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Les Princes De Sorel » : Analyse Du Rôle De La Famille Simard

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Les Princes De Sorel » : Analyse Du Rôle De La Famille Simard DÉPARTEMENT D’HISTOIRE Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines Université de Sherbrooke « Les Princes de Sorel » : analyse du rôle de la famille Simard dans le développement de la ville de Sorel (1909-1965) Par Chloé Ouellet-Riendeau Mémoire présenté pour obtenir La Maîtrise ès arts (Histoire) Sherbrooke Avril 2017 i RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire a pour objectif d'analyser l'engagement des frères Simard, un trio d'industriels canadiens-français, dans la ville de Sorel entre 1909 et 1965. Plus précisément, ce mémoire s’intéresse aux modalités de leur implantation en tant que principaux acteurs économiques dans cette ville ouvrière de taille moyenne. Peu de temps après leur arrivée, les trois frères Simard prennent en charge les principaux leviers économiques de Sorel en raison de sa situation socioéconomique stagnante et de son élite économique et politique manquant de dynamisme et de ressources. Ils effectuent une série de transactions menant à la création d'un empire industriel régional touchant à une multiplicité de secteurs, dont la construction navale. La modernisation de leurs acquisitions et la création de nouvelles industries propulsent ces modestes entrepreneurs parmi les élites économiques canadiennes. Toutefois, leur ascension dépend d'éléments conjoncturels et contextuels, tel que le marasme des années 1930 et la reprise économique engendrée par la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. De plus, cette concentration économique ne se fait pas sans contestation de la part de la population. Afin de consolider leur position, le trio adopte une stratégie claire d'enracinement dans la communauté soreloise à travers divers vecteurs sociaux, tel que la philanthropie. Ainsi il s'engage directement et indirectement autant dans le domaine du divertissement que dans les services essentiels. À travers cette analyse, ce mémoire nuance l'historiographie structurelle et globalisante des grandes transformations socioéconomiques du Québec de la première moitié du 20e siècle. L'étude de la symbiose entre les Simard et Sorel permet d'entrevoir l'existence d'une pluralité de modèles de développement possibles en ce qui a trait aux villes québécoises. Mots clés: Sorel, Simard, élites économiques, industrialisation, petites villes, moyennes villes, entrepreneurs ii REMERCIEMENTS Malgré tous les avertissements que nous pouvons recevoir en ce qui concerne la difficulté que représente la création d'un mémoire de maîtrise, rien ne peut nous préparer complètement aux eaux troubles de la recherche et de la rédaction. Toutefois, la présence et le soutien continu de quelques personnes aident énormément à garder le cap. Ainsi, je tiens à écrire quelques lignes afin de reconnaître les diverses contributions de ces individus à la réussite de ce projet. Je tiens d'abord à remercier mon directeur de maîtrise, le professeur Harold Bérubé. Ce mémoire voit le jour grâce à son enthousiasme envers mes intérêts de recherches. Ses conseils, sa patience et son encadrement dans les moments les plus cruciaux ont alimenté ma motivation et ma persévérance. La confiance qu'il démontre envers ses étudiants et ses encouragements envers leurs projets académiques et professionnels me sont très chers. Je voudrais également le remercier pour les opportunités de travail qu'il m'a offertes, me permettant de parfaire mes compétences dans mon domaine d'étude. Merci de croire en mes capacités. Je tiens aussi à remercier la professeure Louise Bienvenue et le professeur Pierre Lanthier d'avoir accepté le rôle de lecteurs pour ce mémoire. Merci à Amélie Bourbeau pour les opportunités professionnelles, mais également pour ses conseils qui ont grandement facilité la réalisation de la portion historiographique de ce projet. Merci à l'équipe de la Société d'histoire de Sherbrooke de m'avoir accordé ma première chance dans mon domaine d'étude et de renouveler votre confiance en mon travail. Merci pour votre amitié. Je souhaite également remercier mes amies et ma famille. Merci à mes parents, José et Mélanie, pour votre soutien continuel, votre confiance et votre enthousiasme envers mes projets. Merci à mes beaux-parents, Lucie et Luc, pour l'immense support que vous m'apportez quotidiennement. Merci à une amie irremplaçable, Catheryne Page, pour ta compréhension, ton écoute et tes encouragements dans les plus grands moments de doute. Merci à mes collègues, tout spécialement à ma chère amie Karine Pépin, qui sera toujours une source d'inspiration et un modèle à suivre. Finalement, merci à Alexandre Millette de partager tous les hauts et les bas de ce parcours avec moi, de me soutenir dans les périodes d'adversité et de toujours m'encourager à me surpasser. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .............................................................................................................................i REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................... ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES ............................................................................................... iii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ET FIGURES .........................................................................vi LISTE DES ABBRÉVIATIONS .................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPITRE I. HISTORIOGRAPHIE ET MÉTHODOLOGIE ......................................... 4 1.1 Mise en contexte ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Contexte historiographique ..................................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Histoire régionale du Québec ........................................................................... 7 1.2.2. Histoires des petites et moyennes villes ......................................................... 10 1.2.3 Histoire des élites économiques ....................................................................... 12 1.3 Problématique et hypothèses .................................................................................. 15 1.4 Méthodologie .......................................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Concepts ........................................................................................................... 18 1.4.2 Cadre d'analyse ................................................................................................ 22 1.4.3 Sources ............................................................................................................. 23 1.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 25 CHAPITRE II. PORTRAITS DE LA VILLE DE SOREL ET DE LA FAMILLE SIMARD .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.1. Sorel vue par les chercheurs .................................................................................. 26 2.2. Mutation socioéconomique de Sorel, 1848-1929 .................................................. 27 2.2.1.Les Sorelois : un portrait démographique ........................................................ 28 2.2.2. Navigation et construction navale, 1848-1870 ............................................... 34 2.2.3. La construction navale comme pilier économique instable, 1870-1929 ........ 36 2.2.4. Un réseau de communication déficient : où sont les élites économiques et politiques? ................................................................................................................. 41 2.3. Éléments biographiques des Simard de la Baie-Saint-Paul ................................... 45 2.3.1.Vie familiale et éducation ............................................................................... 45 iv 2.3.2. Formation d'une future élite industrielle ......................................................... 47 2.3.3. Sorel, terre d'adoption et d'opportunités à saisir ............................................. 49 2.3.4. Le trio Simard : profiter des forces de chaque individu ................................ 53 2.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 55 CHAPITRE III. L'ÈRE DU « DUCHÉ DES SIMARD » : CONCENTRATION ET DIVERSIFICATION DES ACTIVITÉS ÉCONOMIQUES ET FORMATION D'UN RÉSEAU POLITIQUE .................................................................................................... 57 3.1. Activités maritimes et métallurgie au cœur de l'empire des Simard ..................... 57 3.1.1. Marine Industries Limited propulsée par la Seconde Guerre mondiale ......... 58 3.1.2. Mise sur pied de Sorel Industries Limited, l'arsenal du Canada ..................... 62 3.1.4 Gestion de l'après-guerre, retour à une économie de paix ............................... 72 3.1.5. Déclin et héritage de l'empire industriel familial ............................................ 79 3.2. Incursion dans la diversification de l'empire Simard : les sources de revenus secondaires ................................................................................................................... 82 3.2.1. Industries légères de petite taille et propriétés commerciales ......................... 83 3.2.2. Hôtel Saurel : lieu d'accueil, de sociabilité et de divertissement .................... 86 3.3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................
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