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A Survey of Psychological Responses During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Among Chinese Police Officers in Wuhu

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A Survey of Psychological Responses During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Among Chinese Police Officers in Wuhu Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH A Survey of Psychological Responses During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic among Chinese Police Officers in Wuhu This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Lili Yuan 1 Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented serious Lele Zhu2 threats to people’s health and lives. Police officers are bravely fighting on the front lines of Fangfang Chen3 the epidemic. The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of Qian Cheng2 psychological responses among police officers during the COVID-19 pandemic and find Qian Yang1 influencing factors in depression and anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional online questionnaire was administered to police officers in Zhiming Zhou Zhou1 Wuhu through WeChat, and data were collected between March 10 and 26, 2020. A total Yujuan Zhu1 4 of 3,561 questionnaires were received, of which 3,517 were considered valid. The ques­ Yigao Wu tionnaires included demographic information and a psychological survey. The depression 2 Yong Zhou scale of the Patient Health QuestionnaireQ9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale were 2 Xiaojuan Zha utilized to assess depression and anxiety, respectively. 1Department of Neurology, First Results: The mean depression score of participants was 4.10±4.87 (0–27), and 12.17%had Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical moderate–severe depression. The mean anxiety score of participants was 3.59±4.228 (0–21), College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Health Management and 8.79% had moderate–severe anxiety. Older and married police officers were at higher Center, First Affiliated Hospital of risk of anxiety. Those with a bachelor’s degree or above, living near the city center, and Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui taking sleeping pills were at greater risk of depression and anxiety. Auxiliary police had Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Psychology, Fourth lower depression and anxiety scores. Depression scores were strongly correlated withanxiety People’s Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui scores (r=0.863, p<0.001). Province, People’s Republic of China; Conclusion: Our findings identify factors associated with higher levels of depression and 4Department of Psychology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical anxiety that can be utilized to develop psychological interventions to improve the mental College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, People’s health of vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Republic of China Keywords: COVID-19, police officers, psychological responses, anxiety, depression Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic.1 In China, COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019, and had spread to all 34 regions of China by 30 January 2020. The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused serious threats to people’s health and lives. Therefore, the Chinese govern­ ment has imposed unprecedented strict quarantine measures that have put large numbers of people in isolation and disrupted their way of life. This public-health emergency has put people’s physical and mental health under unprecedented threat.2,3 A recent study of the Chinese general population demonstrated that Correspondence: Lele Zhu; Xiaojuan Zha 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of COVID-19 as moderate Email [email protected]; [email protected] or severe, 16.5% reported moderate–severe depressive symptoms, and 28.8% submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2020:13 2689–2697 2689 DovePress © 2020 Yuan et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php http://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S269886 and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Yuan et al Dovepress reported moderate–severe anxiety symptoms during the the information they would provide would not be disclosed. initial stage of the epidemic.2,4 When an officer had completed the self-reported question­ The increasing numbers of patients and suspected cases naire, psychological status results would be displayed auto­ have caused public worry about becoming infected.5 There matically on their mobile phone. Our institution would have been a lot of studies focused on the psychological provide psychological intervention services to those who state of health-care workers.6–9 In addition to health-care needed it. These participants voluntarily took part in the workers, police officers are equally bravely fighting on the survey with online informed consent, which was approved front lines of the epidemic.10,11 Unfortunately, little atten­ by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of tion has been paid to the psychological responses of police Wannan Medical College. Inclusion criteria were police officers. Being a police officer is one of the most mentally officers, including criminal, security, regimental, traffic, taxing jobs, requiring long-time and frequent shifts, the command center and logistics support, organizational, inter­ threat of violence, heightened vigilance, and a lack of nal, and political security, prison guards, and auxiliary public support.12 As first responders to emergencies, police in Wuhu participating in COVID-19 prevention and police officers not only face a higher risk of infection control, between 18 and 60 years old, understanding the than the general public but also suffer from fatigue caused questionnaire, and no diagnosed neuropsychiatric disorders. by working overtime and the pressures of responsibility. A total of 3,561 questionnaires were received in the study, The sudden disruption of society resulting from the of which 3,517 were considered valid (98.76%). COVID-19 pandemic may impact the mental health of police officers and lead to a wide variety of psychological Questionnaires problems, such as anxiety and depression. Demographic Characteristics This is the first survey of psychological response in The demographic data were collected by officers providing police officers of China during the tumultuous time of the their personal information online. This information comprised COVID-19 outbreaks. A self-report questionnaire in online age, sex, education, marital status, current location, position, form was used to investigate anxiety and depression among telephone number, and use of sleeping pills in the last month. police officers including criminal police, security police, special police, traffic police, command center and logistics Psychological Surveys support staff, those engaged in organizational, internal, and Depression Survey political security, prison guards, and auxiliary police in The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9), which Wuhu between March 10 and 26, 2020. The main purpose comprises 9 items with scores between 0 and 27, is a widely of the study was to measure the prevalence and severity of used self-report tool for measuring depression during the pre­ psychological responses among police officers during the vious 2 weeks. Participants completed the question using COVID-19 epidemic and findinfluencing factors in depres­ a four-point rating scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (every day) sion and anxiety. The survey helped to offer a concrete basis through WeChat according to their own psychological status. for implementing pertinent mental health–intervention The total score was subdivided into five categories: minimal measures to deal with the challenge effectively. (0–4), mild (5–9), moderate (10–14), moderate–severe (15– 19), and severe (20–27). Cronbach’s α-coefficient for the Methods Chinese version of the PHQ9 was 0.85. Using 10 as a cutoff, sensitivity and specificity of the GAD7 were 93.33% and Study Design and Participants 96.83%, respectively.13 A cross-sectional online questionnaire was administered to all police officers involved in epidemic prevention and Anxiety Survey control from five districts (Yijiang, Sanshan, Jiujiang, The seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD7) Jinghu, and Jingkai) and four counties (Wuhu, Nanling, scale, which comprises seven items with scores between 0 Fanchang, and Wuwei) in Wuhu through WeChat, and and 21, has proven to be an effective tool for assessing data collection began on March 10, after the WHO had anxiety in the last 2 weeks. Participants responded to announced the threat of COVID-19 becoming a pandemic questions using a four-point rating scale from 0 (not at all) may be a reality on 9 March 2020. Data were collected to 3 (every day) through WeChat according to their own from 10 March to 26 March. All participants were told that psychological status. The total score was divided into four 2690 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2020:13 DovePress Dovepress Yuan et al categories: minimal (0–4), mild (5–9), moderate (10–14), Table 1 Demographic characteristic of participants and severe (15–21). Cronbach’s α- coefficient for GAD7 Demographics n Percentage was 0.898, and test–retest reliability was 0.856. Using 10 as (%) a cutoff, sensitivity and specificity of the GAD7 were 86.2% Sex Female 557 15.8 14 and 95.5%, respectively (α=0.825). Male 2,960 84.2 Education Senior high school or below 760 21.6 Statistical Analysis Academy 1,207 34.3 Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0. Bachelor’s or above 1,550 44.1 Quantitative data are expressed as means ± SD and qualitative Marital Married 2,769 78.7 data as percentages.
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