View Full Text Article

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

View Full Text Article AFPP-SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PESTS IN AGRICULTURE, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE 26TH-27TH OCTOBER, 2005. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THREE BOTANICAL AND SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES AGAINST THE SPIRALING WHITEFLY, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell ON PEPPERS. M.M.DEGRI*; T.LIBNA** &H.B.K.JOSEPH* *Pest Control Unit, Gombe State ADP, PMB 0046 Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria. **School of Agriculture,ATBU PMB 0248 Bauchi, Nigeria Abstract Field experiments were conducted at the Dadin-Kowa irrigation dam during 2003- 2004 dry seasons to compare the effectiveness of neem seed oil, tobacco leaf garlic bulb and imidacloprid (Confidor) insecticides in the control of spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell on peppers (Capsicum spp.).The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The botanical and synthetic insecticides application was done at 7days intervals and at 10% and 0.5 ml/litre of water, respectively.Results of the study showed that all the three botanicals were as effective as the synthetic insecticide in controlling the pest in the field.Confidor significantly ( P< 0.05) reduced the infestation of spiraling whitefly than the three botanical insecticides. However neem oil, garlic and tobacco sprayed peppers had significantly (P< 0.005) lower infestations and improved the fruit yields than control treatment. Neem oil, garlic and tobacco extracts are therefore recommended for controlling A.dispersus on peppers. Keywords: botanical, synthetic, insecticide, spiraling, whitefly, pepper INTRODUCTION Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) is a highly polyphagous pest. It is known to attack many host plants like vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, shade trees (DAVID &REGU,1995;SRINIVASA,2000; GEETHA &SWAMIAPPA,2001).The major host plants of economic importance in Nigeria are banana,guava,pawpaw tomato,peppers, eggplant,mango,cassava, cowpea, potatoes and amaranthus (NEUENSCHWANDER,1994;PITAN et al. 2002).The pest feed on the plant by piercing through their needle-like mouthparts and sucking of sap from leaves mainly by the nymphs and adults and when population is high can cause premature leaf drop, reduce plant vigor and yields but rarely cause death of the plant (PITAN et al.2002). PITMAN & OLUFEMI (2003) reported that about 40-60 adults can be found per leaf and 50-70 % of the total number of leaves per plant can be infested depending on the plant species. The sticky liquid called honeydew excreted by the adults and nymphs on the lower leaf surfaces encourages the development of other organisms like sooty mould fungi on leaf surfaces which interferes with photosynthetic capacity and market value of the crop (AKINLOSOTU et al.1993).The copious white, waxy, flocculent material secreted by all the stages of spiraling whitefly are readily spread by wind, creating nuisance to human and animals (RAMANI et al.2002). GEETHA,(2000) reported that heavy incidence of the pest caused yield reduction to an extent of 53.10 % in tapioca. WEN et al.;(1995) reported a loss in fruit yield of 80 % in guava attacked by the pest for four months consecutively in Taiwan. Yield losses of 20-100 % can occur depending upon the crop, season and prevalence of the pest among other factors (RONALD et al.; 2003) The control of spiraling whitefly was reported in several countries using insecticides (WIJESEKERA &KUDAGAMAGE, 1990; WEN et al. 1995; ALAM et al.1998) but broad spectrum insecticides are not recommended because of their harmful effects on natural enemies (RONALD et al.; 2002).In India, tobacco, neem oil, fish oil, rosin soap and detergent solution in addition to several insecticides have been found effective (RANJITH et al.1996; MARIAM, 1999 & GEETHA, 2000). Chemical control is both uneconomic and impractical because of the pest’s wide host range, widespread distribution and presence in areas with high human and animal inhabitation (KAJITA et al.(1991).Sprayed dilute aqueous solution of detergent to reduce infestations and use of light traps covered with Vaseline coating to trap adults have been effective (MARIAM,1999). As spiraling whitefly is an exotic pest in most countries, biological control through introduction of natural enemies from the area of origin of the pest is considered the best method for a sustainable control (LOPEZ et al.1997).The introduction of aphelinid parasitoids Encarsia spp.into many countries like India, Taiwan, Nigeria, Benin, Hawaii, Maldives, Togo, Ghana, Malaysia, and the Philippines have shown that there has been a perceptible reduction in the population of the pest (NEUENSCHWANDER,1996,D’ALMEIDA et al.1998). This study tried to evaluate the efficacy of botanical insecticides in comparison with a synthetic insecticide imidacloprid in controlling A.dispersus on pepper. