spread from them to broader communities. Antibodies In multiple cases, ostensibly religious reasons to decline immunization actually reflected concerns about Immune globulins vaccine safety or personal beliefs among a social network of people organized around a faith community, rather than theologically based objections per se. -
Effects of Faith Actor Engagement in the Uptake and Coverage of Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (Lmics)* Phase 1 Global Landscape : Evidence Summary
Effects of faith actor engagement in the uptake and coverage of immunization in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)* Phase 1 Global Landscape : Evidence Summary Faith Based Engagement Team: Sara Melillo (Consultant), Doug Fountain, Mona Bormet, and Carolyn O’Brien MOMENTUM Country and Global Leadership| JUNE 2021 *With a focus on USAID priority MNCH and FP/RH countries Contents SECTION 01 SECTION 05 Background and Methods Annexes SECTION 02 01 Methods Findings 02 Literature Review Findings SECTION 03 03 Suggestions for Further Research Summary of Evidence and Gaps 04 Specific Faiths and Vaccine Hesitancy 05 Current and Recent Projects SECTION 04 Promising Practices for Engaging Faith 06 Bibliography Communities on Immunization 2 SECTION 01 Backgroundt and Methods Photo: Karen Kasmauski/MCSP Why Is a Global Landscape Analysis on Faith Engagement in Immunization Necessary? • There is limited information on (and understanding of) how faith actors impact the uptake and coverage of immunizations in LMICs. • Vaccine hesitancy among faith communities increasingly threatens coverage of routine immunization. • Faith engagement in the promotion of the COVID-19 vaccine(s) will be critical to uptake in 2021 and beyond. 4 The polio experience showed us that one word from a religious leader just upset the apple cart. You had another 10 years of fighting polio and billions of dollars spent. Key Informant Interviewee (KII) on the acute danger of vaccine hesitancy among religious leaders Guiding Questions for Global Landscape Analysis 1. How do religious leaders and faith-based organization (FBOs) impact the uptake and coverage of immunization in LMICs? • What effects do local faith actors (LFAs) have in contributing to vaccine hesitancy? 2. -
UK to Test Vaccines on Volunteers Deliberately Infected with Covid-19
Coronavirus treatment UK to test vaccines on volunteers deliberately infected with Covid-19 ‘Human challenge trials’ intended to accelerate vaccine development programmes A clinic run by hVivo has been earmarked for the initial challenge trials © Chris Dawes/hVIVO Clive Cookson in London 3 HOURS AGO London is to host the world’s first Covid-19 human challenge trials — in which healthy volunteers are deliberately infected with coronavirus to assess the effectiveness of experimental vaccines. The UK government-funded studies are expected to begin in January at a secure quarantine facility in east London, according to several people involved in the project, which will be announced next week. The researchers, who did not want to comment publicly ahead of the launch, said the trials would play a vital role in narrowing the large field of promising Covid-19 vaccines likely to move into clinical testing early next year. Volunteers will be inoculated with a vaccine and a month or so later receive a “challenge” dose of Sars-Cov-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, under controlled conditions. About 2,000 potential volunteers have signed up for challenge studies in the UK through the US-based advocacy group 1Day Sooner, which campaigns for Covid-19 infection trials and has enlisted 37,000 people worldwide. Traditional clinical trials need tens of thousands of participants and researchers would struggle to attract enough for multiple vaccine studies. Challenge trials have a long history dating back to 1796, when the vaccine pioneer Edward Jenner inoculated eight-year-old James Phipps with live cowpox virus. More recently, they have been instrumental in developing vaccines and treatments for typhoid, cholera and malaria and in understanding how the immune system responds to flu and other viruses. -
Smallpox: a Primer
