~GAZINE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A union of the American Hortilultural Society and the American HorticultuTaI Council 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST • WASHINGTON 2, D. C.

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information

B. Y. MORRISO;\, Editor Directors

JAMES R. HARLOW, Managing Editor T erms Expiring 1963 MARY W . M. HAKES Maryland Editorial Committee GRETCHEN HARSHBAR(;ER Iowa JOHN L. CREECH, Chairman FREDERIC HEUTTE W. H . HODGE Virginia W. H . HODGE FREDERIC P. LEE .'Vfa'T yland CONRAD B. LI~K .'\ LlIFRT J. IRVING .Yew York CURTIS MAY Terms E xpi"ing 196-1 FREDERICK G MEY ER R . C. ALLEN W I LBUR H. YOUM ; ~IA:-I Ohio P. H. BRYDON Officers Californifl CARL "V. F EN .\! INGER PRESIDENT Pennsy lvania JOH N E. GRAF HENRY T. SKI NNER Dish'iet of Columbia Washington, D. C. GRACE P. ' VILSON

FIRST VICE· PRESIDENT Terms ExtJiring 1965 RAY C. ALLEN Mansfield, Ohio HAROLD EpSTEIN New Y o-ril SECOND VICE· PRESIDENT FRED C. GALLE Georgia FRITS W . ,.yENT FRED J. N ISBET St . Louis, MissouTi North Carolina J. FRANKLI N ST YE R ACTING SECRETARY· TREASURER Pennsylvania GRACE P . WILSON DO ~ :\LD , ,,l YMAN Bladensburg, Maryland Massachusetts

The American Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, ygetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post· age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.10.

Entered as second class matter in the post office at Baltimore, Maryland, in accordance with the Act of August 24, 1912. Additional entry for Washington, D.C., was authorized July 15, 1955, in accordance with the pro· visions of Section 132.122, Postal Manual. A subscription to The American HOl -ticulturat Magazine is included as a benefit of membership in the American Horticultural Society, Individual Membership dues being $6.00 a year. JULY. 1962

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 41 • NUMBER 3

Contents

White Gleams In The Garden HELEN IVI. Fox ______,______123

The Victoria Waterlilies PATRICK A. N UTT______132

Ornamental Deciduous Flowering Viburnums DONALD R. EGOLF ______139

New Discoveries In Plant Growth HENRY M. CATHEY ______156

A Book or Two ______163

The Gardeners' Pocketbook Phlox alyssifolia. CLAUDE A. BARR ______, ______170 Metalphoto- A Promising New Plant Labeling Method. ROLAND M. J EFFERSOK ______171 A Distribution Note on Rhododendron japonicum. J ORN L. CREECH ______174 A Floral Clock. WILLIAM H . HATFIELD ______177 N arcisstoS viridifiorus. B. Y. MORRISOK ______178 Some Outstanding Ground Cover Plants. HENRY E. DOWNER ______178 Updating the Beach Plum Story. GEORGE GRAVES ______179 Notes on Florist Gardenias in Bermuda. JOHN KNOWLTON ______181 The Indispensable Ivy. W . O. FREELAND ______182 A Message From the President ______183

JULY COVER ILLUSTRATION [Co HAMPFLER]

LapagejOia Tosea

The rosy red waxen bell-shaped flower discussed in the January Magazine.

Cot)yright, © 1962 by T he American H orticnltural Society, Inc. GOTTSCHO-SCHLEISNER

Regale lily hybrids in the author's garden, Mount Kisco, New York White Gleams In The Garden

are colorful lines on the back, as in the perianth of the regal lily, and also red and yellow or orange of stamens as in roses all of which accentuate the white­ HELEN M. Fox ness of petals. It would be tedious and exceedingly lengthy to describe all the white Rowers that bloom in the garden from the first Why a white garden? There have been snowdrop in mid-March to the last some famous gardens' planted entirely water lily-like bloom on Franklinia in with white-flowered shrubs and peren­ October. In this article only those white nials; generally, to be effective on moon­ blooms have been mentioned which are lit nights. One was in Rhonda in South­ notable because of their conspicuous ern Spain. There the beams of the rose beauty, and many have been left out for arbor were painted black and supported lack of space. Last spring when I was in by columns of white marble, and over the southwest France, the few trees them were trained climbing wh.ite roses. present were either along the river banks Edith 'Wharton had a white garden in or in small and isolated forests. The Stockbridge. Personally, I would not like country was an undulating landscape, a garden having only white flowers, but and the white of wild roses and fruit think white Rowers from perennials, an­ blossoms stood out dramatically against nuals, shrubs, and trees should always the green of perfectly tilled crops. be present, for white provides the most When white flowers are small they striking of all accents. It makes the should be planted in fairly large clumps, greens look darker and so gives depth to such as the near white Confederate vio­ the picture. Green without white would lets Viola Priceana, to edge a terrace or be monotonous. In painting with water shrubbery. Phlox nivalis or subulata colors it is a custom to leave some of the alba should be allowed to cover rocks white paper, for without it no matter and slopes and made to look like a snow how brilliant the Feds, purples, and yel­ drifts left behind as winter receded. In lows, the result win be duller than if a neighbor's garden, but alas! not in white had been pn~sent. mine, and in the shade, will be clumps Just as green needs white to bring life of Helleborus niger, with its white, rose to the picture so white with only green tinted cup shaped blossoms, the first of and without other colors-in a garden­ the buttercups to appear. would perhaps be too cool. Very pale The first white flowers where I live yellow will accomplish almost the same are early bulbs native to the Medite,­ effect as white and has the virtue o~ ranean where they flower in January. bringing together tones of red and blue 'With me Galanthus nivalis, snow drops, magentas which usually set one's teeth almost always bloom around March on edge. Yet yellow unlike white is not tenth. Sometimes their perianths show composed of all colors and has not the white under the snow. Other dwarf low same brilliance. Blue alone, recedes, bulbs will be M1.I.scari bot1')Ioides album merges into the horizon and is one rea­ and white kinds of Scilla. The early son it was chosen as the color for uni­ bulbs look best, less lonely, when planted forms of French soldiers. near evergreen shrubs such as pieris, Many white flowers bloom at night leucothoe, or even yews. The broad and their whiteness attracts moths. OfteR leaved evergreens however, always look night bloomers are also exceedingly fra­ a bit rusty and weathered at this time of grant and that virtue too may be to at­ year. tract moths to come and fertilize them. A very early blooming shrub A belio­ Seldom is the white in flowers un­ phyllum distichvm blossoms in early tinted or unshaded for generally there April before the leaves are out. It will [123J 124 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

WALTER BEEBE WILDER

Exochorda racemosa and tulips grow to three feet tall, belongs to the Gaiety, having a large yellow centre in­ olive family and resembles its relative side as does Fosteriana. Hyacinths are the forsythia. The foliage is lush and like stiff cylinders until they have been green all summer. With this shrub as in the garden, unhampered for several with some of the early blooming mag­ seasons, when they turn into a simpler nolias there is always a chance that the form with smaller flowers on several delicate white flowers will be browned stems. Later coming Mediterranean and by early frost, but the branches are good Near Eastern bulbs represented now by for indoor forcing. garden forms, are double and single By mid-April, narcissi will be bloom­ white tulips and followed by white Cot­ ing and clumps of white will brighten tage Tulips. Presently, also in mid-April, the yellows. After the narcissi and some­ polyanthus primulas will show their times with them come species tulips. A cheerful little faces. Among them are lovely white one is Kaufmanniana delightful white forms sometimes tinted JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 125

WALTER BEEBE WILDER

Ornithogalum umbellatum pale green or pale yellow either with been queening it among young fronds lines or a tiny wash. They last longer of ferns. At this time another delicious­ than most flowers in the garden and ly fruity scent will be perceived. It some stay in flower into June. In partial comes from a low round headed tree or even entire shade as is found under with clustered white blossoms, usually species roses, they provide a perfect coming before the leaves. The flower ground cover. branches are red brown and the blossoms By May the lily-of-the-valley will be %" across. Pnmus angustifolia) Chick­ showing its ladder of pendant bells. asaw Plum is its name. The flowers are These have done so well for me in par­ followed by red or yellow fruits (which tial shade and acid soil that th~y have I have never seen) one-half to one inch been divided and planted in the wild across. The frothy white blooms on their woods where the white blossoms of dark branches remind me of a similar bloodroot and white trillium will have effect I saw one Easter morning when 126 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

GOTTSCHO-SCHLEISNER

Rosa omeiensis var. pteracantha motoring from Como to Maggiore in flower. It is a perfect accompaniment to northern Italy. The worshipers, on their species tulips, violets, and forget·me·nots, way home from church carried sprays of with its pink or white flowers. The white Spanish broom, Cytisus multiflo1'US, ones always have a touch of pink. In the feathery and snowy against the black of variety albiplena the flowers look like their dresses; the whole standing out in plump little roses and have the same deli· brilliant blue light of the spring day. cate · texture of petals. The single In later April or early May another flowered forms ripen into bright red member of the family, namely Prunus fruits. glandulosa, the dwarf flowering almond, By mid·May and often later, dwarf iris ~oming from China and Japan and grow· such as cristata alba, tectonlrl~ alba, and mg four·and·a·half feet high comes into white forms of pumila come into flower. JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 127

GOTTSCHO -SCHLEISNER

Allium tuberosum

Mine grow on a sunny slope, later cov­ landscape. Altogether this-to me-is ered with gray-green herbs. These are our handsomest tree. After the bracts followed by handsome varieties of the fall, come the clusters of red seeds and bearded iris such as Winter Carnival the dogwood is the first tree to have its and Gudrun. The light sparkles gaily leaves color a glowing red. After the on their white petals. leaves are out will come Cm-nus kousa Meanwhile where I live, Aza lea indica with pointed slightly cream colored alba with large single white blooms bracts. In the autumn the seeds form heavy on the bushes is out in front of pendulous scarlet balls that hang from the border and flowering Cornus florida the branches. has whitened the hills all around. It is Under the shade of Cornus flo rida will as if snow had fallen on the burgeoning be Epimedium grandiflorum niveum. 128 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

WALTER BEEBE WILDER Philadelphus gloriosus The graceful stalks twelve inches high rigid, but makes an effect something like have small pinnate leaves tinted red. a dwarf evergreen hedge of box. The The racemes of cream white flowers have other white flowered perennial Veronica a complicated structure. chamaed1°Ys alba is also about twelve About this time in late Mayor early inches high with white bloom thickly June come two white flowered border disposed in fluffy spires on stems clothed plants. One Iberis sempervirens with with broadly ovate, toothed leaves. The the stiff dark green leaves and snowy blossoms last a very short time and seed white flowers in an elongated head. The riotously among companion plants nota­ plant is twelve inches high and is a little bly Dianthus, which likes sharp drain- JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 129

age and sunshine. After blooming, these roses, come earlier as does every­ many of the dianthus form handsome thing else in the garden. mats of grey foliage, decorative all win­ One year my Rosa spinossimia altaica ter. Var. 'Albus' and also Her Majesty (spinossisima being Burnet or Scotch rose are handsome. The varieties having but altaica coming from Mongolia) fringed petals are lacy looking. Every bloomed on May 23rd. It was given to year the best looking forms are marked me twenty years ago by J. Horace Mac­ to make cuttings and provide new plants Farland who thought, mistakenly, it was in due time, for they seldom flower a hybrid of spinossima and Hugonis. freely until the second season. The bush was moved to my new garden eleven years ago and went right on thriv­ The end of Mayor early June pro­ ing unharmed. It is about six feet high vides a handsome native, white flowered and is pruned to keep it in shape. The shrub A ronia arbutifolia) red chokeberry. graceful spreading branches are thickly It is somewhat elmshaped and grows to covered with cream white flowers two twelve feet high and should be cut back inches across with petals slightly cupped. to prevent it from growing too spindly. The thorns are of uneven lengths and The leaves are gray green and softly there are eleven leaflets to the leaves hairy below. The flowers come in loose which smell of resin. The fruits are corymbs of seven to fifteen. They are black and glossy and resemble an ancient tiny but effective, and smell of haw­ Greek amphora, a container for wine, be­ thorn, only sweeter. The fruits that fol­ cause the base has a narrow pointed low are bright red. growth such as the Greeks used to push Late May is an exciting time for every­ their vases in the ground to keep them one, but especially for me because of the upright. handsome species roses planted as a bor­ Sometimes as early as mid-May along der on both sides of the long narrow gar­ with the lilacs will come Exochorda den. Most perennials are not out yet and giraldi wilsoni) according to Drs. Reh­ the roses bloom over a ground cover of der and Wyman the handsomest of primulas and the dwarf European non­ the exochordas. They are called "pearl trailing strawberries. They are so love­ bush" because their unopened buds are ly I always wish I could do something, round, tinted cream and truly like pearls. anything, to prevent their passing so Dr. 'Nyman does not think it deserving quickly, and can only resort to a philo­ of a place, having only a limited num­ sophical state of mind and make myself ber of shrubs, but, it makes a stunning realize their blooming time will come burst of white among the lilacs. The again "next year" as happens almost al­ flowers just opening form racemes of ways with plants, but alas not with peo­ white, each bloom being two inches ple. The bushes are severely trimmed across and amid the foliage. The leaves in September to prevent their spreading are elliptical to ovate-oblong. V nfortu­ out too far over the herbs in the beds. nately their flowering is fleeting. If the Some, such as Double Blanc de Coubert, branches are cut at the moment when do not respond well to the pruning and the flowers are to open they will be de­ sometimes die. This rose is actually a cidedly handsome indoors. The bushes double white-flowered rugosa with need to be thinned and cut back. They flowers three and a half inches across, grow in the sun on a slope with me. followed by orange tomato-like fruits. For white lilacs there might be Vestale It keeps on blooming into August and for single and Madame Abel Chatenay in autumn the foliage turns a warm for double. yellow. A small tree is Halesia monticola) sil­ A rose with four instead of the usual ver bell or Snowdrop tree of the Storax five petals and having fern-like foliage family. The flowers come after the leaves is Rosa omeiensis var. pteracantha. The are out. First come decidedly rosy buds, stems have many prickles which are then white campanulate and bell-like translucent red when young. The old flowers followed by large winged seeds. stems turn silvery as do their thorns. The It is native to the southern Appalachians bush can grow to twelve feet high, but and oddly enough entirely hardy here. stands cutting back in order to fit into Down the road from where I live three a somewhat limited space. The flowers or four halesias seem to have seeded measure %" to l~" across. Some years themselves. 130 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Shortly after the roses or sometimes pistil and dissected leaves. It is a weed simultaneously, comes a small and leafy here and very handsome, reaching two tree called Stymx japonica with thin, feet in height. True to its plebeian spreading and shredded branches. The origin it seeds itself a little too freely. leaves are alternate on short stalks with No matter what the weather, this snowy margins faintly notched and have an malva is in bloom and desirable except acute joint at the tip. They are about for the slight coarseness in the leaves. three inches long and placed along the Then there are the lilies. First of all upper side of the branches. On the un­ candidum) gleaming and snowy and with derside are the white five petalled fra­ its delicious fragrance and once estab­ grant flowers. Though pendulous these lished, entirely dependable. This blooms show plainly through all the green. The the .end of June as does MaTtagon album. corollas have spreading elliptical lobes Both of them prefer a slight shade and and measure %" to I %" across. The sloping ground. . tree was introduced in 1862 and comes Here at High and Low the Regale from China and Japan. It grows wide and its hybrids epitomize summer. They and tall and is so handsome that when are so white, tall and fragrant. They there was a choice of keeping either this bloom from the end of June deep into or a magnolia, because of crowding, I sacrificed the magnolia. July and half way through July will come Auratums growing in shade, and By early June will come peonies. The white speciosums on into September. All single white ones their hearts filled with this time there will of course, be white deep yellow stamens are very handsome. After the lilac will be very white annuals, keeping on until white Chrys­ anthemums bloom. bushes of Philadelphus, the single In­ nocence and double Belle Etoile are As to vines, white flowered clematis are choice. Where I live they have self sown mid-summer blooms, single Henryi and on the margins and even into the woods. double Duchess of Edinburgh. In spring, Then there are spiraeas and Deutzia Hydmngea petiolaTis is mostly white, gmcilis which comes the end of May. and mid-summer brings the Silver Lace Another attractive spring flowering bush Fleece vine, Polygonum Aube1-ti which is Chaemoneles lagenaTia nivalis which has a lot of green showing. is dwarf with cream colored blossoms, High among the lilies is a handsome charming with the deep green glossy small tree StewaTtia kOTeana of the tea foliage. The flowering crabs, plums, and family, introduced into cultivation in cherries have been left out of this story, 1917 which came to me in the time of as have so many other bushes and trees, Mr. Judd, when the Arnold Arboretum but are, of course, desirable. distributed their plants to gardeners Now we are aproaching summer and they knew. I first saw it there years on its threshhold is a little bush called ago with its snowy bloom. It has up­ Indigo fem incamata alba of the Pea right branches with white flowers three Family. It grows about eighteen inches inches across having five sepals and five high and spreads from the roots so that petals. The margins are crinkly. The one plant soon makes a colony. It likes marking and mass of deep yellow-brown shade and thrives for me between tall tipped stamens give the flower a creamy branches of fairly high shrubs such as look. On the back it is satiny, tinted, species lilacs. Though it is a die back, slightly with green. After the flowers by June, it will have formed clumps of fall, the silky hairy seed pods with the snowy spires of papilinaceous flowers pistil projecting, persist. It blooms for from auxiliary racemes which last in me early in July, hesitatingly, with a few bloom fairly long. The leaves are odd flowers, only, each day scattered over the pinnate. trees. They resemble single camellias. Through much of the summer will The leaves are alternate, short petioled, bloom Platy codon gmndifloTttm var. al­ remotely serrated and turn orange or bu"!"') a decidedly snowy white and also orange red in the autumn. whIte forms of campanulas, white alli­ Lastly but not least, comes the famous urns, and white Phlox sUffTuticosa a tree Fmnklinia alatamaha. It is always daiI?-ty white flowered Lavandula offici­ annoying to me that the British call our nalzs var. compacta and the white form tree named after Benjamin Franklin, of Malva Alcea which has a pale pink Gordonia. They are undoubtedly cor- JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 131