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were conducted at the Dadin-kowa irrigation dam during 2003 and 2004 dry seasons. Neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss) seed oil, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb and imidacloprid (Confidor) were used. Five treatments were demarcated in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. Each plot was 4.5 m long by 3.0 m wide with 1.5 m interspaces between adjacent plots of replication. Clean seeds of pepper were purchased from Gombe State Agricultural Supply Company and planted in nursery for four weeks prior to transplanting. The seedlings were transplanted during cool evening in the prepared fields at a plant spacing of 60 cm by 50 cm.After transplanting, the plants were irrigated twice daily and gap filling was done one week after transplanting to maintain the plant population in the experimental plots. Fresh garlic bulbs and tobacco leaves were obtained; sun dried and milled to powder with blender.400 g of each product powder was boiled separately in 20 litres of water to obtain a paste. The paste were allowed to stay for 12 hours and filtered through double fold muslin cloth to obtain extract. The fresh seeds of neem were collected from neem trees, sun dried, decorticated; sun dried the kernel, milled to powder by using blender. 400 g of the powder was mixed with 20 litres of hot water to form paste. Oil extraction was done by pressing and squeezing the paste put in a muslin cloth to bring out the oil. The extracted oil and supernatant from the various plant products were left for one hour to cool and were put separately in 4 litre gallons. The neem oil, garlic, tobacco extracts and imidacloprid were carefully sprayed to cover the underside and surface of the crops using knapsack sprayer. After the application of each product, the sprayer was washed thoroughly with clean water before introducing the next product in the sprayer. The botanical insecticides were sprayed at 10 % concentration while imidacloprid at 0.5 ml/l of water at 7 days interval. The first application was done as soon as the pest was sighted on some few crops. Assessment of the products was done by visually counting the number of infested plant/plot and the number of leaves with spiraling whitefly from randomly tagged plants. Harvested fruits were weighed and recorded. Data collected from infested plants, leaves and fruits were subjected analysis of variance (ANOVA) and their means were compared and separated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The infestation of peppers by A.dispersus was low in imidacloprid, A.indica, A.sativum and N.tabacum and high in the untreated control treatments for the two years (Table 1 ). The three botanical insecticides have been found to be effective against the pest but were not as effective as the synthetic insecticide used in the experiment. There was significant difference (P< 0.05) between imidacloprid and the three botanical insecticides. The low number of pepper plants and leaves infested by A.dispersus in imidacloprid was due to its capability to protect the plant from the pest. And this could be because imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide with a very good contact and stomach poison effects when used as foliar spray on the plants. The three botanical insecticides also protected the pepper plants from the pest when compared with the untreated treatments. This could be because neem, garlic and tobacco have insecticidal properties which serve as antifeedant, repellant and also disrupt the insect moulting by antagonizing ecdysone processes (STOLL, 1996). In the control treatment, there was steady increase in the population of the pest instead of decrease. This was because there was nothing to disrupt the breeding and feeding activities of the pest (RANJITH et al.; 1996 & MURALIKRISHNA, 1999). Table 2 showed that imidacloprid was significantly (P<0.05%) more effective than the botanical insecticides in controlling the pest on pepper. The number of pepper leaves infested in 2003 and 2004 were low in imidacloprid treatment, moderate in A.indica,A.sativum and N.tabacum and high in untreated treatments. The superioty and effectiveness of synthetic insecticides like the one exhibited by imidacloprid over the three botanical insecticides were reported by MARIAM(1999) and GEETHA(2000). Figure 3:Effect of botanicals and Confidor on fruit yields/ha in 2003-2004 D 30 25 20 2003 15 (t/ha) 2004 10 5 MEAN FRUITYIEL MEAN 0 A. indica A. sativum Control Treatment Table 3 indicated that imidacloprid, A.indica, A.sativum and N.tabacum treatments produced better fruit yields in 2003 and 2004 than the untreated treatment.Imidacloprid treatment fruit yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the fruit yields obtained from the three botanical insecticides. The mean pepper fruit yields obtained from the three botanical insecticides. This conformed with the report given by ALAM, et al.,(1998),WIJESEKERA & KUDAGAMAGE(1990). The significant higher mean fruit yields obtained from imidacloprid, A.indica, A.sativum and N.tabacum was because they prevented A.dispersus from feeding which would have caused reduction in photosynthetic activity, premature leaf drop and weakening of the pepper plants (PITMAN &OLUFEMI, 2003).