Smallpox: A Primer Lieutenant Colonel Brenda J. McEleney, USAF US Air Force Counterproliferation Center 9 Future Warfare Series No. 9 CHAPTER 6 Smallpox: A Primer Brenda J. McEleney Smallpox, is a virus that plagued humanity for millennia. It was the first and only disease ever intentionally eradicated from the face of this planet, a scourge defeated in a remarkable, never-before-attempted campaign of generosity and cooperation by the nations of the world. Its eradication was a triumphant symbol of science and dogged persistence winning over nature. Moreover, its eradication was a gift of man to all mankind. Yet, is it possible that the same hand of man, that once rid the scourge of smallpox from the world, will be used to unleash this terror again on its unprotected citizens? This chapter, by providing a thorough review of the history, epidemiology, and current risks associated with this dreaded disease, addresses that question and its implications for the American public. Origins of Smallpox Smallpox has been described as one of the great scourges of mankind.1 Every corner of the world has felt its grip and known its devastation. Historians speculate that smallpox first appeared around 10,000 B.C. in the agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa. From there, it probably spread to India via Egyptian merchants. There is evidence smallpox is at least 3,000 years old. It was known in China as early as 1122 B.C. Its scars have been found on the mummy of Pharaoh Ramses V, who died in 1157 B.C., as well as on other mummies from the 18th and 20th Egyptian dynasties.2,3 141 Smallpox: A Primer The first known smallpox epidemic was recorded in 1350 B.C. -
Development of Smallpox Vaccine in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries by J
BRMISH MAY 25, 1963 DEVELOPMENT OF SMALLPOX VACCINE MEDICAL JOURNAL 1367 Papers and Originals DEVELOPMENT OF SMALLPOX VACCINE IN ENGLAND IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES BY J. A. DUDGEON, M.C., M.D. The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London 3 and 4 Victoria XXIX. 23rd July, 1840. the fact that some of the details do not appear to be Whereas it is expedient to extend the Practice of Vaccination well known, others are incomplete, and many unfor- " Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent tunately are missing altogether. In these notes an Majesty by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords attempt has been made to put some of these facts on Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present record before they drift for ever into obscurity. Parliament assembled and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the passing of this Act it shall be Vaccination: Development and Legislation lawful for the Guardians of every Parish and Union. to contract with the Medical Officer of their several Union Edward Jenner was born in 1749 at Berkeley, in or Parish respectively . for the vaccination of all Gloucestershire. It was a common belief in the West Persons resident in such Unions or Parishes respectively . Country that those who had had cowpox, an endemic "And Be it further enacted, That any person who shall infection of milch cows, were resistant to smallpox. from and after the passing of this Act produce or cause to While in practice in Berkeley, Jenner put these theories produce in any Person, by Inoculating with Variolous to the test and proved to his own satisfaction that there Matter, or by wilful exposure to Variolous Matter, or wilfully by any other Means whatsoever produce was some substance to this belief. -
Eureka: Scientific Twists of Fate
Eureka: Scientific Twists of Fate . We are all familiar with the tale of Newton’s apple. While sitting in his orchard one day in 1665, Isaac Newton’s1 curiosity was sparked by a falling apple, leading him to a AUTHOR’S PURPOSE “discover” the law of gravity. As doubtful as the story sounds, writings by Newton and Based on the tone of his contemporaries verify the incident. Though science often seems an orderly and this paragraph and the methodical process, history is dotted with surprising discoveries such as these. Were information presented, what do you think they merely luck? Or the results of a gifted mind? Actually, a bit of both. Sometimes might be the purpose or scientific discoveries come from the most unexpected places, when talented people purposes of this article? are watching out for them. Here are two examples of similarly serendipitous finds. a serendipitous The Smallpox Cure (sDrQEn-dGpPG-tEs) adj. found by fortunate In the late 1700s, Edward Jenner, a young English doctor-in-training, was told by a local 2 accident 10 milkmaid that she was safe from smallpox because she had already had cowpox. Like its deadly cousin, cowpox also produced painful blisters, yet doctors had not made a connection between the two diseases. After extensive research, Jenner discovered that what she said was true—milkmaids exposed to a common strain of cowpox almost never contracted smallpox. Jenner’s supervising physicians took little interest in his findings. Then, in 1796, he injected a young boy named James Phipps with tissue taken from a cowpox blister on pervasive (pEr-vAPsGv) adj. -
Edward Jenner and a Vaccination for Smallpox