WALTER BEEBE WILDER

Campanula White Star rect because the description labelled are finely serrate along the margins and "Gordonia" was published before the one five or more inches long. They are tinted called Franklinia, but I am happy to brown over their green, are dull below note both Drs. Rehder and Wyman use and have a silky sheen above. The flow­ "Franklinia." It is odd that this tree ers two inches across, have short stalks, found only once and on the border be­ and are placed below the leaf clusters. tween Georgia and Florida is entirely They have five overlapping petals that hardy as far north as into Zone V. It are crinkled and cream white and likes sun and god drainage and blooms rounded. The outermost petal is the into mid October, beginning in late Sep­ smallest, bulges into a cup and is tinted tember. Thus the fragrant white flowers green and rose. The outside of petals is continue along with scarlet leaves. These silky and inside are the yellow and leaves grow in clusters, are wide about orange stigmas. The whole roughly re­ the center and terminate in a point, and sembles a water lily. G. HAMI~FLER, LONGWOOD GARDENS

Entire plant of Victoria amazonica

Entire plant of Victoria cruziana

G. HAMFFLER, LONGWOOD GARDENS [132J G. HAMPFLER, LONGWOOO GARDENS

Growth habit of Victoria hybrid (V. cruziana X V. amazonica)

The Victoria Waterlilies

PATRICK A. N UTT*

Haenke, the European botanist, was reigning at that time, and named the accredited with having first discovered species V. regia. It was later found that the Giant Water-Platter, as waterlilies of the plant was first named (in 1832) the genus Victoyia, are commonly called. Et,ryale amazonica, by Edward F. Poep­ He found a plant growing in the b ack­ pig, a German botanist. Thus, according waters of the Mamore River, one of the to the International Rules of Botanical tributaries of the Amazon. This was in Nomenclature, the correct name must be 1801. In 1819 Bonpland also saw this Victoria amazonica, since amazonim is plant near Corrientes, Argentina. In the first specific epithet to be applied to 1836, Sir Robert Schomburg found it this plant. The species found further again, growing in the Berbice River in south, in Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argen­ British Guiana. He sent specimens to tina, was named V. CTuziana after Gen­ London where Dr. Lindley established eral Santa Cruz. the genus Victoria, for the British Queen Numerous unsuccessful attempts were made to introduce this plant into culti­ ° Mr. Nu~t is a member of the Department 'o f Horti· culture at Longwoocl Gardens, Kennett Square, Pennsyl­ vation, but it was not until 1849 that vania, where he is the grower in charge of the out­ this was finally accomplished. From standing waterlily collection. British born, Mr. Nutt received his horticultural education at Kew and Wisley. seeds sent by two physicians, Dr. Rodie [133] 13-! THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

G. HAMPFLER.. LONGWOOD GARDENS

First-night flower of the Victoria hybrid and Mr. Luckie, a plant was grown in longer and more needle-like. The seed, a specially built glasshouse at Chats­ too, is distinct: those of V. cTtI.ziana being worth, the estate of the Duke of Devon­ globose with a prominent raphe, while shire. The first flower was appropriately the seed of V. amazonica is elliptic­ presented to Queen Victoria. Therefore, globose with a rather indistinct raphe. in ]851 the Victoria was introduced into Victoria amazonica is the larger of the United States, Caleb Cope of Phila­ the two species, but due to its hardiness delphia, being the first to have a plant V. cruziana is more adaptable to outdoor in his garden. In 1886 Victoria ama­ culture, particularly in the northern zonica var. Tandii was introduced from states. One well-grown plant of V. ama­ Brazil, this variety differing in having zonica attained remarkable proportions undulate leaf margins. las t season in the Galveston, Texas, area, The two species can be readily distin­ this despite the coolest summer for many guished, even in the seedling stage. The years. The water heating system facili­ young leaves of V. cHlziana are orbicular, tates the cultivation of the more tender those of V. amazonica are slightly ovate. of the Victorias here at Longwood Gar­ The undersides of V. cruziana leaves are dens. of a violet blue color, those of V. ama­ The seeds should be sown about March zonica are purplish red. The upturned 1, depending upon the locality. The leaf margins of V. cTtlziana commence to seeds are sown about twice their depth form much earlier and are higher in the in shallow pans and are spaced about mature plant. The sepals of V. cruziana one inch apart. The compost consists of have spines only at their bases, whereas one part screened loam and one part those of V. amazonica bear spines to the sand. The pans are then submerged in tips. The spines of the latter are also the tank with the water level from two JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 135

G. HAMPFLER) LONC"W00D CA RDENS

Second-night flower of Victoria amazonica to three inches above the tops of the Germination takes from three to four pans. The minimum water temperature weeks. V. cruziana does not germinate for V. cruziana is 75 0 F; V. amazomca­ uniformly, some seeds taking up to eight requires a minimum temperature of 85 0 weeks. The light intensity is a most im­ F. The tanks at Longwood are heated portant factor; if dull, cloudy weather is electrically and are thermostatically con­ experienced, germination will be de­ trolled. layed. 136 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

It has not been found necessary to file Once the young Victorias are estab­ or otherwise scarify the hard seed coats, lished they grow rapidly and the leaves as recomtnended in several books. Tests increase in size. In order to keep the have shown that this treatment actually leaves in place and to prevent damage results in poorer germination for many during periods of high wind, they are seeds decay. The seedlings grow quite best anchored. Strong wire hoops over rapidly and when they possess two float­ the petioles have proven suitable for ing leaves they should be potted singly this purpose. A well-developed plant into three inch pots, using a compost of will support from eight to ten leaves. three parts loam and one part sand. Both species commence to flower Before the seedlings become pot bound around the beginning of August. The they should be potted on into eight inch flower opens at dusk for two successive pans, using a somewhat richer compost nights. On the first night it is pure which includes one ounce of a 4-8-5 white and very fragrant; on the second fertilizer for each pan. This should take night the pinkish red innermost petals care of the plants' needs until they are appear. During the cooler weather in planted out-of-doors. A layer of moss late September it is possible for the should be placed over the drainage hole flowers to open on three nights. A well­ to prevent the compost from washing grown plant should produce around out, and a one-fourth inch layer of sand thirty-five flowers in a season. should be spread on top of the compost The older, yellowing leaves should be to prevent organic matter from floating removed periodically to make room for in the tanks. Both species can be grown the new leaves which are constantly in the same tank at this time, providing being produced. If crowding occurs, mal­ that the minimum water temperature formation and increased wind damage does not fall below 82° F. result. Strong gloves should be worn as The soil preparation is important, for both the petioles and the undersides of Victorias are gross feeders and respond the leaves are covered wi th very sharp to generous treatment. An ideal com­ spines. post for planting consists of three parts During August and September sup­ fibrous loam and one part well decayed plemental feeding of the Victorias can cow manure. For best results, the mix­ be carried out to keep the plants grow­ ture should be stacked several months ing as rapidly as possible. Fertilizer can before using to allow for mellowing. be placed in a cheesecloth bag and Four ounces of a 4-8-5 or similar fertilizer pushed down into the soil, three feet or should be thoroughly mixed with each so from the center of the plant, twelve bushel of compost when filling the plant­ ounces being given to each plant in three ing containers which are topped off with separate "vitamin pills" every ten days. a two inch layer of clean sand. The con­ One of the readily soluble 20-20-20 ferti­ tainers at the Gardens hold one and a lizers has proven most satisfactory at half cubic yards of compost due to the Longwood Gardens. size of the pools, but satisfactory results Victorias wi1l set seed, especially if can be obtained using smaller recep­ more than one plant is growing in the tacles. One local grower grows his Vic­ pool. To guarantee seed for the follow­ torias in a four by four foot wooden ing year, hand pollination can be carried box. For pools with a natural bottom, out. Victorias are protogynous so the deep spading and the addition of the pollen should be obtained from a flower manure and fertilizer will suffice. during its second night and lightly dis­ Victorias should not be planted out-of­ tributed over the stigmatic surface of a doors until the minimum water tempera­ first-night flower using a small camel's ture is 75° F; for V. amazonica a mimi­ hair brush. If fertilization has taken mum of 82° F. is necessary. If the young place, the seed pod will commence to plants are checked at this stage they are swell rapidly within ten to fourteen days. slow to recover, so this period is some­ The pod should be covered with a what critical. The depth of water should cheesecloth bag. Only the very earliest be from twelve to twenty inches above pods dehisce in the pools in this area so, the crown of the plant. In the Phila­ before sharp frosts occur, the seed pods delp?ia area it is usually safe to plant should be removed from the decaying ou.tslde around June 7, but, of course, peduncles and placed in containers of thIS depends upon the weather and varies water. When the pods dehisce the seeds from year to year. will float for several days as they are JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 137

G. HAMFFLERJ LONGlVOOD GARDENS Upturned leaf margins-Victoria cruziana (left) anci V. amazonica (right)

cov~n~d with a gelatinous aril. The Victorias unfortunately suffer from water should be changed frequently to the depredatlons of several insect pests, eliminate all products of the putrifaction but jf control measures are taken early, of the arils. no serious damage should result. The ripening period for Victoria seed The larvae of midges (ChiTOnomus is most important since seed will not sp.) can be quite troublesome in the germinate unless fully ripened. The results of experiments at the Missouri early part of the season. These small, Botanical Garden have shown that the translucent larvae feed on the undersides ripening period can be reduced and of the leaves, commencing at the margins better germination obtained by separat­ and working inward.s. The only insecti­ ing the seed from the pulp and storing cide found effective is Systox. Last sum­ them in containers of moist sand kept at mel' very em.couraging results were ob­ 60° F. for eight weeks. For V. amazon­ tained from a much safer Methylcarba­ ica, 70° F. has beem. found more satis­ mate systemic material which should be factory. When the seeds are removed available before long. Japanese beetles from the pans, the seed coats will have will feed upon the upturned leaf margins attained a dark brownish. black color, and flower buds. Sevin has proved most usually associated with full ripeness. efFective against this pest. This last Care should be taken to prevent mice named insecticide will also control the from gainilJg access to seeds for they will leaf beetles which are active in numerous soon consume the farinaceous ~eeds. States. The water-lily aphid (Rhopalosi­ After ripening seeds can be cleaned ane! jJhium 'I1J'mphaea) can be a persistent refrigerated in jars of water at 44° F. pest. Malathion at half the recom­ until sowing time. mended strength will take care of them, 138 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE several sprayings being necessary as the species growing in the same pool. The life cycle is very short. During the last largest leaf measured was 79 inches in three years larvae of the N octuid Moth diameter as compared with 68 inches for have been appearing during the latter V. amazonica and 60 inches for V. CTuzi­ part of the season. These yellow-and­ ana. The largest leaf on record for an black-striped caterpillars have voracious outdoor grown plant in the United States appetites and can soon disfigure the appears to be 90 inches. This plant, V. leaves. Malathion at half strength is ama,zonica) was grown at the Bartholdi very effective, especially if applied soon Basin Garden in Washington, D. c., in after the eggs hatch. This will also con­ 1891. trol the larvae of the Delta Moth (By­ The hybrid differed from its pistillate dmcampa pmprialis) which cut tri­ parent in having much darker green angular portions of the leaves, fasten leaves and sepals with spines to their themselves to a couple of pieces with a tips. The upturned leaf margins were web, and float around the pool. higher than those of its staminate parent, All spraying should be carried out but the leaf color, size and type of spines during the evening as all these insecti­ were very similar. This hybrid plant cides will cause leaf scorch if applied in produced more and larger flowers than strong sunlight. All of these materials either parent type. It proved just as have proven safe for fish in the pools if hardy as V. cruziana and stood up well to used judiciously. Copper sulphate, Phy­ adverse weather, far surpassing its more gon, Permanganate of Potash and several tender parent species. other algae controls should never be used in pools containing Victorias, for Descriptioll severe damage may result. Leaves 5 to 6 feet in diameter; upper sides RHS Spinach Green 960/ 1 with Victoria Longwood Hybrid conspicuous, crimson veins which fade (V. cruziana X V. amazonica) with age; under sides of leaves RHS In 1961 a hybrid Victoria was raised Aconite Purple 937/ 1, spiny; uptumed at Longwood Gardens. Reciprocal pol­ ma1p;ins 4 to 5 inches high, RHS Dahlia linations had been carried out the previ­ Purple 931 / 1 beneath. ous summer and seed was obtained from Flowen 12 to 15 inches in diameter, both crosses, but only one lot germi­ white first night, innermost petals turn­ nated-those from V. en/ziana as the ing to RHS Indian Lake 826/ 1-826/ 3 pistillate parent. The one plant of this on second night; sepals prickly or nearly hybrid planted in the pools exhibited a so the tips with needle-like spines about marked degree of hybrid vigor. Once % inch long; oVQ1'ies with spines % inch established, it grew at a prodigious rate long; seed nearly globose, % inch long and soon surpassed the two paren t 'with prominent raphe. Ornamental Deciduous Flowering Viburnums

DONALD R. EGOLF*

Few of the major ornamental genera sitely arranged leaves. The white, pale of plants provide such a diverse array of pink, or more commonly creamy white select ornamentals as does the genus flowers are usually very small, borne in Vibu.mu.m. Plants of this versatile group terminal, flat, rounded or pyramidal clus­ of shrubs have interesting flowers in the ters. Although the five-parted flowers spring; most have textured ornamen tal are individually small, they become con­ foliage; some have foliage that colors spicuous when borne many together in brilliantly in the autumn; others have a cluster-cyme, corymb, or panicle. neutral autumn coloration, or are ever­ Some species have two types of flowers: green; many have colorful fruits in the comparatively inconspicuous, fertile late summer or fall, and those on some flowers and larger, more conspicuous, persist into the winter; and representa­ sterile flowers. The fruit is a fleshy one­ tives have growth habit forms suitable seeded drupe that varies in diameter for distinct landscape effects. The orna­ from % to % inch and is red, yellow, mental characteristics of viburnums are blue, or black. The species range from evident throughout the year. Probably low procumbent shrubs, medium shrub less than two dozen of the numerable of four to five feet, to a small single- or species are extensively grown by nursery­ multiple-stemmed tree of thirty feet. men and utilized by landscape architects. The viburnums, originating as they do Gardeners from different geographical in so many parts of the world, are areas may be familiar with such forms restricted principally to the northern as the old-fashioned snowball, or guelder temperate zone, embracing the whole of rose, the black-haw, the pembina of the North America from Alaska to the mid-west, the cramp bark of the south, tropics, northern South America, Eu­ and probably the much publicized Ko­ rope, North Africa, rather sparsely in reanspice Viburnum, or its hybrids. The western Asia but becoming abundant in merits of the frequently cultivated, as eastern Asia; China, Korea, and Japan. well as the less common ornamen tal The 227 known species are distributed as viburnums, will be emphasized in several follows: North America 19, Mexico 21 , articles-Ornamental Deciduous Flower­ Central America 24, South America 33, ing Viburnums, being discussed in this Europe and North Africa 5, and Asia issue. Ornamental Fruiting and Autumn 125. Additional plant exploration and Foliage Viburnums, Evergreen Vibur­ detailed botanical study of the more nums, and a Checklist of Viburnum Cul­ remote geographical areas will undoubt­ tivars, will be published in future issues edly uncover additional species and will of the magazine. alter our knowledge of the known distri­ Botanical Discussion bution pattern. The Central American and eastern Asia zones appear to be the The genus Vibu.mttm belongs to the two centers of diversity of the genus. family CAPRIFOLIACEAE, which includes, Gardeners are indebted to the endeavors among other genera: Lonicem, Sambu.­ of such great botanists and collectors as cus, Weigela, K olkwitzia, A belia, and Robert Fortune, Armand David, Augus­ Sympho1-icarpos. The flower arrangement tine Henry, Ernest H. Wilson, Charles of viburnums most closely resembles that S. Sargent, George Forrest, Reginald of Sambucus, but is dissimilar in leaf, Farrer,' Joseph J. Rock, and Frank King­ stem, and fruit. Botanically the vibur­ dom-Ward for the collection and intro­ nums are deciduous or evergreen, with duction of the Asiatic species, which naked or scaly buds, simple and oppo- constitute the majority of the species ·Cytogeneticist, u.s. National Arboretum. Agricultural extensively cultivated. Although eastern Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. and central Asia have contributed many [139] 140 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

WORLD VIBURNUM DISTRIBUTION

Viburnum species are widely distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres with Asia and Central America being the areas of greatest diversity

of the best ornamental forms to be found and forms, and thirteen hybrids, repre­ in the private gardens and parks, the sently species from Europe, Asia Minor, handsome natives of the United States and the United States, but none from possess exceptional growth habit, foliage, l'vIexico, Central America, or South flower, and fruit which are always de­ America. The greatest number of species pendable, and do well under adverse studied, including those native to the growing conditions. Only a few of the United States, were found to belong to Central and South American species have the basic number 9 with a diploid num­ ever been introduced and are now un­ ber of 18 or multiples thereof, and are known in cultivation. Whenever condi­ distributed over a wide geographic area. tions permi t further plant exploration The species with a basic number of 8 additional species and superior forms of and a diploid number of 16, or higher the species now cultivated can be found polyploids, are restricted to Asia and are in the native habitat and await intro­ characterized by having a panicle in­ duction. florescence like that found in V. fmgrans Although the viburnums originate in and V. sieboldii. The diploid species a wide range of ecological conditions, are distributed as follows: fifty species they cannot all be expected to thrive and from Asia M inor, four from Europe, and be hardy throughout the United States. twelve from North America. The poly­ Many of the species from northern Asia, ploids are distributed as follows: eight or those from high elevation in the from Asia Minor, one from Europe, and Himalayas, have proved hardy in north­ six from North America. ern United States but other species from subtropical or tropical zones may only be hardy in the mildest regions of the Landscape Adaptability United States. The gardener and landscape architect The diploid (2n) chromosome num­ may choose from an array of growth bers range from 16 to 72, which com­ forms, such as the picturesque, gnarled prise a polyploid series wi th the basic branches and trunk of V. sieboldii, the numbers (n) of 8 and 9. The chromo­ archi tecturally horizontal tier branches some counts have been reported for of V. plicatum f. tomentosum and V. seventy-seven species, sixty-one varieties pntnifolium; the globose, compact JULY 1962, VOLUME 41 , NUMBER 3 141