Recommended publications
  • Dwarf-Cashew Resistance to Whitefly (Aleurodicus Cocois) Linked To
    Research Article Received: 12 February 2019 Revised: 14 June 2019 Accepted article published: 25 June 2019 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 27 July 2019 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.5531 Dwarf-cashew resistance to whitefly (Aleurodicus cocois) linked to morphological and histochemical characteristics of leaves Elaine SS Goiana,a Nivia S Dias-Pini,a* Celli R Muniz,a Arlete A Soares,b James C Alves,b Francisco C Vidal-Netoa and Cherre S Bezerra Da Silvac Abstract BACKGROUND: The cashew whitefly (CW), Aleurodicus cocois, is an important pest of cashew in Brazil. The use of resistant plants may be an effective strategy for the control of this pest. In a preliminary assay, we found that dwarf-cashew clones show different levels of resistance to CW. Here, we hypothesized that such resistance is associated with morphological characteristics of cashew leaves and their content of phenolic compounds. RESULTS: We determined (i) the attractiveness and suitability for oviposition of five dwarf-cashew clones towards CW, (ii) the leaf morphology and chemistry of those clones, and (iii) the relationship between leaf characteristics and resistance to CW. In greenhouse multiple-choice assays, PRO143/7 and CCP76 showed, respectively, the lowest and highest counts of both CW adults and eggs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that PRO143/7 and EMBRAPA51 have, respectively, the highest and lowest numbers of leaf glandular trichomes. We found a negative correlation between number of trichomes in the abaxial surface of cashew leaves and CW oviposition. In addition, confocal microscopy analysis and histochemical tests with ferrous sulfate indicated a higher accumulation of phenolic compounds in the resistant clone PRO143/7 relative to the other clones.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of on Aleurodicus Dispersus Russel. (Spiralling Whitefly) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae] in Nigeria
    Journal of Entomology and Nematology Vol. 2(1), pp. 001-006, February, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JEN ISSN 2006- 9855© 2010 Academic Journals Review A review of on Aleurodicus dispersus Russel. (spiralling whitefly) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae] in Nigeria A. D. Banjo Department of Plant science and applied zoology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P. M. B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted 26 November, 2009 The developmental biology of Aleurodicus dispersus Russel., have been investigated. It was found to have a cumulative developmental period of (23 - 41) days. The mean numbers of egg developing to adult have been found to be 138.1 per thousand eggs. The spread of the insect have been found to be connected to human traffics. The oviposition and feeding occurs simultaneously and occur more on their abaxial surface of host leaves. Rainfall and temperature play a prominent role on the abundance and seasonal fluctuation of the insect and infact, regulating their population. Presently, A. dispersus is found on arable as well as ornamental plants but rarely on gramminae. At present, A. dispersus is a minor pest with the potential of becoming a serious pest with the increasing global warming. Key words: Aleurodicus dispersus, oviposition, abaxial surface, abundance, gramminae. INTRODUCTION Aleurodicus dispersus (Russel, 1965) otherwise known cowpea (Waterhouse and Norris, 1989). Altogether, A. as spiralling whitefly (swf) is a small (1 - 2 mm long) dispersus has been reported on more than 27 plant insect as other whiteflies (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969) with families, 38 genera with over 100 species including citrus a characteristic spiralling pattern of oviposition on the and ornamental plants (Russell, 1965; Cherry, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Biology of Invasive Rugose Spiralling Whitefly Aleurodicus Rugioperculatus Martin on Three Host Plants
    20038--Sanjay Kumar Pradhan Indian Journal of Entomology, Review Article (2020) DoI No.: COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF INVASIVE RUGOSE SPIRALLING WHITEFLY ALEURODICUS RUGIOPERCULATUS MARTIN ON THREE HOST PLANTS SANJAY KUMAR PRADHAN, A N SHYLESHA1, K SELVARAJ*AND SUMALATHA, B V1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065 1Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insects Resources, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024 *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT Comparative biology of invasive rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW) Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was studied on three host plants viz., coconut (Cocos nucifera L), banana (Musa spp. L) and Indian shot (Canna indica) under caged as well as field conditions. The RSW life cycle was shorter on coconut compared to that of banana and Indian shot plant. Thus coconut is preferred hosts for its growth and development. A fecundity of 49.50± 4.09 and total duration of the nymphal instars being of 23.2± 1.38 days. Duration to lifestages on banana was less under field conditions as compared to that under caged conditions.These results on the comparative biology and growth will help to develop suitable IPM strategies for this invasive pest. Key words: Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, biology, coconut, banana, Canna indica, fecundity, nymphal instars, duration, total life cycle Globalization in agriculture trade has led to deliberate and Andhra Pradesh. Due to its excreting excessive or accidental introduction of many quarantine pests, honey dew, which gets deposited on plant leaves as well diseases and weeds (USDA, 2001). These introduced as anything under the infested plants, its damage is more pests pose major threat to the native biodiversity and serious.