Name…………………………………………… UNIT 1 – REVISION GUIDE Medicine and Treatment EXAM: 8th June 2018 1 Contents Page TOPIC PAGE GENERAL REVISION NOTES Medicine and Treatment – Unit Checklist ………………………………………………………………….3 – 4 Key individuals/developments – an overview…………………………………………………………….5 – 13 CONNECT 4 – Test your knowledge …………………………………………………………………………. 14 – 17 MEDICINE IN ROMAN BRITAIN 50AD – 410AD What were the medical beliefs and practices in Roman Britain? Hippocrates and the Theory of the Four Humours………………………………………………………19 The work of Galen ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 Other medical theories and practices in Roman Britain ………………………………………….….20 MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE AGES 410 – 1350 The Dark Ages and their impact on medicine and medical knowledge ……………………….22 Public Health in the Middle Ages ………………………………………………………………………………..23 Causes, treatments and medical care in the Middle Ages …………………………………………..24 Medical training and beliefs about anatomy ……………………………………………………………….25 Did medical progress happen in the Middle Ages? ………………………………………………………25 What role did religion play in medicine during the Middle Ages? ……………………………….26 - 27 The Black Death 1348 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….28 – 29 Islamic anatomy & surgery…………………………………………………………………………………………..29-30 Medieval surgery………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31 MEDICINE 1350 – 1750 ‘DURING AND AFTER THE RENAISSANCE’ What was the Renaissance and how did it lead to medical discovery/change? ……….33-34 The discoveries and significance of Andreas Vesalius ……………………………………………….35 -
The Life and Legacy of Dr Edward Jenner FRS, Pioneer of Vaccination
The Life and Legacy of Dr Edward Jenner FRS, pioneer of vaccination Tim Wallington For Edward Jenner’s House Berkeley, Gloucestershire www.jennermuseum.com Edward Jenner’s Breakthrough: The Crucial Vaccination Experiment 14th May 1796, inoculation of James Phipps with lymph from a cow pox ulcer on the hand of Sarah Nelmes. 1st July James variolated (i.e. infected with smallpox) with no “take” 1. BEGINNINGS (1749 – 1773) 2. BEFORE FAME, SURGEON, GENTLEMAN SCIENTIST & MIDWIFE TO VACCINATION (1773 – 1798) 3. VACCINE CLERK (1798 -1823) 4. LEGACY 5. JENNER’S HOUSE, BERKELEY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE Beginnings Jenner antecedents, bakers based around Slimbridge in the Severn Vale Edward’s father, born 1702, Oxford educated churchman, vicar of Berkeley 1729 (gift of the Earl), he married Sarah in the same year. There were 9 children, 6 surviving to adulthood, Edward was number 8 Edward was born in the vicarage in Berkeley in 1749 Both parents died within two months of each other when he was five He was left in the care of 3 sisters, eldest 19 His brothers were at Oxford Aged 8 he was sent to Wooton- under-Edge Grammar School (Lady Katherine Berkeley) Variolated there by local surgeon, Mr Holbrow He was only at this school for one year An aside on Variolation Recovery from smallpox gives life long immunity Variolation: deliberate innoculation with smallpox, usually in childhood to avoid later natural infection Significant mortality (2%) (natural smallpox 12 – 20% and up to 40% in some outbreaks) Spread smallpox Learnt of variolation in Constantenople, had her first daughter variolated. Introduced variolation to England in 1721 having her second daughter variolated here Jenner’s experience of Variolation at Wooton-under-Edge Began with a period of preparation, around two to four weeks. -
What Is the Nature of Science?
“Everything is a part of every other thing, now and forever”” The Lieutenant by Kate Grenville The word is derived from the Latin term scientia, meaning “knowledge”. It’s a process of arriving at an understanding of a question or a problem . Science began before recorded history, when people first saw patterns in nature. 2 The Ancient Greeks were natural philosophers (like Aristotle) and they used “thinking only” to explain the world. “Philosophy” means the love of wisdom. Natural philosophers didn’t test their ideas, they relied on their thinking skills. 3 Began in the 1600’s with Galileo. He conducted experiments and collected evidence. He was the first “modern scientist” to base his work on testable facts. Galileo and Frances Bacon are considered to be the founders of what is now called “The Scientific Method”. 4 Up through the 20th century, one of the most serious diseases of mankind was smallpox. One of out every 10 children born in France and Sweden died of smallpox. The only known “cure” was to contract the disease and recover. Some inoculated themselves with fluid and pus from the sick, hoping to contract a mild case and survive. A British physician named Edward Jenner observed that dairymaids living in his hometown often contracted cowpox, a nonlethal disease with similar symptoms to smallpox. He decided to intentionally infect a young boy with cowpox, then expose him to . smallpox. (1796) Immunity was successfully conferred to the boy. 6 A different virus was eventually discovered for use in smallpox vaccinations. Produced much milder symptoms. Smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980.