VIBURNUM CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT RELATIONSHIPS 2" - 7'2 *- SPECIES WITH MORE V. broct.alum THAN ONE CHROMOSOME • V, denlo'um NUMBER V. hone.anum V. HQb,.lIum • V. ,inu'

2" :: 40

* V. odorotiuimum

2 " :: 18

V, Dc e raoli um .. V. 10"'0,..0 V . olro cyone um V . lonlonoid.1 V . belulifolium V . lentago V. bi'chive"l . * V. lobophyllum V. buddleifolium V. macrocephalum V. butejoeli(um V. microphyllum

V. JC butkwoodii V. mongolicum V. (olvum V. nudum

V. It corlcepholum V. oboyolum * V. (orluii V , opulu$ V . • carlotta V. orienlole V. couinoidu v . oyolifolium V. chenaultii V. por'l'ilolium V. cinnomomifolium * V, plicolum V. carioe.urn V. propinquum V. (oli"ilolium V. prunifolium V. dOlyonlhum V. )( rhytidocorpum V. david, i V. x rhytidophylloides V. rhylidophyllum V. rigidum V. rufidulum V. erosum V. lorgenlii V. flave"en s v. sch.nsianum V. foeti dum v . sempervirens V. furcatum .. v. seligerum V. glomeratum V. lt.llula'um V. harry anum v. s ympodiale V. hirtulum v. trilobum V. hupehente v. urceolatum v. foetens V. ichangense V. utile V. fragrons V. )I; jackii V. v.itchii V. grandiflorum V. iaponicum V. wilsonii

.. V. plicatum V. )I; juddii V, wrightii .. V. si.boldii V. kansuense Unidentified V. suspenfUm

DO NALD R , E GOLP

The diploid (2n) chromosome counts arranged in a schematic phylogenetic tree (Reprinted from Journal Arnold Arboretum) 142 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

DONALD It. EGOLF

The panicles of fragrant, pink flowers of Viburnum fragrans, the Fragrant Viburnum, borne on spur growth shrubs of V. caTlesii and V. dilatatum or priate to provide a transition planting the dwarf cushion forms of V. opulus between garden, meadow, and forest. var. nanum and V. fragrans var. nanum. Whether it be the twenty-foot V. lentago Viburnums have many characteristics for a background screen, the medium­ which make them adaptable for use as height V. fTagmns in the shrub border, specimens, as trimmed or informal the evergreen V. rhytidophyllum for hedges, for mass plantings, or as small foliage accent, the fine-textured V. X trees with single or multiple stems. chenaultii for softening the harsh foun­ Along roadsides, streams, and woodlands dation lines of buildings, or the fall and the native species are particularly appro- winter fruit display of V. trilobum to JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 143 accentuate the winter land cape, the the increa ing wggedness of the vall eys cheered plasticity of form combined with flower, me, and the beauty of the wild plums and apri­ cO ts in shades of white and pink making nebulous frui t, and foliage characteristics exempli­ blurs of co lou r on the sere hillsides. Shallow scrub fies the significance of viburnums for the a l~ d coppice descended here to the track-side gardener, the landscape architect, and a nd here we ca me on the Viburnum, a t firs t iso­ the nurseryman. lated and sll spicious, but soon in such quantity a nd such situations tha t one could no longer The odor of the mature foliage of doubt tha t h ere this mos t glorious of flowering some viburnums in late summer and shrubs is genuinely indigenous. Its place of origin after the leaves have fallen in the au­ h ad long been in doubt, though all over North China it is probably the bes t-beloved and most tumn is noticeably objectionable to universal of garden plants; so that there was real some, but apparently many cannot per­ sa ti sfacti on in thus having traced it to its home, ceive this particular scent. When the in the wild hills immediately to the south of Shi­ leaves are crushed, or when fruit or hor and probably elsewhere in this narrow belt, though after this day we never set eyes on it again leaves are decaying, the odor is most in nature. In gardens, indeed, it accompanied us prevalent. Normally the pungent odor wherever we went, and m y las t dim fear that it is not observed, but on rainy or humid might be tender, or a t all events require drastic days it can become obnoxious. The summer ripening, were fin ally dissipated when in m y second season I sa w it in full glory at the reasons for the greater prevalence on very feet of the Da Tung Alps, in the co ttage gar­ rainy days is probably increased decom­ dens of 'l\Teston-of-the- Pass, so high and cold a position and less air circulation. The situation of tha t cold bleak region tha t even corn odor is chiefly noticeable on such forms will not ripen here, except, perhaps, in one season ou t of three. In cultiva tion I dare to foretell it as V. sieboldii, V. rufidulum, V. cassi­ will give no trouble, then, either as to aspec t or noides, V. dentatum, and V. lantana. treatment in any nutritious loam . May it soon The odor is seldom detectable for more yield liS the secular glory of the superb bushes than a few days of the year, however, that it makes in the yards of the Prince of J o- ni or the great Green T emple a t Lanchow-gracious and is little reason to relegate choice arching masses, ten feet high and more across, ornamentals to the discard list. If the whose naked boughs in spring before the fo liage odor is offensive these plants should be become one blaze of soft pink lilac-spikelets, avoided near residences and used in breathing an inten e fragrance of heliotrope. The borders and na turalized areas where white form, indeed, is pure and lovely as the bes t of forced white lilac, but my own heart goes out there is free air circulation. yet more specially perhaps to the commoner pink type, whose blushing stars glister as if built of Deciduous Species and Varieties crys tals, after the pleasant fashion of so man y spring flowers, which is shared only, among sum­ A distinctive species group of the Him­ mer ones, by the gross fl es hliness of Begonias. Nor, when the flowers are gon e and the delicate foliage alayas, and one species from .J apan, have developed, is the work of Viburnum finished. For panicles comprised of salverform (tubu­ now appear the glowing glossy sca rlet fruits, hang­ lar) flowers with rotate-campanulate, re­ ing all over the bush in pendent clusters of jewel­ flexed-corolla lobes. A number of flowers, work; these you eat with avidity and good result, so long as you remember to throwaway the un­ % to Y2 an inch long, clustered in a wholesome kernel." compact or loose terminal panicle, be­ come ornamental. Except V. sieboldii, Often the plant produces abundant the frui t is insignificant and the orna­ underground sucker shoots which de· mental value depends on flower, foliage, velop into a clump with many stems. and growth habit. The forcing of the blush pink, sweetly Viburnum fragrans (5b) **, the Fra­ scented flowers after a few mild days in grant Viburnum, was introduced from late February or March enlightens the Kansu, China by Reginald Farrer in gloom of winter and indicates the ap­ proach of spring. In mild climates the 1914. Farrer's details in his On the Eaves flower buds, which were initiated the of the World, relates his first encounter previous July or August, continue devel­ with this species: opment without any bud dormancy and "The next stage, of April 16, is an important date flower in the autumn and intermittently in botanical history, as marking the first discovery during the winter. The pink flower of Viburnum fmgrans as a wild plant. The panicles appear as pendulous bells, 1 weather was dark and dull. We wound along a Y2 dull ascent between approaching mountains. Only to 2 inches long, suspended from dor­ mant spur tips before the leaves have " The numbers in parentheses after the species in the developed. Although the flower display text refer to the hardiness zone according to the Plant Hardiness Zone Map, U.s. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub!. 814 cannot equal that of the later flowering (See The Amer. Hort. Mag., Oct. 1960) The suffix b viburnums, it is a cherished plant for with the hardiness zone indicates that the plant is hardy only in the warmer parts of the zone. the home garden because with good 144 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE weather, the flowers appear before FOT­ the compact, abundant flower forms for sythia) Cornus mas) and other early flow­ propagation. ering shrubs. The obovate to oval leaves, Another Himalayan species, Viburnum 2 to 3 inches long, are nearly glabrous gmndifi01-um (6), was raised in England and strongly toothed, and usually have from seed collected in 1914 by R. E. a bronze coloring during the summer, Cooper in the conifer and rhododendron and assume a dull maroon in the au­ forests of Bhutan at an elevation above tumn. In early summer the fruits are 11,000 feet. It grows in the Himalayas brilliantly colored when maturing from at elevations of 6,000 to 12,000 feet. In red to black, but are not spectacularly cultivation this rather stiff upright large ornamental as they are sparsely produced shrub seldom attains a height and among the dense foliage and are soon breadth that exceeds 10 feet. An excep­ eaten by birds. According to Farrer the tionally fine specimen that is nearer to fruits are eaten in China; this appears to 15 feet in height and breadth will occa­ be an exaggeration, however, since the siONal! y be seen. It is cultivated in many Y2-inch long fruit consists of a large English gardcultivars referred to as 'Roseum' buds expand the silvery downy bud and 'Bowles' are select pink flowered scales become conspicuous but are soon forms. Variety album (5b) has slightly suppressed by the emergence of the larger, pure white flowers that are more satiny red flower buds. In mid-March susceptible to winter injury. The foliage and early April the flowers are contracted of this variety lacks the bronze summer into a cluster on the tips of leafless ter­ coloration aIld is a medium yellowish minal spur growths. The flowers are green. A white flowered plant among usually less freely borne and endure less several pink flowered plants provides a frost than those of V. tragTans. The fine accent, as well as extends the orna­ pendulous trumpet flowers range in color mental attractiveness of a mass planting from pale pink to deep rose, but many since variety album tends to flower a few inferior types frequently are cultivated. days earlier than the species. The low­ An exceptionally fine clark flowered, com­ growing variety nanum (5b) , a dwarf pact form was raised frorn Cooper's seed seedling selection, seldom exceeds 2 feet at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. Young in height and is a choice foreground or plants which tend to be leggy will bene­ hedge plant. fit by pinching the tips to induce branch­ Almost invariably the V. tTagrans ing and spur growth. The firm, deeply flower clusters will be damaged by a veined leaves, 3 to 4 inches long, are dull freeze and the early blooms obliterated. green with abundant silvery tomentum :Many seasons a flower display can be when immature. assured on plants in a sheltered, sunny The hybridization of V. tTagrans and location in central New York, but after a V. gmndiflorum by Charles Lamont in severe winter few or no flowers open in 1933 at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden the spriIlg. South of Philadelphia the and by Charles Puddle in 1934 at Bod­ plant is a noteworthy addition to the nant Gardens" Tal-y-Cafn, North Wales, winter garden. Young plants are often produced V. X bodnantense (5b). The sparse flowering, but with maturity the flowers of thas lO-foot hybrid comprise abundant spur growth will produce a a loose cluster, deep rose in bud but later profusion of bloom. The comment is almost white. This hybrid blooms from frequently made that the plant is diffi­ November onward in mild climates, but cult to transplant. From experience the in more northern areas flowers in March difficult-to-transplant argument cannot or April. The hybrid is hardier than V. be substantiated as mature specimens gTandiflor1lm, but cannot be safely recom­ have a fibrous root system that holds a mended north of Zone 5b. The growth compact ball and encourages quick re­ habit, leaf, and flower are intermediate establishment after transplantation. V. between those characteristics of the tragrans is one of the most neglected parents. viburnums and one that warrants more A seedling from Bodnant Gardens, extensive cultivation. Because the culti­ which had V. tTagrans as the female par­ vated species includes many variable ent, was given the Award of Merit, 1947, forms, care needs to be exercised to select and the Award of Garden Merit, 1960, JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 145 by the Royal Horticultural Society, and querades under the name V. foetens 'Ko­ has been christened with the cultivar rean Form'. The particular plant was name 'Dawn' (5b) . The plants raised supposedly raised from seeds collected by Lamont had as the female parent V. in Korea about 1934. The individual graruliflorum, or the reciprocal of the flowers and trusses are larger and pinker cross made by Puddle. Since Lamont than the commonly known H imalayan considered none of the seedlings superior form. The original plant now in the to the parents, they were never intro­ Edinburgh Botanic Garden is 12 feet or duced; however, one of the seedlings has more in height and in growth habit larger flowers and larger flower trusses more closely resembles V. grandifloTum that display many of maternal character­ than V. foetens. The leaves are heavier istics of V. grandifloTum. The introduc­ textured and larger than V. foe tens. Un­ tion in the not too distant future of the til the plant 'Korean Form' has been select cultivar 'Charles Lamont' will en­ critically studied, the plant cannot be hance the beauty of many gardens. A properly designated, but from all indi­ chance seedling, cultivar 'Deben,' has cations the plant is a distinct form, and been introduced by R . C. Notcutt, Ltd., it is a first rate ornamental for any col­ Woodbridge, England. The cultivar lector's garden. 'Deben' was first exhibited at a Royal Vibumum sieboldii (5), the Siebold Horticultural Society show in 1959. Vibur~um, was named after Philipp F. From the Himalayas and Central von Siebold, collecLor and naturalist. It China, Vibumum enlbescens (6), a was introduced from Japan by the Ar­ shrub, or small tree, 15 feet tall, was in­ nold Arboretum in 1880. A specimen troduced in 1910. The fragrant white to with multiple stems or trained to a single pinkish flowers borne in 3 to 4 inch trunk contributes a picturesque orna­ pendulous panicles open in early June. mental for the garden that may grow to The elliptic or ovate to oblong leaves, a 30-foot tree, but more often is grown 3 to 4 inches long, have crimson petioles as a 15 to I8-foot large shrub. The and veins that contrast sharply with the numerous creamy white flowers on ter­ glabrous green leaves. The fruit ma­ minal panicles, 3 to 6 inches long, en­ tures from green to red and finally black velop the open branch framework in before it is eaten by birds. V. eTubescens mid-May at the time the leaves are un­ var. g'racilipes (6) has a more pendulous folding. The small individual flowers inflorescence. The species is often seri­ have corollas that are rotate-campanulate ously damaged by winter freezing. In to salverform and less showy than those the areas where it can be grown, it is an of the other paniculate-flowered species. attractive border background shrub that By the time the few days' floral display yields a pleasing floral display in early has withered, the dark glossy green, ellip­ summer. tic to oblong-obovate, deeply rugose The name of Vibumum foetens (7) is leaves, 6 inches long, give the plant dis­ derived from the odor of the crushed or tinctive character. The open branching decaying leaves. It is native to Kashmir habit and the large rugose leaves create and the Himalayas and thrives there at a shadowy-textured pattern that is spec­ an altitude in excess of 7000 feet. Al­ tacular throughout the season. The ma­ though the plant comes from a relatively turing red fruits on red pedicels are dis­ high elevation in the rugged Himalayas, played above the foliage to advantage it is not suitable for cultivation in the until the ripe black fruits are devoured north. The 5-foot shrub will survive in by birds; however, the red pedicels re­ zones colder than Zone 7, but the sweetly main for several weeks to prolong the scented, white waxy flowers in rather lax contrast with the dark green leaves. The panicles will be frozen as they open dur­ autumn foliage assumes a purplish hue. ing early and late winter. Normally this Because the Siebold Viburnum is a is a January to March winter-flowering large shrub of vigorous habit, it is adapt­ species that adds interest to a sheltered able for large estates or public parks, but garden corner. The 2-inch long flower is hardly fitting in the small home gar­ clusters are not produced in sufficient den. The foliage may have an objection­ numbers to provide a mass display and able odor when crushed or for a few could hardly be rated a first class 'orna­ days after falling from the plant in the mentaL autumn. If the plants are located in the In select English gardens a plant mas- open with free air circulation, the pun- 146 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

J. P. ROCHE

The picturesque Viburnum sieboldii, the Siebold Viburnum, is covered with 3-to-6-inch inflorescences of fertile flowers in late May gent odor may go undetected during the large specimen, this species is always an few days of the year it might be notice­ excellent choice. able. In addition to being attractive A number of the plants of the lantana when in flower, foliage, and fruit during type have tubular (salverform) fragrant the summer, it has distinctive gnarled flowers similar to those of V. fragrans. framework during the dormant season. Rather than being arranged in panicles, When space permits the planting of a the flowers are borne in flat, disk-like JULY 1962, YOLWvIE 41, NUl\IBER 3 147 cymes, 2 inches or more in diameter. tubular flowers of early :lvlay are much The ovate leaves of the lantana type less compact than on V. caTlesii. In the species are often densely pubescent. The autumn the bluish green leaves turn naked flower buds are il1i tiated in late dull reel. The Bitchiu Viburnum is often summer, remaining as miniature dor­ considered a poor form and inferior mant flower trusses during the winter plant of the Koreanspice Viburnum, but and expanding to full bloom as the the select forms can be recommended as leaves begin to develop in the spring. replacements for it and merit extensive V£bll1'17.llm carlesii (5b) , the Fragrant cultivation. The fine pink flowered V. or Koreanspice Viburnum, is probably bitchillense selection can rival any V. the most popular medium sized garden caTlesii in flower. viburnum. The Koreanspice Viburnum In 1920 William H. Judd, propagator was found in Korea by "William R. Carles at the Arnold Arboretum, raised VibuT­ in 1885. According to E. H. Wilson it is num X juddii (6) , (V. ca?'Zesii X V. a maritime Korean plant found on Dage­ bitchiuense) the Judd Viburnum, from let Island, Kanghwa Island, and some seed collected from V. ca1"lesii. The hy­ small neighboring islands of western brid has better foliage and is more bushy Korea. The firm of L. Boehmer and Co., and spreading than V. ca?"Zesii. The indi­ Yokohama, Japan, obtained seed from vidual flowers are pink in bud but soon Korea in 1885 and forwarded a plan t to fade to white upon opening. It is inter­ Kew Gardens in 1902" In the ensuing mediate between the parents in flower, years, however, V. bitchiuense was iden­ foliage, and growth habit. The hybrid tified as the same species and was substi­ is a superior plant tha t should be more tuted for V. caTlesii plants exported from often substituted for V. ca rl esii. ] apan to England. Because of this im­ Two seedlings, Viburnum X bUTk­ proper identification, V. cm"lesii and V. w oorlii (5b) , the Burkwood Viburnum, bitchiuense are confused by many nurs­ and V. X burkwoodii 'Park Farm Hy­ erymen and horticulturists. brid' (5b) were raised from the cross V. The waxen pink to rose flower buds carlesii X V. utile by Albert Burkwood on a 5-foot plant open in late April or and Geoffrey Skipwith in 191 4. The hy­ early May into well formed pale pink, brid was introduced in 1924. V. X bUTk­ tubular flowers, Y2 inch long, but soon woodii will develop a 6 to 8-foot plant fade to white. The terminal cymose in­ while the cultivar 'Park Farm Hybrid' florescence, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, will grow 4 feet high and is as much as has a delightful clove like fragrance. 7 feet in breadth. The glossy, semi-per­ The broadly obovate leaves, 2 to 3 inches sistent, rich dark green foliage character­ long, are irregularly toothed, dull green istics are inherited from the evergreen V. above and grayish beneath, with tomen­ u tile. In temperate clima tes the foliage tum. The jet black fruit is inconspicu­ is often evergreen. The older leaves be­ ously hidden by the foliage. The au­ come orange or crimson before being de­ tumn foliage becomes a reddish purple foliated. The fragrant white flowers, that is ornamental, but not outstand­ which open in early May, differ little in ingly so. It is a select plant for founda­ form from those of V. caTlesii. The flower tion planting, or for locations near walks truss of the cultivar 'Park Farm Hybrid' or passageways, where the fragrant flow­ is slightly larger than that of V. X bll1'k­ er aroma will be fully appreciated. As woodii. In France another plant was the plant is frequently propagated by produced from the same cross, V. X grafting it is subject to understock suck­ chenaultii (5), which is much like V. X ering and graft blight. A recently intro­ bUTkwoodii but has finer textured leaves duced dwarf form 'Compacta' (5b) , and a more compact growth habit. should prove adaptable to the modern Vibumum X 'Carlotta', V. X 'Anne small landscape garden. Russell', and V. X 'Fulbrook' are seed­ From the western Japanese province lings of V . X bUTkwoodii that have of Bitchiu came Vibumum bitchiuense minor distinctive characteristics but (6), the Bitchiu, or Yeddo, Viburnum. probably are not significantly different A mature lO-foot specimen will be more from the parents. The seedling 'Carlotta' open than V. caTlesii and may have even introduced by W . B. Clarke and Co., greater breadth. The smaller, more San .J ose, California, is described as an slender branches tend to produce a more improved V. caTlesii; the cultivar, how­ open and straggling shrub. The cluster ever, is no longer propagated by that of sweetly fragrant, flesh pink to white, nursery. 'Anne Russell' was a seedling 148 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