    [Show full text]
  • Menace of Spiralling Whitefly, Aleurodicus Dispersus Russell on the Agrarian Community
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(12): 2756-2772 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 12 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.329 Menace of Spiralling Whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell on the Agrarian Community P. P. Pradhan1* and Abhilasa Kousik Borthakur2 1Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India 2Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Assam Agricultural University, Darrang, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, a polyphagous pest native to the Spiralling whitefly, Caribbean region and Central America has turned out to be cosmopolitan as well Aleurodicus creating havoc to the farming community. The peculiar egg-laying pattern of this pest disperses, has given its name spiralling whitefly. The insect has four nymphal stages and has a Polyphagous, pupal period of 2-3 days, thereby the total developmental period is of 18 to 23 days. It Ecology, Parasitoids, has been found that high temperature and high relative humidity during summer has a positive impact on pest incidence. As their body is covered with a heavy waxy Predators material, management of this pest is quite a task. Since A. dispersus is an exotic pest Article Info in most of the countries, hence classical biological control through the introduction of natural enemies from the area of origin of the pest is considered as a sustainable Accepted: management option. The natural enemies chiefly the parasitoids Encarsia 18 November 2020 guadeloupae Viggiani and Encarsia haitiensis Dozier has turned out to be a promising Available Online: 10 December 2020 tool in suppressing the menace of spiralling whitefly.
    [Show full text]
  • EU Project Number 613678
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spiralling Whitefly and Its Management Practices in the South Pacific
    Adv. Hort. Sci., 2019 33(1): 123-131 DOI: 10.13128/ahs-22952 Mini review Spiralling whitefly and its management practices in the South Pacific. A review Advances inH HorticulturaS l Science R.R. Chand 1, 2 ( *), A.D. Jokhan 2, R. Kelera 1 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji. 2 School of Science and Technology, The University of Fiji, Private Mail Bag, Lautoka, Fiji. Key words: abundance, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, management, South Pacific, spiralling whitefly. Abstract: A few species of whiteflies are considered a serious insect pest of veg - etation and ornamental plants across many countries. The Spiralling whiteflies, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell has been recorded on many different plant species across countries. These whiteflies feed exclusively on leaves and have (*) Corresponding author: the ability to spread plant diseases. A great deal of research has been done on [email protected] whiteflies in relation to which control methods would be most effective in pest management. The management of Spiralling whitefly in the South Pacific is heavily reliant on biological control (using the parasitic wasps, predators and Citation: entomopathogenic fungi). Other control methods include physical, botanical, CHAND R.R., JOKHAN A.D., KELERA R., 2019 - Spiralling whitefly and its management practices and chemical to keep the whitefly population at lower levels. In this paper, an in the South Pacific. A review . - Adv. Hort. Sci., overview of Spiralling whiteflies and its management practices in the South 33(1): 123-131 Pacific will be reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants and Animals: Is There a Way Out?
    Invasive plants and animals: Is there a way out? Proceedings of a Conference on Alien Invasive Species on the 26th of September, 2000 in the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis in Leiden, the Netherlands Wim Bergmans & Esther Blom editors NCDO NEIHERLANDscoMMiwEFoR Natuurmonumenten IUCN fHt WORLD C0NSER\/ATIDN ', ON Invasive plants and animals: Is there a way out? Photo cover: Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Photo: Gerard van der Velde Layout: Edith Cremers Printing: Leeuwenberg, Amsterdam Production: Cas Besselink ISBN 90-75909-08-x Published July 2001 by The Netherlands Committee for IUCN Plantage Middenlaan 2B 1018 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands Website: www.nciucn.nl With support from: NCDO (National Committee for international cooperation and sustainable development) Natuurmonumenten (Dutch society for the preservation of nature) Invasive plants and animals: Is there a way out? Proceedings of a Conference on Alien Invasive Species on the 26th of September, 2000 in the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis in Leiden, the Netherlands Wim Bergmans & Esther Blom editors Netherlands Committee for IUCN, 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents 5 Preface 6 Acknowledgements 8 List of contributors 9 Introduction 1. Lennart Turlings: Invasive plants and animals: Is there a way out? 10 2. Piero Genovesi: Biological invasions as a major threat to biodiversity: IUCN guidelines and actions for preventing biodiversity losses caused by alien invasive species 19 3. Rob Hengeveld: Invasion biology: From theory to practice 26 4. Gerard van der Velde: Ecological and economic damage by invasive species in inland waters and how to deal with it 33 5. Fernando Espinoza Fuentes: Alien invasive species in the Galapagos Isands 39 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae): a Discussion of Their Taxonomic and Evolutionary Significance, with the Descript
    Giant whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae): a discussion of their taxonomic and evolutionary significance, with the description of a new species of Udamoselis Enderlein from Ecuador Jon H. Martin Three adult male whitefly specimens from Ecuador are described as Udamoselis estrellamarinae sp. n. This genus and its subfamily are reappraised on adult characters, including wing venation, paronychium structure, and distribution of abdominal wax glands. In the absence of associated puparia nomenclatural caution is preferred, but the subfamilies Udamoselinae and Aleurodicinae are likely to be synonymous. Wing venation of other very large whiteflies is illustrated, and is discussed in comparison with fossil taxa. Speculation is made on the possible biology of such giant whitefly species. Jon H. Martin, Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. j. [email protected] Introduction single adult male specimen. Enderlein’s specimen has In an account of the history of higher systematics subsequently never been traced, and is thought to in the Aleyrodidae, Russell (2000) stated that five have been lost during the upheavals of the Second whitefly subfamily names have been used for extant World War. As well as being described from a single taxa. Of these, Uraleyrodinae Sampson & Drews specimen, no satisfactory collecting locality is known (1941) was found to be synonymous with Aleyro- and Enderlein simply gave this as ‘in all probability dinae Westwood (1840), based on a study of adult South America’, indicating that the specimen must characters by Russell (1986). Takahashi (1932) had have been given to him. Enderlein also included erected the subfamily Siphonaleyrodinae solely for Aleurodicus Douglas (1892) in his new subfamily, his new species Siphonaleyrodes formosanus, which without any discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Enemies of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus
    ENY-870 Natural Enemies of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the South Florida Landscape1 Siavash Taravati, Catharine Mannion, Holly Glenn, and Lance Osborne2 Introduction Rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, is a member of the subfamily Aleurodicinae, originally described from Belize in 2004 on coconut, Cocos nucifera (Martin 2004). This species was first observed in south Florida in 2009, which was the first report of its occurrence in the United States. As of July 2013, it has been found in 17 counties in south and central Florida. This whitefly has been reported on more than 60 plant species, which include gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba), coconut (Cocos nucifera), black olive (Bucida buceras), avocado (Persea americana), Calophyllum spp., and giant white bird Figure 1. Dorsal view of Encarsia guadeloupae of paradise (Strelitzia nicolai). There is little information on Credits: Siavash Taravati the biology and management of this species in the literature vaporariorum (Westwood) (Evans 2008). Adult wasps can (Stocks and Hodges 2012). In this publication, we will be identified by their yellow scutellum (a triangular plate on describe the predators and parasitoids found feeding on this their back between the wings; the thorax area) against their whitefly in the south Florida landscape. brownish body (Fig. 1 and 2). Encarsia guadeloupae has been found on trees infested with rugose spiraling whitefly, Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani parasitizing the whitefly nymphs. Under laboratory condi- tions, female wasps examine whitefly nymphs with their (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) long antennae and probe with their ovipositor looking for This solitary parasitoid belongs to the family Aphilinidae a suitable site on the nymph to lay an egg.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting Service 2000, No