J. P. ROCHE

Viburnum carlesii, the Koreanspice Viburnum, produces pale-pink, fragrant, arbutus-like flowers in late April selected from a cross of V. X btakwoodii tween V. X bUTkwoodii and V. carlesii and V. carlesii made in 1951 at L. R. in the gardens of Fulbrook House, Russell, Ltd., Windlesham, Surrey, Eng­ Elstead, Surrey, England. The flower land. The growth of this cultivar is trusses are slightly larger and less com­ upright and the flowers open several pact and appear a few weeks later than weeks before those of 'Fulbrook'; the those of 'Anne Russell' . Both 'Anne latter was selected from the cross be- Russell' and 'Fulbrook' were awarded the JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUl\'IBER 3 149

Royal Horticultural Society's Award of raLher bare of branchlets and the first Merit in 1957. season covered wi th scurfy pubescence. Because of comprehensive promotion The orbicular-ovate, densely scudy leaves the name Viburnurn X carlcephalurn are confined to the branchlet tips. The .(5b) is familiar to many gardeners. It white flowers, in 6·inch flat cymes, with IS a cross between V. ca1"lesii and V. enlarged marginal flowers, often age to a rnacTocephalllln f. keteleeri. This is pale to medium pink. In August the another of the ornamentals hybridized fruit is briefly red before ripening to by Albert Burkwood. The plant was black. The broadly ovate, 4 to 8-inch gIven. the Award ?f i\I.erit by the Royal brick red leaves accent the autumn !"I0rtlcul tural SOClety 111 1946, although woodland. The Hobblebush Viburnum It cannot be compared with either of its requires a moist, cool, shady situation parents for beauty. The open-branched, wi th an acid soi l. This loose, open robust 6-foot plant of somewhat coarse growing plant is difficult to transplant growt!l I:abit probably does not merit unless the soil conditions are precisely the slgl11ficance it has achieved since correct. When successfully naturalized introduction into this country about 10 in the woodland, it will surpass many years ago. The large clusters of clove of the ornamen tal Asiatic species. scented, white flowers in late April and The la-foot Vibum urn turcaturn (6), early lVIay are not as refined or as fra· which was introduced from Japan in grant as those of V. rarlesii, V. bitchiu­ 1892, is similar to V. alnifoliurn but is ense, or V. X juddii. The individual more upright and sparingly branched. 4 to 5-inch flat to globose flower clusters The large naked winter buds are clothed are larger than those of V. carlesii, but with yellow stellate tomentum. The late are often too sparse to con tri bu te a May inflorescence of fertile and sterile mass display in the shrub border. The flowers is followed by fruits that ripen in leaves are more resistan t to leaf spot August. The bold foliage turns a bright but are also larger and coarser. Th~ red or crimson purple in the autumn. plant is more adapted to the areas south This species requires the same soil con­ of Philadelphia, but in more northern ditions as V. alnifoliurn. VibllTIHI,rn sym­ ar.eas will grow and flower many seasons podiale (6) from Central China is a WIthout serious winter injury. loosely branched shrub allied to V. tUl'­ A unique feature of several viburnum caturn but is distinguished by stipulate species is .an inflorescence composed of petioles and smaller ovate finely serrate both fertIle and sterile flowers in a leaves. Queen Anne's Lace pattern. The numer­ A plant contending for the top of any ous small fertile flowers clustered in the select viburnum list is V. plicaturn f. cen ter of the inflorescence would be tornentmum (5), the Doublefile Vibur­ insignificant witho~t the radial single num. This plant, also known as V. row of enlarged % II1ch, or larger, sterile tornentosum, from China and Tapan has flowers. The sterile flowers produce no been cultivated since about 1865, and at seed but probably function to attract present is much confused because of insects to pollinate the fertile flowers. taxonomical terminology. The €Orrect Several of the superior ornamental vi­ species name is V. plica/11m, the plant burnums are among the species with with all sterile flowers in a globose mixed flowered inflorescences. cluster, and the form wi th sterile and The native Vibumurn alnifolium (4), fertile flowers in a Queen Anne's Lace the H?bblebush, ~itchhopple, Trip-toe, inflorescence, V. plicatum f. tornentosurn. or Shll1hopple VIburnum, has arching Undoubtedly many catalogpes and lists branches that root at the tip and thus will incorrectly continue to designate the form lo?ps which trip the unwary Doublefile Viburnum "Viburnum tom­ traveller 111 the woods. The native range entosum" and the snowball form "V. extends from New Brunswick and Can­ tomentosum sterile." ada, southward through the Appalachian Often an 8 to la-foot Dou blefile Vi­ JvIountains to North Carolina. It is a burnum will have the superimposed shrub, reaching occasionally to a height tiered horizontal branches extended to of 12 to 15 feet, with the central branches 15 feet or more and finally making a erect and the lower ones spreading out­ spectacular pyramid shaped shrub. The ward, often procumbent on the ground. 3 to 6-inch ovate leaves are dull green The sympodial growth yields short stems wi th scattered stellate hairs beneath. In 150 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

J. P. ROCHE

Viburnum plicatum f. tomentosum, the Doublefile Viburnum, de­ tailed photograph showing the Queen-Anne's Lace type flower com­ posed of fertile flowers surrounded by enlarged sterile radial flowers JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 151 late May the sterile, creamy white en­ noted in this article. T he detailed dis­ larged flowers surrounding the fertile cussion of these highly esteemed orna­ flowers are orientated in twin rows along mental fruiting species and cultivars will the horizontal branches so that they be delayed until the future article on make a lace-like pattern. The attractive fruiting viburnums. The flowers on these green foliage is the background for the three deeply lobed leaved species open bright red, upright fruit clusters for 2 as the leaves expand in late May. By weeks in July. Even after the fruit has this date the other species with mixed ripened to black and been eaten by inflorescences of sterile and fertile flowers birds, the red pedicels that held the have already fl owered. The inflorescences fruit remain colorful for some time. The are scattered on the branch tips and thus autumn foliage is dull purplish red. cannot compete with the luminous hori­ The cultivars 'Lanarth' (5) and 'St. zontal lines of the Doublefile Viburnum. Keverne' (5) were raised at Lanarth, St. The overall landscape can be enhanced Keverne, Cornwall, England. The culti­ by a specimen or a mass planting of V. val' 'Mariesii ' (5), selected in the nursery OPUl ll S, V. SOl'lz:entii, or V. . trilobum, of J ames Veitch and Sons, was named when in full bloom. The week's floral for the firm's foreman, Charles Maries. display m ay not be as spectacular as on The differences between 'Lanarth', Mar­ other species ; but when combined with iesii', and 'St. Keverne' are minor, but foliage, fruit, and growth habit, the 'Mariesii ' has larger sterile fl owers and ornamental merit rating of these three is possibly the superior ornamental. The species exceeds that of many other cultivar 'R owallane' (5) was raised at R o­ species. wallane Gardens, Saintfield, Ireland, the The old-fashioned snowball with pale exquisite landscape plantings developed green to white flowers in globular clus­ by the late Sir Armata~e-Moore. 'Ro­ ters was introduced into America during wallane' is a fine textured specimen that coloni al days. The snowball, the lilac, h as smaller leaves, flowers freely, and and the cabbage rose are often the only fruits abundantly. V. plicatum f. tomen­ surviving landmarks of a colonial home­ tosum 'Roseum' (5), originated at the stead. It is misleading to interpret the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The flower­ snowball as representing only one species, ing is variable from year to year, depend­ as different plants with the globular, ing on climatic conditions. When grown hydrangea-like clusters are known from on slightly acid soil and during a cool Europe. l apan, China, and the Rima­ season a pale pink color will develop as l ;:j:vas. The enlarged sterile fl owers may the sterile flowers age. The plant is less be % to more than an inch in diameter hardy than the other Doublefile Vibur­ and are the sole ornamental merit since num cultivars. no fruit is produced. The merits of each V. plica tum £. tomentosu.m is hardier of the snowballs will be independently than V. plicatu.m, but may be damaged discussed. during a severe winter in Zone 5. The Since VibuT1wm opul1lS £. roseum Doublefile Viburnum will grow best in (3b) , the Euronean Snowball Viburnum, a heavy slightly aciel soil. The horizontal was introduced earliest and probably lines of the tiered Doublefile Viburnum had the widest di stribution in America, branches are effectively displayed when it will be the first considered. The planted on a slope so that they are globose 2 to 3-inch inflorescences develop viewed from above. From a distance, the in mid-May, first appear lime green but horizon tal lines of the fl owers closely graduallv expand in size and ass ume a resemble those of dogwood and the plant cream white color. A mature 12-foot ca n be effectively combined with a dog­ specimen covered wi th the "snowballs" wood planting to extend the landscape can be a splendid sight. The European floral display. Snowball is the h ardiest, but is the least The inflorescen ce formation and orna­ desirable for it is one most susceptible to mental flower attributes of Viburnu.m severe aphid infestations, which inflict opulus (3b) , the European Cranberry­ grotesque contortions on the flowers, bush Viburnum, V. trilobum (2), the leaves, and stems. This form is often American Cranberrybush Viburnum, and forced for conservatory display or cut V. sargentii (5), the Sargent Viburnum, sprays for florist use in Europe. A pink are much alike so that only their general form of the European Snowball has flowering characteristics will be briefly been reported, but no distinct pink 152 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL :MAGAZINE

DONALD R. EGOLF

Viburnum sargentii, the Sargent Viburnum, showing the cymose inflorescence of fertile and sterile flowers and the leaf with the elongated central lobe

flowered plant has been observed. The 5-inch long leaves, which are tapered to aging flower inflorescence on certain a point, rounded at the base, and con­ plants becomes faintly tinted pink. spicuously toothed, are dull green with VibuTnum plicatum (5b) , ("V. tom­ stellate tomentum beneath. The autumn entosum sterile") the Japanese Snowball foliage is red to purplish bronze. In Viburnum, is one of the most adaptable Europe V. plicatum is a popular shrub ornamentals, but it will not withstand for hot house forcing. severe winters. The plant was intro­ Robert Fortune found VibuTnum mac­ duced by Robert Fortune in 1844. The TOcephalum (7), the Chinese Snowball, Japanese Snowball is a graceful shaped, growing in the gardens of the rich 9-foot specimen with tiers of wide spread­ Chinese. He introduced the plant for ing horizontal branches on the upper the Royal Horticultural Society in 1844. side of which the 2 to 3-inch globose A 12-foot specimen grown in the open flower clusters are arranged in fish-bone or trained against a protected wall is the rows in late l\lIay. A mature plant will ultimate of the snowballs. In colder be as wide as high. It is not subject to areas the plant will be deciduous, but in aphid infestations and is a recommended the milder regions, or in protected loca­ substitute for the older European Snow­ tions, it will be semi-evergreen. The ball for Zone 5b or milder regions. The Chinese Snowball does not survive much cultivar 'Rosace', selected and in trocluced north of Philadelphia. The ovate-oblong by Wyoming Nurseries, Cincinnati, Ohio, leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, are dull green has a medium pink flower and bronze with scattered hairs above and covered tinted foliage. The cultivar 'Grandi­ with stellate tomentum beneath. In mid­ f1orum' di~ers primarily by having slight­ May the massive 6 to 8-inch globular ly larger mflorescences. The ovate 3 to trusses of sterile flowers are first apple JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 153

DONALD R. EGOLF

Viburnum macrocephalum, the Chinese Snowball Viburnum, espaliered on a Kew Gardens wall

green, maturing to snowy white. Vibur­ The rows of globose flowers appear in num macrocephalum f. keteleeTi (7), is April before the leaves from the naked not known to be in cultivation in North winter buds. The fruit matures from red America. This variety was introduced to black. Possibly before too many years into Europe sometime previous to 1860 lapse the Himalayan Snowball will be a and probably is not to be found in any woodland garden subject in the western European garden today. The large, flat, hemisphere. terminal cymes are 4 to 6 inches across. The greatest number of species have The central cluster of fertile flowers is numerous, fertile, campanulate, small surrounded by a single row of large white to cream white flowers clustered in creamy white, sterile flowers. The form a disk-like, cymose inflorescence. Rather keteleeri is reported hardier than the than insert at this point a detailed ac­ species and should be a shrub worthy of count of the numerous species with reintroduction. small fertile flowers and ornamental The last of the snowballs to be men­ fruit, this discussion will be included in tioned is not known in cultivation in the future article on fruiting viburnums. the western hemisphere and is conse­ Minimizing the space allocated to these quently unknown to horticulturists. Vi­ species, does not imply that they are burnum cordifolium (6?) , which might unworthy of garden cultivation for the be called the Himalayan Snowball, is floral display. A plant combining average native to the Himalayas and vVestern flower characteristics, good foliage, com­ China. The sympodial branching h,abit pact growth habit, and abundant fruit is is similar to that of our native V. lanta­ a more serviceable and select ornamental noides. V. co?'difolium is a loosely than one that yields a profusion of bloom branching 10-foot shrub or small tree. for a few days to a week in the spring. 154 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

The fertile flower inflorescence types will one of these species is a globose mass of be emphasized for several species, but the creamy white flowers. On a sunny day, same ornamental characteristics will be a plant in full bloom will be alive with evident on many of the desirable fruiting bees collecting nectar and pollinating viburnums. the ~ -inch diameter flowers. The mass display of cream white The North American species may not flowers in cymose clusters on a lO-foot be the most ornamental, but such species Viburnum lantana, (4) the 'itVayfaring­ as Viburnum pnmifolium (4), the tree Viburnum, may be neutral in ap­ Black-haw Viburnum, V. len tago (3), the pearance, but adds contrast and interest Nannyberry Viburnum, and V. cassi­ to the shrub border. The individual noides (4), the 'Withe-rod Viburnum, campanulate flowers, with protruding contribute interest to the landscape for lemon anthers, are not more than li S of a few days in :May. The inflorescences, an inch in diameter. 'iIVhen a hundred 3 to 4 inches in diameter, are borne in or more of the small flowers are massed abundance on the spur tips. 'Whether in one cluster they gain ornamental sig­ it is the low-growing, 4-foot V. cassi­ nificance. V. lantana and the allied noides or the taller V. lentago, or V. species are dense rounded shrubs. The j)funifoliurn, the flowers are comple­ variety aureurn (4) has golden green mented by the emerging yellow green foliage in the summer. The form varie­ leaves. The horizontal lines of V. pruni­ gatum (4) has peculiarly variegated folium grown as a single trunk specimen leaves, which could hardly be called are particularly noteworthy. ornamental. The variety HLgosum (4) produces abundant flower clusters and The flowering season anti-climax is consequently is a choice fruiting shrub. achieved by Viburnum dentaturn (3) , The Wayfaringtree Viburnum will toler­ the Arrowwood Viburnum, and V. ra­ ate dry situations where other species {i.nesquiamtm (3), the Downy Arrow­ would fail. Viburnum cotinifolium (5b). wood Viburnum, which are two worthy the Indian Wayfaringtree Viburnum, natives of the Northeast. The June white which is much like V. lantana but has flower display of these species is worth larger leaves and greater stature, has consideration since they are produced flower buds that are pink before expand­ when few shrubs are in bloom. As V. ing to cream white. den tatum tolerates shade and moisture The red-fruited Asiatic species include it is adaptable to naturalistic planting. some of the choicest shrubs. Viburnum Dry roadside slate banks approach the dilatatum (5b) , the Linden Viburnum, native habitat conditions of V. rafines­ and V. wrightii (5b) , the Wright Vibur­ quianum. The red orange autumn foliage num, exemplify the floral display of of the Arrowwood Viburnum and the these vivid autumnal fruiting shrubs. A Downy Arrowwood Viburnum accentu­ flowering 6 to IO-foot mound shrub of ate the naturalistic landscape.

Recommended deciduous flowering viburnums for the landscape planting bitchiuense (6) lantana (4) X bodnantense 'Dawn' (5b) macrocephalurn (7) X bw"kwoodii (5b) plicatu7n (5b) ca1"Zesii (5b) 1)licatum f. tomentoSttm 'Mariesii' (5) cassino ides (4) plicatum f. tomentosum 'Rowallane' (5) X chenaultii (5) pntnifolium (4) dilatattLm (5b) m{i.nesquianum (3) fragrans (5b) sieboldii (5) fmgmns var. albtLm (5b) fj'i Zobum (2) gmndiflorum (6) wrightii (5b) juddii (6) J ULY 1962, VOLUi'\'LE 41, NUMBER 3 155

J . P. ROCH E

Individual cymose inflorescences of all fertile flowers on V iburnum p,.un ~folium, the Black -haw Viburnum Figw-e 1. Effect of Beta-hydroxyethyl hydrazine on the growth of Vriesea geniculata. Left to right: control, 60 mg. of chemical sprayed on foliage

New Discoveries In Plant Growth

HENRY M. CATHEY

When we know enough about the another kind of bromeliad, year-round. chemistry of the plant, we will add a It is also used as an additive in mink particular chemical, and so many days or food to prevent cancer and is added to weeks later observe a desired change in liquid oxygen to make rocket fuel. The the pattern of growth. A vriesia, which first action of the chemical on plants is is a Bromeliad collected from the tropics, to slow up growth, then flowering results. is an example of this. It will hold water Unfortunately this chemical is active and is often used as a vase plant. When on only a few plants but other chemicals one empties the water out and fills it are doing the same thing, retarding with a pale amber solution, the plant is growth and in some cases promoting in flower six months later (Figure 1) . flowering. Such chemicals as a class are This is the future of growth control. called growth-retardants. They are useful The chemical used on the Bromeliad in production and maintenance of plants is B-hydroxyethyl hydrazine (4). [See of smaller size than those typical of the references concluding this paper.] In species or the cultivar. They also make Hawaii it is used to flower pineapples, it possible to use some species not now available for pot use and allow all plants Horticulturist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural R.esearch Service, U nited States Department of Agri­ to be fertilized and watered as frequently culture, Beltsville, Maryland. as necessary. [1 56J JULY 1962, VOLUME 41 , NUMBER 3 157

The leaves of all plants treated with growth and result in a reduction of leaf growth-retarding chemicals are much size, drying of the margins of the leaves, darker green than those of untreated and the development of few or no lateral plants. This color is related more to the shoots. Plants of chrysanthemums, co­ action of the growth regulator than to leus, and Scheffiera actinophylla respond mineral nutrition. to applications of both chemicals by con­ Three chemicals have been extensively tinuing to form leaves at the same rate tested on many kinds of plants (2) . as untreated plants but the distance be­ These are Amo-1618 (4-hydroxy-5-isopro­ tween leaves decreases with increasing pyl-2-methylphenyl trimethyl ammonium dosages. chloride, I-piperidine carboxylate) , phos­ -Woody plants as a group are not par­ fon (tributyl,2,4-dichlorobenzyl phospho­ ticularly adapted to the immediate utili­ nium chloride), and eee (2-chloro­ zation of growth-retarding chemicals ethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) . because they grow for only a few weeks The growth of most plants may be con­ during the year and the root system trolled by the proper selection of one of tends to be ex tensive. Preliminary test­ these chemicals. None of the three is ac­ ing is being conducted with plants grow­ tive on all plants (Figure 2) . Few plants ing in clay pots on long days. Plants of respond to applications of Amo-16l8; several holly species, euonymus, ligus­ details are available elsewhere (3). The trum, rhododendron, and oak respond dosages for phosfon were 0.16 to 4 gm. to applications of phosfon and eee. of the technical material and for eee, Plants which grow in flushes such as oak 4 to 20 gm. per cubic foot of potting soil. and holly respond only to much higher The list '*' which follows shows the dosages than does chrysanthemum. The growth-retarding activity of two chemi­ time from one period of growth (flush) cals on potentially useful plants. to another is delayed slightly and the number of nodes per flush is smaller Response to Applications of than on untreated plants. The actual Common Name Phosfon CCC internode distance on these plants may Apple Inactive Active be unaltered but the number of nodes is Azalea Active Active smaller than on untreated plants. Camellia Active Active Chrysanthemum Active Active Plants from many different families Dogwood Active Active such as chrysanthemum, rhododendron, Euonymus Active Active hydrangea, and mimosa, respond to ap­ Fatshedera Stimulates Active Holly Active Active plications of eee at dosages of 10 gm./ Hydrangea Inactive Active cu. ft. of compos ted soil. In contrast, Lily-Easter Active Active the optimum concentration for growth Maple, Red Active Active Oak, Red Active Active retardation by phosfon varies from 0.16 Pear Inactive Active cm./ cu. ft. of potting soil for chrysanthe­ Petunia Active Inactive mum to 4 gm. / cu. ft. for rhododendron. Philodendron Inactive Inactive The results from applications of Poinsettia Stunts Active Privet Inactive Active growth retardants to monocots have gen­ Rhododendron Active Active erally been disappointing. Although Sycamore Stimulates Active wheat responds markedly to eee, the other grains have responded only at The basic concept of using growth-re­ fairly high dosages or not at all (7). tarding chemicals is being tried exten­ Tillering was promoted on treated sively on many kinds of plants. Most plants and occurred earlier than on un­ foliage plants, such as Dieffenbachia, treated plants. The tendency of the Peperomia and Philodendron, gy:ow plants to lodge was also reduced. without apparent responses to apphca­ tions of phosfon and eee. High dosages These points are vital in the use ~£ (100 to 500 times the dosages used on growth-retarding chemicals: Prepare sol1 plant regulator mixtures of varying chrysanthemums) f r e que n t 1 Y stunt dosages by dissolv.ing the req~ire~ • [Mention of commercial products h.erein .does not com­ amount of chemical III water, pounng It stitute their endorsement. Phosfon IS regIstered for use on chrysanthemums by commercial florists. CCC!s still on a known volume of compos ted soil, in the experimental stage of development and IS not generally available. Results reported herein for phas­ and mixing thoroughly to distribute the fon and CCC are given as research results only and do not constitute official clearance or recommended use.] chemical throughout. 158 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Fig'uTe 2. Effect of soil treatment on gmwth of BalleTina petunia (toP) and Barbam Ecke Supreme poinsettia (bottom), left to right: Phosfon 4 gmjcu. ft. of potting soil, cont1"O l, GGG, 20 gmj cu. ft.

",

. , .

'. ,~ JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 159

Figure 3. Effect of soil drench on gTOwth of Purit'Y zinnia. Left to riCTht : Phosfon 0.8 gmj cu. ft. of potting soil, phosfon 4 gm/ cu. ft., b contTOl, eee 4 gm/ cu. ft. , eee 20 gmj cu. ft.

Plants already established in soil may All varieties of a given plant species be drenched with the chemical at rates are not equally sensitive to growth­ similar to those used in the soil amend­ retarding substances (3). ment procedure. The latter procedure is All plants treated with growth retard­ preferred for treating at a specific stage ants appear more resistant to heat and of growth. Plants sprayed with aqueous drought stresses (2) and even to over­ solutions of phosfon develop yellow fertilization with inorganic fertilizers spots on the leaves. At high dosages, the (5). veins are cleared of chlorophyll and the Plants of fatshedem and zinnia (Fig­ leaves develop marginal browning which ure 3) are stimulated to grow more rap­ persists throughout the life of the plant. idly following application of certain dos­ Other plants sprayed with aqueous solu­ ages of phosfon. Higher levels of appli­ tions of CCC develop yellow tips. Even­ cation result in browning of leaf mar­ tually the leaves regain their green color. gins and stunted growth. Application of The margin of safety between retarda­ CCC retards the growth of these plants. tion without injury and with injury In most instances the growth retard­ from growth retardants applied as fo­ ants exert relatively little influence on liar sprays is very small and should not flower initiation of herbaceous plants. be considered for general use as a meth­ Treatment beyond that necessary for od of applying them at the present time. moderate reduction of stem length usu­ Amo-1618 and phosfon persist in the ally delays flowering. Treatment of soil for more than one crop of plants vegetative azalea, camellia, and rhodo­ whereas CCC did not persist for the dendron with phosfon and CCC, how­ growth of one crop. Amo-1618 was ever, results in less stem elongation and slightly more active in summer, ph0sfon earlier flower-bud initiation (3, 6). much more active in summer, and cec The photoperiod in which holly, pe­ much less active in summer than in win­ tunia and chrysanthemum plants grow ter in retarding growth of plants. determines their flowering and growth 160 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Figure 4. Shasta chrysanthemum plants were grown on 8-hour photope1-iods a!7- d during the middle of the night incandescent light at 20 footcandles was ap'plzed as follows: (left to right) untreated, 4 hours from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m., 12 mznutes at midnight. After one month of treatment all plants were tmnsfened to 8-hour photoperiods. Photographed after 6 weeks.

habits (2). Treating the soil with growth amount of light by decrease in its dura­ retardants does not alter the response to tion or its intensity was unsafe. The photoperiod, light quality, or night tem­ use of artificial light to interrupt the perature. Therefore, the action of the night is now limited to a few high­ retarding substances is different from valued crops. that imposed by short days. Short days Intermittent-lighting is as effective as continue to be essential for flowering continuous lighting, but utilizes 1/5 or chrysanthemums and long days for stem even less light without loss of effective­ elongation of holly and petunia. Pri­ ness by simply turning it on and off in­ marily, internode extension of respon­ termittently during the 3- to 8-hour sive species is retarded by a wide range period in the middle of the night. It is of concentrations of phosfon. The action based on the discovery that the action of of growth retardants to shorten inter­ phytochrome, the photoresponsive pig­ nodes is independent of the other en­ ment, continues for a time after the vironmental factors, and is specific in light goes out. The basic principles of activity on internodes since the other intermittent lighting were established parts of the plant are not noticeably using chrysanthemum plants. The cul­ affected. Few formative effects on leaves, tural procedures were described in an stems, and flowers are observed. earlier paper (1). The use of artificial light in delaying Nine lots of Shasta chrysanthemums flowering of short-day plants and in pro­ were placed on 8-hour photoperiods in moting the growth and flowering of an experiment to determine the effects long-day plants now depends upon ap­ of 12 minutes of light of 20 footcandle plication of light for a 3- to 8-hour pe­ intensity from incandescent - filament riod near the middle of the night. Fre­ lamps distributed in various regular se­ quently light at other times of night was quences throughout the middle 4 hours only partially effective in controlling of the night. growth. Appreciable reduction in the A short-day control received no addi- JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 161

Figure 5. Effects of 12 minutes of light applied in the middle of the night on fl owe1-ing of rooted cuttings of Shasta chrysanthemum) grown on long photo­ periods prior to a 4-week period of treatments) and then subjected to 8-hour photope?-iods until flowers appeared. Plants fTOm left to right received 1) 12 min­ utes of light at midnight) and 2 to 6) 12 minutes of light given in cycles of light and dark of various lengths during a 4-hour period in the middle of each night: 2) 240 minutes; 3, 80 minutes; 4) 60 minutes; 5) 30 minutes; and 6) I-minute cycles. Photographed after 6 weeks.

Figure 6. Red maple seedlings gTOwn on natural days from August 1 to Octo­ ber 1. During the middle of the -night) 20 footcandles of incandescent light was applied (from the left) as follows: no additional light) 2.4 minutes every 24 min­ utes tor 2 hours) 2.4 minutes every 24 minutes for 4 hours) 2.4 minutes eve)ry 24 minutes for 8 hours) 4.8 minutes light every 24 minutes for 4 hours. 162 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE tional light during the long night, and plants are responsive to cyclic lighting a long-day control received 4 hours of and that the amount of light needed to light from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m. Each of the control growth is markedly reduced remaining lots received 12 minutes of when such a lighting regime is followed light either in one light break at mid­ (Figure 4). night or as 2, 3, 5, 9, 24, or 240 light Eventually it will be possible to con­ breaks spread regularly through a pe­ sider, for the first . time, using photo­ riod of 4 hours from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m. periodic control of many kinds of plants (as shown in Figures 4 and 5). to establish the pattern of growth. Cost Light-dark cycles shorter than 60 min­ of lighting in relation to the unit value utes, consisting of incandescent light at of the crop will be greatly reduced by 20 footcandles for 5 per cent of the time using cyclic lighting. The size of the (examples - three seconds every minute plant would then be scaled for any pur­ (8), 30 seconds every 10 minutes or 90 pose by the use of growth retardants. seconds every 30 minutes for 4 hours), each with a total of 4 footcandle hours, Literature Cited were as inhibitory to flowering as con­ 1. Cathey, H. M. and H. A. Borthwick. Cyclic tinuous light for 4 hours (Figure 5). The lighting f01' controlling flowering of ch?'ysan­ 12 minutes of light in a single period themums. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. (In press). each night did not prevent flowering. 2. Cathey, H. M. and A. A. Piringer, 1961. Relation of phosfon to photope?'iod, kind of The only other treatments that did not supplemental light, and night temperature prevent flowering (examples - 2.4 min­ on growth and flowering of garden annuals. utes every 60 minutes, 3 minutes every Proc. Arner. Soc. Hort. Sci. 77: 608-619. 80 minutes, or 4 minutes every 120 min­ 3. Cathey, H. M. and N. W. Stuart. 1961. Com­ pm'ative plant growth-1'etarding activity of utes) were those in which each inter­ Amo-1618, Phosfon, and CCC. Bot. Gaz. 123: vening dark period during the 4-hour 51-57. period exceeded an hour. The inhibitory 4. Gowing, D. P. and R. W. Leeper. 1955. In­ duction of flowering in pineapple by beta­ action of light thus failed to carry hydroxyethylhydrazine. Science 122: 1267. through a period of darkness greater 5. Marth, P. C. and J. R. Frank. 1961. Increas­ than an hour. ing tole1'ance of soybean plants to some solu­ In several of the chrysanthemum ex­ ble salts through application of plant growth­ retardant chemicals. J. Agr. Food Chern. 9: periments, plants of various long-day 359-361. species, such as spinach, barley, hyoscy­ 6. Stuart, N. W. 1961. Initiation ot flower buds amus, dogwood, red maple (Figure 6), in rhododendron after application of growth retardants. Science 134: 50-52. petunia, and short-day species such as '7. Tolbert, N. E. 1960. (2-chloroethyl) trimeth­ salvia and celosia, were also subjected ylammonium chloride and related compounds to cyclic lighting treatments. Results as plant gTOwth substances. II. Effects on from these plants are not yet complete, gTOwth of wheat. Plant Physiol. 35: 380-385. 8. Waxman, S. 1961. Connecticut tests reveal ef­ but preliminary observations show that fectiveness of mum flash lighting. Florists' growth and flowering of photoperiodic Review 127 (3302): 142-144. A Book or Two

Rhododendr.olls of the W orid This list, but not the ratings and not the few and How to Grow Them recent British and American introductions in­ cluded, appears to be taken largely from the David G. Leach. Charles Scribner's Sons, Intemational Rhododend·ron Register published Publishers, 597 Fifth Avenue, New York 17. 11l 1958. New York. 1961. 544 pages, Illustrated. Garden uses, cultu re, insects and diseases, $25 .00. (Library). (ARS Members' Price h ardiness, propagation, and other horticultural $21.25) topics are extensively and ably discussed. One minor matter: the listing of obsolete and in­ This volume not only merits the epilhet valid species names would be far less confusing "comprehensive," accorded it by the publisher's if the botanical authorities for those names were dust jacket, but also "voluminous" and "com­ also included. pendious." It brings together nearly all the in­ Notwithstanding the heartbreaking price of formation that is available today regarding the $25, acquisition of a copy is recommended to "true" rhododendrons and is useful to the a ll those having a serious horticultural interest gardener interested in them. At the same time in the true rhododendrons. Horticultural works the text is clearly and pleasantly written. It of the calibre of Rhododen?'Ons of the Wo?'ld has the viTtue of presenting many new ideas and a re all too rare. not merely rehashing the literature to date, al­ though the author doubtless found much help in Clement G. Bowers predecessor work, Rhodo­ dendrons and Azaleas, recently revised. If there Mushrooms and Other Fungi is any warning that should be given the reader, Their Form alltl Colour it is that many of the new views expressed by the author carry the implication that they are R. Kleijn. Doubleday and Company, Inc., 575 based on extensive, recognized scientific research, yIadison Avenue, New York 22, New York. even though this is not necessarily so in all in­ 1962. 144 pages. Illustrated. $10.50 . (Library). stances and contrary views are not always pre­ This beautifully prepared volume (small sented. quarto) is an attempt to utilize the art of color Leach is an amateur horticulturist who has photography as a medium of recording natural furthered and maintained his interest in rhodo­ color in some common mushrooms and other dendrons by extensive travel and observation of related fungi of forest and field . Only accolades living plants, with much resulting gain to his of highest praise seem appropriate in accessing book. The book also reflects the author's special the virtues of this book. This is not a scientist's interests in its discussion of breeding and tax­ monograph on the fungi but a book designed onomy, and particularly in its outstanding dis­ for the lay public who have an inquisitive cussion of the species concept as applied to interest in this group of plants. The author, rhododendrons. H. Kleijn, is president of the Royal Society of Rhododendrons of the World is especially Natural History in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. suited to the serious amateur gardener, the pro­ The superb color photographs are by G. D. fessional gardener, and the commercial grower. Swanenburg de Veye. The original Dutch edition The beginning amateur can find in it what he has since gone through a French edition and now needs to know but not in the elementary au­ one in English. thoritarian, uncritical fashion that he usually In all phases of natural history the use of prefers. The volume deals only with the "true" color photography is one of the important de­ rhododendrons, that is , it excludes azaleas even velopments of the modern age. That the author though the majority of taxonomists today include indicates it has been possible to record many them in nhe genus Rhododend·ron. kinds of fungi "in their natural surroundings About 150 of the better known and more for the first time" is a very modest understate­ valuable species of rhododendrons are described ment of what the reader fmds in the pages that at length in terms understandable to the gar­ follow. The book includes 94 color photographs dener. In doing so the author has made some of mushrooms, morels, and related kinds of "corrections" in prior taxonomic descriptions fungi that are common both in the United States and boundaries for species and in their assign­ and in Europe. For this reason the book should ment to the various series into which the genus realize a brisk sale in this country. The color is broken down. The appendices include a list­ photographs are first class and represent out­ ing of all species, including the little known standing examples of what color photography mainly tropical species as recognized by Sleumer in plants can be at its best. in his recent class ification. This book is not only beautiful to look at, it There is also an extensive listing of hybrid is also a useful reference piece for the layman groups and clones with British and American 01' student, and it should not be overlooked by quality and hardiness ratings, oNigin, and color. the mycologist who would find the book useful