    EPPO Reporting Service Paris, 2000-11-01 Reporting Service 2000, No. 11 CONTENTS 2000/165 - Outbreak of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in the Netherlands 2000/166 - Identification of Liriomyza sativae on imports from Israel 2000/167 - Synchytrium endobioticum found on Prince Edward Island, Canada 2000/168 - Eradication of tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus in France 2000/169 - First report of Mycosphaerella dearnessii in Italy 2000/170 - Globodera pallida found in Malta 2000/171 - Situation of several quarantine pests in Germany in 1999 and 2000 2000/172 - First report of Aleurodicus dispersus in Mauritius 2000/173 - Whitefly-transmitted viruses and whitefly species in Islas Canarias, Spain 2000/174 - Cameraria ohridella continues to spread in Europe 2000/175 - Control measures against Cameraria ohridella 2000/176 - Details on Thrips palmi in Korea Republic 2000/177 - Carposina niponensis – nomenclature goes full circle 2000/178 - New disease of broccoli caused by Pseudomonas syringae 2000/179 - Studies on fungi associated with root rot and vine decline of melons in California (US) 2000/180 - Situation of Dutch elm disease in New Zealand 2000/181 - Black sigatoka in the Torres Strait islands (Australia) 2000/182 - Fusarium proliferatum reported on date palms in Saudi Arabia 2000/183 - PCR diagnostic method for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus 2000/184 - EU Directive 77/93 passes away 2000/185 - Telediagnostic methods used in Norway 2000/186 - EPPO report on selected intercepted consignments EPPO Reporting Service 2000/165 Outbreak of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in the Netherlands In the Netherlands, during the 2000 growing-season, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (EPPO A2 quarantine pest - causal agent of potato ring rot) has been found in ware potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Basic Arthropod Taxonomy Arthropods Include the Insects, Spiders, Mites, Ticks, Ostracods, Copepods, Scorpions, Centipedes, Sh
    Basic Arthropod Taxonomy Arthropods include the insects, spiders, mites, ticks, ostracods, copepods, scorpions, centipedes, shrimps, and crayfishes. Of these, insects make up > 50% of all the nominal species of organisms in the world. Insects and its allies or relatives whether pests or beneficials are part of rice ecosystems. Basic arthropod identification is important in ecological research to understand interactions, which are vital for developing better pest management tools and strategies. This manual will focus on: • Identification of different arthropod groups. • Identification of major diagnostic features of the most common and important arthropod orders, families and species especially insects and spiders in the rice agricultural landscape using taxonomic keys. • Handling and preserving arthropods for identification. Manual content Differences: Insects (Class Insecta) and Spiders (Class Arachnida, Order Araneae) Insects Spiders Body regions 3: head, thorax and abdomen 2: cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and unsegmented abdomen Eyes 2-3 compound eyes and 0-8 (with some ground 3 ocelli or simple eyes dwellers having no eyes) Legs (no.) 3 pairs 4 pairs Wings Present Absent Antennae Present Absent Summary of Insect Orders and Families and Spider Families covered in this workshop Order Family Common name Common species Food habit Odonata Coenagrionidae Damselfly Agriocnemis Predator (flying femina femina insects and (Brauer) hoppers) 1 A. pygmaea Predator (flying (Rambur) insects and hoppers) Order Family Common name Common species Food habit Odonata Libellulidae Dragonfly Diplacodes Predator (stem trivialis (Drury) borers, leaffeeders and planthoppers) Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Long-horned Conocephalus Predator (rice grasshoppers longipennis (de bug, stem borers, Haan) and planthopper and leafhopper nymphs) Gryllidae Crickets Euscyrtus Pest concinnus (de Haan) Acrididae Short-horned Oxya spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect and Mite Pests of Blueberries in Hawai'i
    College of Tropical Agriculture Insect Pests and Human Resources July 2017 IP-42 University of Hawai'i at Manca Insect and Mite Pests of Blueberries in Hawai‘i Randall T. Hamasaki1, Andrea M. Kawabata2, and Stuart T. Nakamoto3 1Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, 2Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, 3Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences outhern highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corym- Pests That Feed on Plant Sap bosum x V. darrowi) are being investigated as a potentialS high-value crop for Hawai‘i agriculture. One Soft scales: potential area of concern is potential pests and their man- Brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus....8 agement. Accurate identification of pests is essential for Green shield scale, Pulvinaria psidii Maskell.........8 making sound pest-management decisions. This guide is Hemispherical scale, Saissettia coffeae Walker.....8 intended to help Hawai‘i blueberry growers by providing Melon or cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover............11 photographs and information about pest identification, Whiteflies: life cycle, and distribution, as well as crop damage caused Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum by the pest and other host plants. Westwood................................................................13 Pests were studied on blueberry plants growing at Giant whitefly,Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell.......13 the University of Hawai‘i at M¯anoa-CTAHR’s Mealani, Greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis L¯al¯amilo, Volcano, and Kona Research Stations on the Bouché.............................................................................15 island of Hawai‘i. Pest samples were identified by the Torpedo bug, Siphanta acuta Walker............................17 UHM-CTAHR Agricultural Diagnostic Service Center Mites: (ADSC). If you suspect pest problems but cannot de- Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae termine the cause, we suggest that you submit samples Koch.........................................................................18 to the ADSC for identification.
    [Show full text]