(Books available for loan to the Membership are designated: (Library). Those not so designated are in private collections and are not available for loan. Books ar;atiable lor sale to the Memb~r­ ship are designated with the special reduced price and a.re subJect. to the usua! change of pr~ce without notice. Orders must be sent through the American Horticultural Society accompanied by the proper payment. Please allow two t'o three weeks for delivery. Thos~ not designated for sale to the Membership at reduced prices can be purchased .through the Socuty, however, at the '-etail prices given. In these instances the full profi.t IS received by the Society to be used fo,' il1C1'eased semices and benefits of the M embrshlp.) [163] 164 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE in identifying certain kinds of the fleshy fungi eighteen of the more important crop plants. inasmuch as color plays an important role in The Woodlands group has two subdivisions, their identification. The prose of the book is woody and non-woody plants, and among the clearly presented in non-technical language. Each woody plants are a few introduced species that fungus is described with the common name first, have become widely naturalized. followed by the scientific name in Latin w!th Most of the greatly enlarged photographs are accent marks for pronunciation. The text begms very good, but unfortunately a few are so with a brief historical account of the fungi­ poorly reproduced that important surface char­ concepts the Romans and Greeks had about acters are indistinguishable. Furthermore, after poisonolls mushrooms and the advancement of examining the excellent illustrations in the our knowledge about fungi up to the present. second half of the book, I believe that good Other chapters cover "Fairy Rings," "Things drawings would be superior to even the best Worth Knowing about Fungi," "Hints for the photographs for showing the most important Collection," "Edible and Poisonous Species," and diagnostic seed characters. There might be some a glossary. cases, however, where both drawings and photo­ Because of its exceedingly attractive format, graphs would be desirable. One nomenclatural the book is a collector's item. The book begins error is the use of Cotoneaster pyracantha for with an attractive cloth cover, and the printing the firethorn, which should be pyracantha is on special heavy weight paper. In short, this coccinea. is the kind of book we would like to woo authors to publish more often. A book of this caliber This manual is a good st€P in the right should be on every reading list of children learn­ direction. It is to be hoped that additional ing about the natural environment in which works of the same quality, covering many addi­ they live. A book of this stature makes the sub­ tional species will be forthcoming soon. ject of fungi an exciting experience from the PAUL G. RUSSELL outset. How else are we going to encourage young biologists into the fold? F. G. MEYER The Art of Training Plants Ernesta Drinker Ballard. Harper & Brothers, New Techniques with Dried Flowers 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, New York. 1962. 128 pages. Illustrated. $4.75. (Library). Sarah Whitlock and Martha Rankin. Hearth­ side Press, Inc., 118 East 28th Street, New Mrs. Ballard apparently has long been con­ York 16, New York. 1962.32 pages. Illustrated. cerned with the growing of plants in pots ~or $2.50. (Library). use in the house and on the terrace. Her earher book, to which rather constant reference is made This little volume deals with the new process in this volume, was titled Garden in Your House. of drying flowers using Silica Gel. The authors The sub-title of the present book is: Extending tell you frankly that this material is expensivt: the Oriental Art of Bonsai to Western Condi­ to use, they do give you rather detailed direc­ tions and with Decorative Plants. tions for its use, and also review the methods That in itself gives the proper idea of what used heretofore. Paragraph headings are listed this volume contains. The range of plants dis­ in the table of contents and a good index is cussed and the precise and accurate description provided. There is not very much given on of the care needed are encyclopedic, and lucidly arrangement techniques, but there are thirteen presented so that no one can possibly misunder­ color plates of arrangements made with dried stand. It is very important that all readers flowers that will give you some idea of how to should start with a careful reading of the use these dried plant materials. Introduction, as that brief section outlines what G.P. W. Mrs. Ballard intends doing in the book and her reasons therefor. Seed Identification Manual There is little in the book that comes inti­ mately close to traditional Japanese bonsai, Alexander C. Martin and William D. Barkley. except the specimens illustrated to show that art University of California Press, Berkeley 4, in splendid examples. There is much that is a California. 1961. 221 pages. 824 plates. 288 proper extension of that art. figures. $10.00. (Library). If one likes to grow plants in pots, and !s This manual is an important and valuable willing to make it almost his lifework, here IS contribution to the identification of seeds, espe­ the guide. Read it, embrace the ideas, and be cially seeds of weeds and crop plants; it is lost forever. There will be no time for heedless designed for use by both laymen and professional vacations, no day without additional routines plantsmen. of care, and deservedly, no day without its own Seed photographs make up a little more than rewards. half of the book, and the 83-page text, Identifi­ B. Y. M. cation Clues, contains 288 excellent text figures. The plates are in three groups: Farmlands, Wet­ California Desert Wildflowers lands, and Woodlands, each of which has two or more subdivisions based on the general types of Philip A. Munz. University of California plants. These are arranged systematically in Press, Berkeley 4, California. 1962. 122 pages. each group, except that about two-thirds of the Illustrated. Paperbound, $2.95. Clothbound, seeds in the subdivision Weeds, Farmlands $4.75. (Library). group, are regrouped in a second subdivision Dr. Munz's most recent wildflower book (his on the basis of conspicuous structural characters, second) fills a great need for this kind of book as a special aid to quick identification. Another at the popular level. In 1961 he publish~d subdivision in this group illustrates seeds of California Spring Wildflowers, his first book m JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 165 this field of botanical writing. These popular English Holly in the Northwest. !hese in~lude floras arose out of Munz's earlier technical work, comments on its culture, propagatIOn, hard1l1ess, A California Flora (in collaboration with David varieties, pests, marketing, and on holly uses. D. Keck) published in 1959. C. B.L. The present work on desert flowers follows much the same format as the first book, namely Michigan Wildflowers that the plants are grouped by flower color and identification is on this basis. Both volumes Helen V. Smith. Cranbrook Institute of are exactly the same in size and contain 122 Science [Bloomfield Hills, Michigan] Bulletin pages each. The 172 line drawings of plants are 42, distributed by University Publishers, Inc.,

principal indigenous trees of South Africa. It is and annual American Miniature Daffodil Sym­ the first book to be published for this area as posium by Scorgie continue. There are also a whole, and although botanically correct, it articles on ferns to hide and replace fading daf­ was written for the layman. Emphasis is on Fodil foliage. recognition of the trees, their conservation, their Louise Horton has Notes on the Founding of names in Latin, English and native languages, the American Daffodil Society. This tells of the their usefulness both aesthetically and practi­ organization activities around 1954. The So­ cally, their ease or difficulty o~ propagation, ciety and its Yearbook, however, have origins their likes and dislikes, and so on. that go back to the mid-30's. These were de­ Two things about this book are unique: scribed in the April 1958 issue of the National Borticultural Magazine in a l-eview of the Amer­ Many persons, including most foresters, agree iq ll1 Daffodil Yearbook, 1957-58. The present that the way to know trees is to observe them revi ewer is so brash as to suggest that a r eprint growing, not by examining their remains in a of this material in a future American Daffodil herbarium. These authors devote 53 pages in Yearbook might complete the record and be of the front of their book to E. E. M. Loock's key, interest to members. in summarized form, to the trees of the Knysna FREDEI1.IC P. LEE forests. In effect this serves as an identification guide to all South African trees. Loock is senior Forest Research Officer at Pretoria. Makers of North American Botany In the back of the book is a map of the Harry Baker Humphrey. The Ronald Press indigenous high fOl'(tsts of South Africa, com­ Company, 15 East 26th Street, New York 10, piled by E. K. Marsh and F. S. Laughton. The New York. 1961. xii-266 pages. No illustra­ exact location of these 65 forests is given by tions. $6.00. (Library). latitude and longitude, from the Cape to the baobab country along the Limpopo River. No. 2J in the Chronica Botanica, An Interna­ For a comprehensive understanding of South tional Biological and Agricultural Series, Con­ Africa's trees, call on Palmer & Pitman. sulting Editor Frans Verdoorn. A collection of short biographies of 122 men EDWI N A. MENNINCER who made important contributions to botany in North America. This gives a quick review of important personal information of each and An Easy Guide to African Violets, highlights of their botanical work and influence. Revised Considered as an entire book, it helps to give a story of botany from colonial times to the '

Floras of the World-Part II literature which treat useful pl.ants and plant products. S. F. Blake. United States Government Print­ An index to Professor Groff's cataloging system ing Office, Washington 25 , D. C. 196 1. 742 is contained in the report, as well as an inter­ pages. $2.75_ pretation of his manuscript notes on higher plants. There is a thesis on "Plant Exchange T he amateur occasionall y wishes to know what Between America and China" by Professor Groff's plants are native to various countries and areas young successor in China, Richard E. Pride (de­ of the world and what plants, native and exotic, ceased) and an account of the I.ives of Groff and are cultivated in those countries and areas, to­ others who were intimately involved in the gether with descriptions of the plants. Flora of Penn-State-In-China story. the World gives this information by listing, with The student of Chinese plants and those who extensive descriptive annotations, floras and have been intrigued by the introduction of floristic works for such countries and areas. Part plants will find this compilation of great interest II lists 6,84 1 publications for areas in Europe, for it contains many of Professor Groff's personal excluding Germany, Greece, and the Iron Cur­ observations on Chinese plants including a draft tain coun tries. Part I, published in 1942, listed preface to a contemplated plant manual. I think 3,025 publications for countries and areas in it a fine contribution to horticulture to bring Africa, Australia, North and South America, and together the personal observations and records the islands of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian of our outstanding workers. So many of them Oceans_ The author, a senior botanist of the pass on and the accumulation of their life's work United States Departmen t of Agriculture, com­ and intimacies with plants remain unknown. pleted Part II before his death on December 31, A copy of this report is in the Society'S Library. 1959. There yet remains to be prepared a geo­ J.L.C. graphic guide to the fl oras of eastern Europe and of Asia. FREDERlC P. LEE Propagating House Plants For Amateur and Commercial Use Report on The G. Weidman Groff Arno and Irene NehrIing. Hearthside Press, Inc., 118 East 28th Street, New York 16, New Collection York. 1962. 282 pages. Illustrated. $4.95. (Li­ Henry S. Brunner, John Hsueh-Ming Chen, brary) _ and Marvin H. Runner. The Pennsylvania This book is chiefly a manual on plant propa­ State University, University Park, Pennsyl­ gation. It is divided into eight parts which un­ vania. 1961. 510 pages. (Library). fortunately are highly repetitious. The reviewer This is a report, both historical and horticul­ judges that the audience is the novice for most tural, on the recorded observations by Professor of the material is either known to the plantsman Groff in China from 1907 to 1947. Professor or can be located in several earlier propagation Brunner, in asking the Society to review the books. If the age-old art of propagating plants book, stated-"You will find introductory and had improved drastically, a new book at this explanatory chapters in the report itself. There level would serve a purpose but as it stands this is no point, therefore, in taking time and space is just another in the sequence of books on a for any lengthy explanations of the work in this thoroughly examined subject. letter. Our purpose here is to ask your help in The line drawings are good and save readipg letting other scientists and students know about much of the text. A section is devoted to a dic­ the Groff materials as a so urce of information ionary of house plants which gives more cultural about sub-tropical plants. The Library of the informa tion than details of propagation for the Pennsylvania State University wiII be prepared individual entry. It would seem (0 the reviewer to respond to inquiries and make the llsual ar­ that the authors missed the point here for one rangements for interlibrary loans." of our needs in an up-to-date dictionary of G. Weidman Groff among his many other in­ propagation with deta ils for specific plants, espe­ terests in China, devoted co nsiderable attention cially the harder-to-propagate kinds. to the plants of China and the exchange of If you do not have a book on propagation this plants between countIies. H e was greatly respon­ one is acceptable, but readers with ample infor­ Sible for the introduction of the Lychee and mation on propagation will not find this book wrote on its culture, as well as that of many too exciting. other valuable plants particularly suited for J .L.C. Florida. One of his painstaking efforts was to build up (but not completed) a card index sys tem of all The Saturday Morning Gardener Chinese plant names as a means of recording A Guide to Easy Maintenance reference to plant life in China. These co ntain, for each card entry, such facts as the scientific Donald ·Wyman, The Macmillan Company, name, distribution in China, use (medicine, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 , New York. vegetable, fruit, etc.) references used b y Groff, J 962. viii + 236 pages. Illustrated. $7.50. and even U.S .D.A . Plant Introduction numbers (Library) . of material introduced inno the U. S. An im­ An easily read guide with many suggestions for portant as pect of the Groff index cards is the the easier maintenance of the home grounds. reference to both modern and classical Chinese Suggestions are first made on the landscape plan­ the proper selection of plants. About 1000 plants ning of the yard, not necessarily how to do it are briefly discussed including bulbs, perennials but rather what should or should not be in­ and woody plants. These are identified by com­ cluded. A major group of topics on maintenance mon and scientific name with a brief comment are next discussed such as mulching, weed con­ on each-such as suggested uses, care or location trol, fertilizers, pruning, and lawn "substitutes." where it should be grown or special features One of the main points made b y the author is JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 169 that garden ma1l1tenal1U~ can be kept down by Gladioli and the Miniatures the proper selection of plants. About 1000 plants. are briefly discussed, including bulbs, Roy Genders. St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth perenmals and woody plants. These are identi· Avenue, New York 10, New York. 1961. 144 fied by common and scientific names with a pages. Illustrated. $4.50. (Library) brief comme~t on each-such as suggested uses, Miniature Chrysanthemums and Koreans care. or locatIOn where it should be grown or special features such as flow er or fruit effect. Roy Genders. St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth This book is a convenient and useful source of Avenue, New York 10, New York. 1961. 100 information for a home gardener. pages. Illustrated. $4.50. (Library) CONRAD B. LINK Plants: An Introduction to Modern Botany Other Books Added to the Library Victor A. Greulach and J. Edison Adams. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Park Avenue, The Kitchen Garden Book South, New York 16, New York. 1962. xvi + Stringfellow Barr and Stella Standard. Dol­ 557. Illustrated. $7.50. (Library) phin Books, Doubleday and Company, Inc., A Second Treasury Christmas Decorations 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New 01 York. 1961. 480 pages. No illustrations. Beth Hemingway. Hearthside Press, Inc., ll8 $1.45 . (Library) East 28th Street, New York 16, New York. 1961. 126 pages. Illustrated. $3 .95. (Library) Fungicides in Agriculture and Horticulture Wild Flowers G. L. Baldit and E. E. Turtle (Chairmen, Pesticides Group), Society of Chemical In­ Homer D. House. The Macmillan Company. 60 Fifth Avenue, New York ll, New York. dustry). (Society of Chemical Industry Mono­ graph No. 15.) Gordon and Breach Science 1961. 362 pages + 264 pages of colored plates, tucked in but not numbered. $17.95. Publishers, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York ll, New York. 1961. iv + 146 pages. Illustrated. (Library) $5 .50. (Library). Making an Orchard lor Home Fruit Growers Concise Garden Encyclopedia Cledwyn Hughes. St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York 10 , New York. 1961. Bernard W. Bishop. Philosophical Library, 15 120 pages. Illustrated. $3.50. (Library) East 40th Street, New York 16, New York. 1961. 190 pages. Illustrated. $4.75. (Library) Soil Orgmtic Matter: Plant Taxonomy Its Nature, Its Role in Soil Formation and in Soil Fertility Methods and Principles M. M. Kononova. Pergamon Press, Inc., 122 Lyman Benson. The Ronald Press Company, East 55th Street, New York 22, New York. 15 Eas t 26th Street, New York 10, New York. 1961. 450 pages. Illustrated. $15.00. (Library) 1962. x + 494 pages. Illustrated. $11.50. (Library) . Tree Growth Soil Management lor Conservation Theodore T. Kozlowski, Editor. The Ronald and Production Press Company, 15 East 26th Street, New York 10, New York. 1962. ix + 442 pages. R. L. Cook. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Illustrated. $12.00. (Library). Park Avenue, South, New York 16, New York. 1962. xii + 527 pages. Illustrated. The Judging 01 Roses $9.95. (Library) C. H. Lewis. American Rose Society, 4048 Greenhouse Gardening as a Hobby Roselea Place, Columbus 14, Ohio. 1960. 89 pages, Paperbound. Illustrated. $3.00. (Li­ James Underwood Cwckett. Doubleday and brary) . Company, Incorporated, 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. 1961. 288 pages. Gardening in the Shade Illustrated. $4.95. (Library) . Harriet K. Morse. Charles Scribner's Sons, 597 Historical Backgroltnd Fifth Avenue, New York 17 , New York. 1962. xiv + 242 pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Library). Arts, Skills and Needs 01 Ancient and Modern Farming Mushrooms and Truffles: Frank Norton Decker. Privately published by Botany, Cultivation, and Utilization the author, ll3 Rugby Road, Syracuse 6, Rolf Singer. John Wiley and Sons., Inc., New York. 1961. 47 pages. (Paperback). Interscience Division, 440 Park Avenue, South, Illustrated. (Library). New York 16, New York. World Crops Books. General Editor Professor Nicholas Polunin. Advances in Horticultural Science 1961. xxiii + 272 pages. Illustrated. $10.25. and Their Applications. Volume 1 (Library) . . Jean-Claude Garnaud, Editor. Pergamon Taylor's Encyclopedia Gardening, Press, Inc., 122 East 55th Street, New York 22, 01 Horticulture and Landscape Design New York. 1961 Ixxxi + 546 pages. Illustrated. $60.00 for the three volume work, cont-aining Norman Taylor, Editor. Houghton Mifflin the Proceedings of the XVth International Company, 2 Park Street, Boston 7, Massachu­ Horticultural Congress, Nice, France, 1958. setts. 1961. 1329 pages. Illustrated . $15.00. (Library) . (Library) . CLAUDE A. BARR

Phlox alyssifolia

The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Phlox alyssifolia mat formation from stolons of some Fortunate have I been to live within depth. Advancing plantlets stood out a the range of a number of western creep­ bit from the mat and filling in was ac­ ing Phloxes. Wisely instructed have I complished as the new plants enlarged been in appreciation of fine fGrm and to maturity. All under four inches or distinctive coloring. The insistent spur less of height. How wide the mat would over many years to seek out "different" have grown over the years is conjectural. and more perfect types by the inveterate It has been kept to three or four feet. collector of native flowers, Mrs. J. Nor­ The leaves of P. alyssifolia are half an man Henry, !las augmented an inborn inch to an inch long, wider than the tendency to explore, to see what grows needle leaved kinds and white margined upon the next hill, to pry into Nature's at maturity. Not shrubby in the sense of fastnesses where lavish planting has been, true woodiness, the stems are persistent supposedly, planned to blush unseen. and usually in winter a tiny bit of green The rewards in Phlox alyssifolia have may be found at the tips. Leaves are been multiple. Sometimes the prize has put out along the newer stems and been a single tuft, a close cluster of blos­ quickly enlarge with the warmth of som wider lobed, the better displaying spring. In no time, it seems, buds are an unusual intensity of color. Sometimes set. Flowering begins in May, to last a it has been a vista of a quarter of a mile good month or more, varying with dif­ of pinkish glow under a warm June sun. ferent plants and exposures. The first little plant of P. alyssifolia Either in the common form or the was brought from the Black Hills to my large flowered form which Dr. E. T. p.rairie garden all of forty years ago. Its Wherry in his monograph of the genus nch lavender-pink, inch-wide florets and has named P. a. var. abdita, the color of delightful fragrance had taken my fancy. alyssifolia is most often a light tone of I.t was, perhaps, a reward of pure affec­ pink with some lavender and the petals tlOn that my choice was a plantlet with not notably wide. Flowers of both young adaptable roots and the narrow good shape and color may require spadeful of earth amply deep. The little some hours of hunting. A favorite field plant grew and in time spread in perfect is the narrow outcrop of Greenhorn [170J JULY EJ(j~, VULUM.t: 41, NUMBER 3 171

limestone bordering the Black Hills. Metalphoto- A Promising New From it have come to my garden an Plant Labeling Method almost moon-faced very pale one, a creamy albino and a number of the best The search for economical, weather rich toned pinks. From farther within resistant, and shock-proof materials for the Hills in limy footing a lovely one of making display labels has been going on definite salmon cast. Elsewhere individ­ as long as display gardens have been in uals that hint of red but tend toward existence. All the materials currently in magenta or even blue have been observed use have one or more faults, such as brittleness, loss of legibility within a and I know where grows a pure white few years, or high cost. Low resistance albino with fine flowers. White, however, to weathering and brittleness are the is well provided in the garden by several reasons why the U.S. National Arbore­ other local species, P. andicola with large tum has sought an effective substitute for flowers and the lesser ones, P. andicola its mahogany-grain, laminated plastic pamula, hoodii, diftusa sclemnthifolia, labels. mttScoides, and bryoides and a willing In an attempt to solve the weathering import, P. longifolia. problem, which made our plastic labels In its choice of habitat P. alyssifolia illegible within 3 to 5 years, a small-scale shows a taste for lime. Haunts of the testing program in which plastic labels large flowered abdita appear confined to were coated with acrylic and epoxy resins the major limestone strata of the Black was initiated. These resins were ineffec­ Hills and outwash formations on the tive. Inquiries about new materials and prairies to the east. Otherwise the spe­ methods to other Federal agencies and cies dips into Nebraska and North Da­ institutions with similar weathering kota, spreads across northeastern Wyo­ problems led us to a promising method ming, covers much of prairie Montana of reproducing images on photosensitive and brief bits of Saskatchewan and anodized aluminum plates. Such a proc­ Alberta. ess is known commercially as lVIetalphoto Offset plants with a year or two of age (Metalphoto Corporation, 13581 South of any of the local species are readily Miles Road, Cleveland 28, Ohio). * Re­ transplanted bare rooted. A branched ports from commercial, federal, and state root of six or eight inches is best. They institutions that have used this method are safely moved in flower if plenty of outdoors for 2 to 10 years have been water is provided until a good rain unanimous that photosensitive plates comes. These hard foliaged phloxes should satisfactorily solve our weathering seem more dependent on light and air problems. The manufacturer describes Metal­ ;md moisture content than most plants. photo as consisting of aluminum plates Dried out foliage and stems do not re­ with photosensitive silver halides im­ cover, so in times of extreme air dryness pregnated into a porous structure of complete cover is resorted to, such as tin aluminum oxide. In processing the cans. But give all possible light and air plates, microscopic particles of silver are in the cool parts of the day and at locked within the anodized layer of night. Transplanting is safest in late fall aluminum oxide. This physical-chemical and early spring. Large plants with old union is claimed to produce a system not woody roots are found impossible to faded by sunlight exposure; resistant to move. temperatures up to 1000 0 F; impervious Clay, abundance of fine or coarse stone to salt spray, organic solvents, lubricants, and a light supply of humus compose scratching, cracking, and peeling; and P. alyssifolia's soil. Drainage is always ex­ resistant to fungi. Photosensitized alumi­ cellent. Half to full high shade for mid­ num may come closer to solving our day coolness or to compensate for high label-weathering problems than any ma­ humidity is permissible. However, sev­ terial that we have used or tested. eral hours of sun, early or late, are need­ Basically, the procedure followed in ed for heavy bloom. making labels from photosensitive alumi­ Phlox hunting continues a happy pas­ num is very similar to that used in time. Somewhere, perhaps, tht;re are making any picture. All that one needs flowers with "real knockout pink."­ is a good negative, a dark-room, a con­ CLAUDE A. BARR, Smithwick, South Da­ tact printer, and the usual dark-room hota. equipment. 172 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

An example of an illustrative label on MetalphotD [11 X 12 inches]

Visits to agencies using this method was from a set (Koh-I-Noor Radiograph made it apparent that the printing and No. 3065-57) '*' with several interchange­ processing stages were fairly simple and able points that make lines of various inexpensive, but that the layout and widths. negative work were both expensive and Preliminary cost estimates indicate time consuming. Copy had to be indi­ that it would be possible to produce a vidually lettered on paper and photo­ 3 by 5 inch label, as shown in the a~­ graphed, and finally the negative devel­ companying illustration, for approxI­ oped. Since most of our labels differ in mately $1.20 to $1.50 each: Laminated wording, the process had to be repeated plastic labels of the same sIZe cost $1.17 with each new label, thus limiting greatly each to produce. While the initia~ ~ost the number of labels finished in a given of producing labels on photosensltIzed period. To reduce the expense and metal is high, the prospect that there time involved, negative-like sheets were would be little or no loss from breakage made by lettering directly on a medium­ and that they would give many more gauge acetate plastic, using a black plas­ years of service has been reason enough tic ink and a Leroy Lettering Set'*'o This for us to make use of Metalphoto on a method worked very well, but was time trial basis. ROLAND M. JEFFERSON, Tax­ consuming. To save time, we converted onomist, U. S. National Arboretum, our Hermes engraving machine (Model Crops Research Division, Agricultural 1 SX) '*' to do the lettering by designing Research Service, U. S. Department of a metal pen holder to replace the cutter Ag1'iculttlTe, Washington, D. C. spindle. In design, the pen holder is very much like the cutter spindle, but "Mention of a product does not constitute endorse· is made hollow to utilize a pen, sup­ ment by the United States Department of Agriculture over similar products or a guaranty or warranty of the ported at various levels. The pen used standard of the prod uct. JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 173

Fotus Iylv pendulo WEEPING EUROPEAN BEECH Donoted In honor of LOUIS I. PELlMAN by Elizobeth t< 80rbehe n n WOlhington. 0 C I ,

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGR ICULTURE A positive image Metalphoto label [4 X 5 inches]

A negative image Metalphoto label [3 X 5 inches]

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC ULTURE

JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 175

A Distribution Note on erect stems from a somewhat stoloni­ Rhododendron japonicum ferous base. It flowers from late April This handsome azalea inhabits the to late June, according to locality. The grass and scrub-wooded moorlands of flowers, which appear with the leaves, Japan, namely Kyushu, Shikoku, and vary from clear golden yellow to bril­ Honshu. RhododendTon japonicum does liant orange-red. These are borne at the not occur naturally on Hokkaido al­ ends of the shoots and in clusters of 6 to though plants are scattered in the hills 12 flowers, each bloom being 2 to 3 inches around the city of Matsumae, near Ha­ across. kodate, and are said to have escaped Despite the long history of R. japoni­ from cultivation. cum as a cultivated plant, our informa­ E. H. Wilson and A. Rehder, in A tion as to its flowering habit is rather Monogmph of Azaleas, 1921, recorded incomplete. It is doubtful that there is that the distribution of R. japonicum ~aterial i~ cl!ltivation that is representa­ was restricted to the main island of tIve of vanatIOn which can be seen in the Honshu as far north as Mt. Hayachine. wild in Japan. For example, the yellow­ Actually, this azalea has a considerably flowered plant was considered to be so greater distribution than Wilson was rare that Wilson regarded it as a distinct able to examine under the circumstances from that he named R. japonicum f. of travel that existed when he visited aUTeum, based on material cultivated in Japan. On Kyushu, R . japonicum occurs the Tokyo Botanic Garden. Had he been on low rolling hills not far from Kurume fortunate enough to see R . japonicum in and is scattered through pastures where Kyushu, Wilson might not have con­ most other plant species have been grazed sidered the yellow character of such im­ off by cattle. Except for pines and chest­ portance, for about a third of the plants nuts, the azaleas pretty much dominate on the hills around Kita-yamada have th@se hot, sunny plateaus. yellow flowers. The colors range from At its northern limit of natural dis­ yellow through yellow-orange mixtures tribution, R. japonicum is abundant and pink to orange-red. It was reported around Mt. Hakkoda, Honshu. Here, to. me that seed gathered from plants the azaleas grow around the perimeter WIth yellow flowers produces populations of moist sphagnum bogs at elevations up that are almost exclusively yellow-flow­ to about 3000 feet, under such swampy ered. conditions that one sinks into several As one follows the distribution of R. inches of water when invading these japonicum northward through Honshu, bogs. Occasionally, R. japonicum can be the yellow-flowered type ceases to be found in lightly wooded coastal areas common. At Hakkoda-san, all of the along the Pacific coast of Honshu, but plants are uniformly orange-red, so essentially it is an upland, sun-loving much so that one could regard this as a plant. Under such conditions it grows to distinct biotype. It is interesting to not@ a height of 3 to 4 feet, producing stout, that the greatest range of flower color is relegated to the warmer end of the dis­ tribution with more tendency toward Rhododendron japonicum yellow flowers. The only close relative of this azalea in the Orient is R. molle . . . . three varied habitats That azalea comes from even warmer localities of south China and it is exclu­ found in 1apan: sively yellow-flowered. RhododendTOn japonicum is seldom [Top] dry, sunny fi eld at grown in .T apanese gardens except as a Seidagawa, KytbShu collector's item. This fact can be attrib­ [Center] Upland sphagnum bogs on uted to the deciduous nature of the plant, Mount Hakkoda, Honshu its lack of ameni ty to trimming, and the difficulty of transplanting seedlings from [Bottom] edge of a bog pool on the wild. Even in western gardens, this Mount Hakkoda, Honshu species and the related R . molle is far (Background plants: Abies, less known than the hybrid races devel­ Ilex, Pinus, evergreen oped from them. If fu ture breeding is Rhododendron) undertaken with R. japonicum, the rela· 176 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE tionship of origin of the parental stock and flower color should be given greater weight than has been done in the past. Breeders attempting to develop decidu­ ous azaleas for southern gardens might well consider the use of R. japonicum from Kyushu while those who are direct­ Close-up views of ing their efforts toward hardiness would be more interested in the type that oc­ Rhododendron japonicum curs in northern Honshu.- JOHN L. showing the red-flowering form CREECH, GTOPS Research Division, Agri­ at Mount Hakkoda, Honshu [top] cultural R esearch Service, U. S. Depart­ ment of Agriculture, Beltsville, Mary­ and the yellow-flowering form at land. Seidagawa, Kyushu [bottoml A Floral Clock face of the clock is planted with green Altemanthera (6500 plants). The red About one and a half miles from the A lternanthera (600) are used to form office of the American Horticultural So­ the small circle directly under the center ciety, on Bladensburg Road, just across of the hands, in the 48 digits represent­ the District line in Maryland, is Fort ing the minutes and in the numerals one Lincoln Cemetery. This is the site of one to twelve. The hour digits are marked of the forts built to protect Washington by pink Alternanthera and also the ribs during the Civil War and was also the of the clock (450 plants). Sedum fos­ site of several duels of Colonial days. teriamtm (700 plants) are used to sep­ The feature at the main entrance of the arate the hour and minute digits around cemetery is a large floral clock built in the face. The lower segments of the 1938. The face of the clock has a diam­ clock ribs and the line separating the eter of 24 feet with a 2-foot border of numerals are planted with Santo~ina grass. The hands are of cast aluminum; chamaecyparis (500 plants). T eucrzum the minute hand is 16'4" long and the chamaedrys) germander (300 p~ants) is hour hand 12'9" long. The Seth Thomas used in the field of the small CIrcle un­ works are housed in a large pit under­ der the center of the clock hands. neath the center of the clock face. The clock is weeded and trimmed or Planting of the clock is done about sheared approximately twice a month May 10 to 15 each year and maintained until past mid-summer and then once a in this manner until the first of Novem­ month. This requires 3 to 4 days each ber. During the winter months the face time. Approximately 150 to 160 man­ of the clock is sodded and painted nu­ hours are required for planting. merals are put in place. A background planting of hemlocks, Approximately 9000 plants from 3" cypress, yew and holly provides a setting pots are used to plant the clock as for this floral clock.-WILLIAM H . HAT­ shown in the illustration. The field or FIELD, Superintendent. [177] 178 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Narcissus viridiflorus The most unusual thing about the plant, other than the green color, is the To the southerner living where the scent, a delightful and strong scent rather winter-blooming forms of Narcissus like that of the tazetta commonly known tazetta make one of the best groups for as Chinese Sacred Lily. It is strongest culture, the idea of autumn-flowering during the warm part of the day. species is intriguing. Success with single For garden effect, one cannot boast of bulbs of N. elegans and N. serotinus lead this plant making any "show" at all. to the purchase and planting of bulbs of Possibly, if there were far more s.capes N. viTidiflorus in the autumn of 1960. that can be had next autumn when all These did not flower, but made excellent eighteen bulbs should flower, and again leaf growth during the following season. possibly if one knew what ground cover Then, after the leaves had withered plant might be safe to use, and to fur­ away, in mid-October scapes began to nish a contrasting color to green, one appear and so0f.!' the~e were flower~, might achieve this. Gray leaved plants curious starry thmgs with narrow pen­ are rare here, and the bronzy forms of anth segments and a shallow, almost Ajuga which do grow well are too non-existent cup of deeper green. As the aggressive! They would hold too much flowers aged, the color on the perianth moisture at ground level. The result, is became somewhat more of a gray green, that it can be no more than a "conversa­ but the cup continued a deep dark green. tion piece" here. Possibly elsewhere, it Depending on the strength of the bulb, would meet a better fate.-B. Y. MORRI­ the scape carried from one to as many as SON) Pass Christian) Mississippi. four blooms, on stems about a foot high at best, more lower than that. Because the leaf growth had been so good a dozen more bulbs were purchased Some Outstanding Ground and planted in the autumn of 1961 and Cover Plants again no bloom, but in time fine leaf The value of ground cover plants, growth. other than grasses, is likely to be more Since there has been a period of un­ and more appreciated as the problem of usual cold in January 1962 examination garden maintenance grows more acute. was made to see what leaf injury there There are many kinds to choose to beau­ might be. Apparently all the new leaves tify tough spots where it is difficult to had matured sufficiently so there was maintain grass in good condition, and, none. This was not the case for many at the same time, bring added interest tazetta narcissus nearby. There was no in form and texture to the garden scene. thermometer at ground level there, or Those that remain evergreen are nat­ elsewhere on the place, but the thermom­ urally the favorites. One that enjoyed a eter at the usual breast height read 10 ° rapid rise in popularity is Japanese F. on the coldest night. Spurge, Pachysandm terminalis. Not too No special preparation was made for many years ago it was scarcely seen out­ the bulbs, other than routine soil prepa­ side a botanical collection. Now it is ration which here on our almost pure grown by the millions. Thriving in sun sand, meant old peat added and a hand­ or shade, it is especially valuable to car­ ful of bone meal dug into the soil below pet bare ground beneath mature trees, the bulbs but within reach of their root­ and to clothe shaded banks. The white ing. The location is one in which there flowers in spring are not showy but bees is almost no shade all summer, and as love them, and the white translucent drainage is almost instantaneous, sum­ berries are sparsely produced. The sil­ mer rains seem to do no harm. very variegated form adds interest but is All the flowers set seed pods, with seed, less robust. Though usually losing most but none was allowed to mature with of its leaves during winter in the north, the idea of letting all plant activity go a patch of Allegheny Pachysandra, P. into bulb formation, so it is not possible pTOcumbens) is interesting with its to report how many seeds might have larger non-glossy leaves and spikes of matured. As all narcissus growers know, purplish-pink flowers in spring. seeds appear sometimes to be forming Periwinkle, Vinca minor) is a real old­ and then fail. time favorite that appears like a native JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 179 in some states. There are many places in var. Douglasi, known as Waukegan Ju­ the garden where it may be used to ad­ niper, with a bluish foliage, and Plum­ vantage with its dark green glossy foliage osa, AI!dorra Juniper, with green feath­ and blue flowers in spring. A pleasing ery folIage. Both take on a purple tinge contrast may be gained by mixing in in the fall which is most attractive. some of the white flowered form. The For roadside banks and naturalistic larger and longer flowering Bowles Va­ places, such vines as Akebia quinata, riety is more clumpy in habit, but a nice Celastrus orbiculattlS, C. scandens, Clem­ addition to the blue flowers of spring. a.tis paniculata, Lonicera japonica Hal­ English Ivy, H edem helix, is a vigor­ hana, and Parthenocissus quinquefolia ous spreader with freely rooting stems may be planted for bold mass effects; and forms with interesting variations of but keep a sharp eye on Akebia and leaf size and shape. Safest in shady places Hall's Honeysuckle and have sharp in the north, though less likely to burn shears ready to restrict them if necessary from winter sun as a ground cover than to keep them from embracing desirable when grown as a vine on walls. shrubs or trees. A choice little evergreen plant for a shady spot is European Wild Perhaps the toughest place in which to Ginger, Asarum eU1'Opaetlm, that de­ get a ground cover established is under serves to be seen more often than it is. Beech trees. One plant that will do it, The brownish flowers are borne close to given a good chance, is the trailing form the ground and make no showing to of Euonymus f01-tunei called coloratus, speak of, but the dark green leaves make from the purple coloring the leaves take a very attractive mat. One wonders how on from fall till spring. Plants set under the name Bishop's Goutweed was first trees need a little extra help in getting applied to Aegopodium podograria. Va­ started, especially so under such a fibrous riety Variegata is less invasive than the surface rooted tree as Beech. A handful green type, and must at one time have of compost for each plant as set and wa­ been very popular judging by the plant­ tered in is the least that should be given. ings seen in old settled communities. Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-uTSi, is Although it is herbaceous, it is useful to one plant that thrives best in poor acid brighten up dark corners. Sempervivums sandy soil. Rather slow to get estab­ are not usually thought of as ground lished and best from pot-grown plants, cover plants, but a picture comes to it is well worth wai ting for. It makes a mind of a most interesting and colorful low dense evergreen mat that is especial­ effect produced by a collection arranged ly attractive on a sunny slope inland or on a lawn slope. Another picture in at the seashore. The small white to memory is that of a farmhouse front pinkish flowers are followed by red ber­ yard shaded with big Sugar maples and ries, and the leaves take on a bronzy tint carpeted with Sedum ternatum in flower. in the fall. Shore Cowberry, Vaccinium It would appear that plants able to take vitis-idaea, is a closely related plant. Va­ over problem spots without much care riety majus has lustrous dark green have a good future in our gardens.­ leaves on stems about eight inches high, HENRY E. DOWNER, Poughkeepsie, New white or pinkish flowers and dark red York. berries. Even a small patch is attractive. Low Junipers grow and look well on well-drained sunny slopes and among rocky outcrops. Sargent Juniper, ]u­ nipenls chinensis sargenti, gives a bil­ Updating the Beach Plum Story lowy effect of bluish-gray up to eighteen inches or so. Shore Juniper, ]. conferta, The first noting of the Beach Plum, is a real sprawler to give a mat of light Prunus maritima seems to have been green even on sand dunes at the sea­ that of the Florentine voyager, de Ver­ shore. Both these are Asiatic natives. razano, who observed the plant in the Creeping Juniper, ]. horizon talis, is a general area of the mouth of the Hud­ North American species with long trail­ son River in the year 1524. The long ing stems. The steely-blue form known history of Beach Plum interest and cul­ as Bar Harbor really hugs tile ground ture since that time was summarized by and is very effective draping over low the present writer in the April 1944 rocks. Two other handsome forms are issue of T he National Horticultural 180 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Magazine. The cultural aspects were re­ When the digging started, the plant viewed a few years later in Arnoldia, spread over an area eight or ten feet published by the Arnold Arboretum of across and was only about a foot high. Harvard University. As the work progressed, it was revealed Since then, two or three important ad­ that the original root was down on the ditions have been made to the story. level with the 'beach and that tons and First, there is the work which has been tons of sand had to be removed in order done in the last fifteen years on Chappa­ t

It is becoming increasingly clear that chlorosis. Yet because the warm, moist, the best plants are those on their own equable climate ought to be ideal. I roots rather than those which are grafted started to experiment a few years ago. on anyone of half a dozen other species A Hadley Gardenia was sent along by of Prunus. While the own-root plants my friend Dr. Walter H. Hodge in con­ may have difficulty in becoming estab­ junction with an azalea experiment. Peat lished, once they are, they become just moss, sawdust, and composting materials, about as indestructible as plants can be. aged a bi t, produced an acid soil of a Very often a newly set plant will stand sort. The gardenia grew in it but not still and for a season or two add very very happily; and when we moved the little to the size of its top growth. If Hadley it did not survive a short journey. such a plant is cut to the ground during My search for a suitable acid growing­ a dormant period it will throw up a medium lead to the Bermuda marshes vigorous, well-balanced structure of where tests showed that a surprising branches. From this practice has come acreage of strongly acid muck, or peaty the observation that the best way to material exists. In particular the soil of prune a Beach Plum is to cut it right to Paget Marsh-in the drier parts a lovely the ground every seven or eight years. acid muck for the first ten inches­ This will, of course, throw the plants seemed just right. The owner, a Govern­ out of production for a season but will ment Trust, kindly gave me permission prove to be the most economical amI to remove some soil and to start an ex­ effective way of keeping the tops within perimental garden in the Marsh itself. bounds and with plenty of bearing wood. Then from the Hadley Nurseries in One other important development, Massachusetts, originator of the marvel­ which apparently has not yet reached ous Hadley variety, a shipment of gar­ any conclusion, is the work on the ge­ denias was obtained-no soil on the netics of the Beach Plum, which was roots, of course, for Bermuda is just as started by Dr. Peter Ray some years ago particular in this respect as is the United while still at Harvard University. It is States. Some of the plants went into a from such studies of existing varieties raised a built-up bed in Paget Marsh and intelligent crossings of both wild (the kind a native in the wet tropics and cultivated clones that the varieties would use for growing northern flowers of the future will come. From such stud­ or vegetables). The water level at the ies, too, can come a sure knowledge of site chosen was commonly about a foot which varieties to plant together to ob­ below the surface of the soil. The raised tain ample sets of fruit.-GEORGE GRAVES, bed added another foot or so which it Vine'yard Haven, Massachusetts. was hoped would protect roots from flooding during unusually wet periods. The site was sunny much of the day and Note On Florist Gardenias in Bermuda beautifully protected from punishing When you speak of gardenias in Ber­ winter winds. muda you will probably be misunder­ The balance of the plants went into stood, for Bermudians call quite a marsh soil in a slathouse; rendered too different but similar-looking plant by dark, however, by rampant vines and sur­ this name. Tabernaemontana coronaria rounding trees. Right from ~he J::>egin­ 'Plena', or more simply Cap e Jasmine, ning the Paget Marsh gardemas dId ex­ is the Bermuda "gardenia" and is so tremely well, but those in the slathouse listed in the local Garden Club's ex­ did badly. The best grew poorly. D.e­ cellent publication: The Bermttda Gar­ spite the acid soil they showed chlorOSIS. den. In fact the true gardenia, Gardenia Extra water and soil amendments didn't jasminoides, a member of another fam­ seem to help. The best grew weakly; ily, is not listed at all, quite naturally, some died. A professional horticulturist since it is not seen in the Bermuda from southern United States who had garden. been much impressed with the look of Due to an alkaline soil derived from the Paget Marsh gardenias commented the weathering of the thick limestone of those in the slathouse: "You can take cap, florist gardenias, when they had a few cuttings then throw them away." been tried in Bermuda, had, I was aware, And so also it seemed to me. done very poorly, suffering from severe But instead some oak rum kegs were 182 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE bought from the famous Bermuda house a wall, and it appears reluctant to start of Gosling. Sawn in two and provided its upward clinging way. A year's pa­ with drainage they make efficient and tience and care will reward one. attractive tubs. Soil and plants were The particular point of these notes is transferred to them. It was early sum­ tel draw attention to the ivies that one mer. Fearing the full impact of the Ber­ may have other than the most common. muda summer sun, a part-shade loca­ The Canary Island Ivy, hardy as a tion was chosen. ground cover to the line where zero tem­ It was amazing after three months how peratures are rare. This is a beautiful well the plants look€d that received the speccies with apple green leaves, whose most sun. That autumn all tubs were new growth, in spring and again iN fall, moved to a site which provided full sun. is a golden yellow, above the older green During the cool months most of the leaves. Here, this somewhat more tropi­ plants fiUed out nicely, and May pro­ cal ivy is happier in full sun than the vided many fine flowers. common ivy, holding its leaves well At the same time, in the Marsh, flower· above are ground level so that one sees it ing was very heavy. Many of the blooms as a mass when used as a ground cover, measured four to five inches across. Here and showing a fine contrast with the level the Hadley Gardenias seem completely of the lawn. It is available in several happy. Some fertilizer has been used, variegated forms none of which is as cold but the plants have never needed spray­ hardy as the type. The commonest one ing. They appear to revel in the rich is known as Canary Cream, with fine soil which is always moist even in driest white variegations and grayish areas as weather due. to capillary _ attraction. well. Another form is known as Oxheart Thoughtfully, too, low horizontal ivy, with heart shaped leaves and a fac­ branches have layered themselves pro­ ulty of showing fine purple red leaf viding "for free" many new plants.­ colors in cold weather. JOHN KNOWLTON, Warwick, Bermuda. Next most common in the South, among the large leaved ivies is H. col­ chica, from Asia Minor, by its name re­ minding us of Colchis and Jason and his The Indispensable Ivy Golden Fleece. This of all ivies is the Ivy is so much a part of our garden most easily identified, and that, by its tradition that everyone recognizes it on curious scent when the leaves are sight. The most common ivy through the crushed, a scent that recalls celery to South is usually Hedera helix var. hiber­ some, and utterly distinct from that of nica. It is only in recent years, however, any form of common ivy. that the myriad forms, horticultural cul­ Its leaves are large and well formed, tivars, have been making a way into shining dark green and dearly beloved general use, many of them so strikingly by some flower arrangers who use a leaf distinct from the common forms of ivy, or two to hide the :mechanics at the base that the new gardener does not immedi­ of an arrangement, lasting longer than ately recognize them. the rest of the composition. Its one The genus H edera, has only five spe­ form, vaL dentata is less cold hardy than cies, canariensis, colchica, helix, nepalen­ the type, although hardy at Philadel­ sis, and rhombea. phia. The plant is of the easiest culture and H. nepalensis is almost impossible to its ~ropagation presents no problem. find in trade or even elsewhere. It has Cuttmgs may be taken at any time of the finger-like leaves, of a curious gray green year, rooted with or without the aid of color and its frui ts are reported to be new rooting powders, but are best taken yellow, not black which is the usual from wood of one season's growth. Being color. a plant of the forest floor it is partial to From Japan comes H. rhombea, a slow sh~de ~)Ut ~f sufficient moisture is sup­ growing ivy with chunky leaves of moss plJed It wIll endure considerable sun. green. It would seem that this may de­ There is a common saying in these parts, velop as an excellent ivy for South Caro­ "The first year it sleeps, the second it lina gardens. ~reeps, and the third year it leaps." This Old H. helix, the common ivy of Eu­ IS often remarked when one wants ivy on rope is the most widely known species. JULY 1962, VOLUME 41, NUMBER 3 183

The type is less common in many parts dant branching, often from each axil. of the country than the Irish ivy, H. helix These make ground covers very quickly, var. hibernica, a form that is somewhat are delightful in pots where they may larger in all its parts and much more trail down, or planted on supports from rapid in growth, with green veins. ",:hic~ they cascade. By choosing the pre=­ The varieties that have been propa­ Clse IVy one wants, an amazing series of gated as clonal lines are not all equally contr~sts can be created on any wall, as stable, and it has been reported more the size of the leaf, its outline, the leaf than once, that a choice form, rapidly color, and the degree of branching will left its original form, especially when it all contribute to the total surface effect. was well fed and tended. This is a warn­ In the South we do not have to con­ ing, so that if one finds a particularly sider cold hardiness as is the case in the fine form with slender leaves, close in­ North, bu t the form from Roumania ternodes and slow growth, do not over­ sent to the Brooklyn Botanical Garden feed! years ago and distributed as Rubaiyat, The variations have to do with several is a charming form, with pea green marked changes. Variegation is avail­ leaves, that turn bright red here, in cold able both in forms with marginal white weather. or gold, marbled patterns of white, or central blocks of color. All are approxi­ Now that many are turning seriously mately equal in cold hardiness and many to the use of ivy on forms made of wire, of the forms with white variegation show so that one may have a quickly contrived charming touches of pink and rose when "pseudo-topiary object" the gardener may cold weather comes. The next group is manage more than one type if he will distinguished by lobing; deep enough for pay similar attention to the choice of names like Star, Birdfoot, to appear, or the variety to be trained. And if one is shallow with broad leaf blades toothed fortunate to have access to the mature rather than lobed, and varying in num~ fruiting branches, found only on old ma­ ber from three to seven or more. In ture vines, he may use that type for his addition, some of these varieties have topiary as well, and have in addition to developed sinuate margins so that one the leaf beauty, flowers of light green in finds fantastic names like Telecurl, Man­ late summer or early autumn, followed da's Crested, and so on. Names like Four wi th good fortune by the usual black Square indicate almost a total lack of berries. lo?ing, and. Gladiator suggests the long Let us repeat, the ivy is a remarkable shIeld held III body defense. There is also plant and worthy of far more attention a whole group, usually referred to as the than it has had.-W. O. FREELAND, Co­ Ramosa Complex because of the abun- lumbia, South Carolina.

A Message From the President

Progress of the American Horticultural Society has been most ably summarized by Past President Dr. Donald Wyman in his report to the 17th American Horticultural Congress held in April at Norfolk, Virginia.

As your new President, I would like to tell you of plans of your Officers and Board of Directors for the coming year, of a change to be noted in our dues structure, and of areas in which you as a member can ass ist horticulture in this great country-through A.H.S.

The Society is fortunately in excellent financial condition due largely to the tireless volunteer efforts of our Acting Secretary-Treasurer and Director, Mrs. W. T. Wilson. But A Message From the President, continued this good lady cannot continue indefinitely at the pace she has set. An organization of this scope needs a paid Executive Secretary to coordinate and to promote its many pro­ grams-and that is this year's goal. But the cost must come largely from the dues of new members. Won't you help by enrolling a non-member organization you may belong to, or the interests of just one or two of your friends?

Our Editorial Committee and Editors will continue this magazine and the Forum on their customary high level of contribution, with your comments on either one appreciated at any time. A new peony handbook should appear shortly and one on lilies is in process. And our many other committees have plans for intensified work in their several areas. A strong membership campaign is already underway and new studies are being initiated in the field of horticultural education as well as a survey of plant quality and hardiness ratings in cooperation with several of the single plant societies. Work will continue in plant nomenclature and registration, in standards and ethics, in writing and advertig,ing, and in the Society'S seed distribution program. A new system of A.H.S. medal awards by member organizations is under study by the Committee on Awards and Citations.

Our membership should note continuation of the Speakers Bureau which has enabled several organizations to secure speakers for the cost of travel expenses only, dIning the past year and should watch for announcement of a splendid A.H.S.-sponsored horticul­ tural travel tour being planned for April-May, 1963-to the great flower show in Ham­ burg, Germany, the Keukenhof Bulb Gardens in Holland, the Royal Horticultmal Society'S Rhododendron and Chelsea shows and to many seldom-seen English gardens.

In an international vein, I am pleased to record that Dr. G. H. M. Lawrence will continue to represent United States horticultural interests on the International Commis­ sion on Plant Nomenclature, and that Dr. R. J. Seibert will continue as A.H.S. repre­ sentative of the Council of the International Society for Horticultural Science, while Past President Wyman will describe the activities of A.H.S. and Miss Margaret Herbst, Chair­ man of our Committee on Promotion and Publicity, will discuss Amateur Horticulture in America at a symposium on that subject at the forthcoming International Horticultural Congress in Brussels.

In the matter of dues and to encourage increased membership, the A.H.S. is reversing a common practice of today in holding firm on its annual rate for individuals and in reducing both organization dues and individual membership renewals. The following revised dues schedule was approved at the Plenary Session of the last Congress to be effective as of July I, this year:

Individual Members 01oganizational Memberships I year $ 6.00 Annual for a national organization 25.00 2 years 11.00 Annual for a state organization 15.00 3 years 15.00 Annual for a local organization 8.00 Sustaining 25.QO Annual sustaining organizational 100.00 Contributing 100.00 Life Commercial Organization 500.00 Annual sustaining 25 .00 Annual contributing 100.00

May I, finally, ask you to circle, now, the dates of October 9-12, 1963, as those for the 18th American Horticultural Congress to be held in St. Louis, Missouri. The setting for this Congress could scarcely be finer, or more central, and until this time in 1963 your officers, your directors and your committees will be developing a program of broad horticultural interest and significance. It is hoped that many member organizations will participate and that all horticulturists will reserve this date.

HENRY T . SKINNER the PEONIES

Amateur, professional grower, or scientist: H ere is a book you wiII enjoy reading, profit from reading. Authoritative. truly comprehensive, yet with interest main­ tained-you explore this family of superb plants about which so little is generally known. You may, or may not be fami liar with names of the men and women who wrote this book. vVe only can say: You would search far to find people who know more about Peonies-who are better able to share with others, interestingly, the result5 of their experiences, the findings of their research. EDITORS-John C. Wister, Director, Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Founda­ tion, Swarthmore College; Gertrude S. Wister. CONTRIBUTORS- Silvia Saunders; P. P. Pirone; William H. Krekler; Harold E. Wolfe. Getting down to specifications of this book: It, of course, deals with both TREE PEONIES (Suffru ticosa or MOHtan, Delavayi, lutea, potanini) and the more fam iliar HERBACEOUS PEONIES. For both, there are chapters on culture. Descriptions. Propagation. Check 1i sts of varieties. Lists of growers. Botanical classifications. Pests and diseases. History. Breeding. Bibliography. This 200+ page book is ill ustrated with over 60 expertly done photographs and hne drawings. Published by the American Horticultural Society, it is being offered to Members at speciall y reduced pre-publication prices.

------_._------American Horticultural Society-l 600 Bladensburg Road, N.E.-\Vashington 2, D. C.

Please send me on e copy of The Peonies as soon as it IS published. [Release date ex­ pected in August.]

I inclose $ ______for the o Cloth-bound Edition $4.00 D Paper-bound Edition $2.50

N alU e ______. ___ _

S tree t ______. ______. ______

Ci ty ______Zone ______State ______Anemone- from a pencil drawing by N. Churchman