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La Sédimentation Dans Les Lacs De Barrage À Java, Indonésie Processus, Rythmes Et Impacts

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La Sédimentation Dans Les Lacs De Barrage À Java, Indonésie Processus, Rythmes Et Impacts UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE École Doctorale de Géographie de Paris LGP, UMR 8591 CNRS THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE Discipline : Géographie Mathias BOUN HENG LA SÉDIMENTATION DANS LES LACS DE BARRAGE À JAVA, INDONÉSIE PROCESSUS, RYTHMES ET IMPACTS. Sous la direction de Franck LAVIGNE et Charles LE COEUR Thèse soutenue publiquement le 22 mars 2013 JURY: Franck LAVIGNE, Professeur Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Directeur Charles LE COEUR, Professeur Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Co-Directeur Gilles ARNAUD-FASSETTA, Professeur Université Paris-Diderot Président du jury Pierre-Gil SALVADOR, Professeur Université Lille 1 Rapporteur Michel MIETTON, Professeur Université Lyon 3 Rapporteur Michel LARUE, Ingénieur de recherche IRD Examinateur UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE École Doctorale de Géographie de Paris LGP, UMR 8591 CNRS THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE Discipline : Géographie Mathias BOUN HENG LA SÉDIMENTATION DANS LES LACS DE BARRAGE À JAVA, INDONÉSIE PROCESSUS, RYTHMES ET IMPACTS. Sous la direction de Franck LAVIGNE et Charles LE COEUR Thèse soutenue publiquement le 22 mars 2013 JURY: Franck LAVIGNE, Professeur Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Directeur Charles LE COEUR, Professeur Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Co-Directeur Gilles ARNAUD-FASSETTA, Professeur Université Paris-Diderot Président du jury Pierre-Gil SALVADOR, Professeur Université Lille 1 Rapporteur Michel MIETTON, Professeur Université Lyon 3 Rapporteur Michel LARUE, Ingénieur de recherche IRD Examinateur 0 SOMMAIRE Sommaire ......................................................................................................................... 1 Résumé ............................................................................................................................. 4 Avant-propos .................................................................................................................... 5 Remerciements ................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 Chapitre premier : La sédimentation dans les lacs de barrage - état de la question .......... 13 I. État de l’art de la littérature sur la sédimentation des réservoirs de barrage .................... 13 A. Pour une meilleure connaissance de la sédimentation dans les réservoirs de barrage .................... 13 B. Pour une meilleure évaluation des rythmes de sédimentation ......................................................... 22 II. Des taux et des rythmes de sédimentation hétérogènes à l’échelle mondiale .................. 35 A. Présentation des résultats bibliographiques ..................................................................................... 35 B. Analyse des données de sédimentation pour les barrages étudiés ................................................... 39 III. Les facteurs de la sédimentation dans les réservoirs de barrage ...................................... 43 A. Les facteurs physiques ....................................................................................................................... 43 B. Les facteurs anthropiques .................................................................................................................. 48 IV. Un enjeu pour une gestion intégrée de l’eau à l’échelle du bassin .................................... 52 A. Les bailleurs de fonds - financeurs des grands barrages mondiaux ................................................... 53 B. La gestion intégrée des ressources en eau ....................................................................................... 56 Chapitre 2 : Présentation du cadre d’étude : les principaux bassins fluviaux de java ......... 63 I. Un cadre favorable à la production sédimentaire ............................................................ 67 A. Une topographie escarpée en amont s’ouvrant sur de vastes plaines alluviales .............................. 67 B. Un cadre géologique marqué par le volcanisme et des sols contrastés ............................................ 69 C. Un climat tropical qui favorise l’ablation des matériaux ................................................................... 74 II. Des enjeux élevés ........................................................................................................... 81 A. Une pression démographique de plus en plus forte .......................................................................... 81 B. Des besoins agricoles croissants qui entrainent une mutation de l’occupation des sols .................. 85 C. L’industrialisation galopante et ses conséquences hydriques ........................................................... 90 III. La construction des barrages pour répondre aux besoins javanais face à la gestion de l’eau 92 A. Barrages du bassin du Citarum .......................................................................................................... 92 B. Barrages du bassin du Solo et du Serayu ........................................................................................... 95 C. Barrages du bassin du Brantas ........................................................................................................... 98 1 Chapitre 3 : Acquisition des données et présentation de la méthodologie ....................... 101 I. Acquisition des données ................................................................................................ 101 A. Acquisition des données sédimentaires : état des données ............................................................ 101 B. Acquisition des données sur les facteurs de la sédimentation ........................................................ 117 II. Traitement des données et création des outils ............................................................... 127 A. Création et présentation de la base de données (BDD) ................................................................... 127 B. Utilisation des images satellitaires pour une étude diachronique de l’occupation des sols ........... 137 C. Création et présentation du système d’information géographique (SIG)........................................ 142 III. Une approche naturaliste .............................................................................................. 149 A. Un suivi de la morphologie des cours d’eau .................................................................................... 149 B. Une étude de la condition des versants ........................................................................................... 150 IV. Rencontres et entretiens avec les acteurs ...................................................................... 151 Chapitre 4 : Analyse de l’évolution de la sédimentation dans les lacs de barrage ............ 155 I. La sédimentation des réservoirs de barrage – bilan pluri-décennal ................................. 155 A. Des taux de sédimentation variables ............................................................................................... 157 B. La perte moyenne annuelle de la capacité des réservoirs ............................................................... 159 C. Capacité brute restante des réservoirs ............................................................................................ 161 II. Rythmes de sédimentation à l’échelle pluri-annuelle ...................................................... 162 A. Étude des rythmes de sédimentation .............................................................................................. 162 B. Analyse des rythmes de sédimentation ........................................................................................... 172 C. Analogies et divergences de la sédimentation des réservoirs javanais ........................................... 175 Chapitre 5 : Les facteurs d’évolution de la sédimentation ............................................... 181 I. Les facteurs naturels...................................................................................................... 181 A. Les précipitations, un agent érosif puissant sur les terres volcaniques de Java .............................. 181 B. Une forte érosion des sols ............................................................................................................... 190 C. Le transport des sédiments fluviatiles ............................................................................................. 198 II. Les facteurs anthropiques .............................................................................................. 210 A. Un défrichement rapide et non maîtrisé des hautes terres............................................................. 210 B. Les activités humaines impactant la sédimentation des réservoirs ................................................. 220 Chapitre 6 : La gestion des grands bassins hydrologiques javanais en question ............... 231 I. De nombreux acteurs impliqués .................................................................................... 231 A. Les organismes internationaux ........................................................................................................ 231 B. Les organismes gouvernementaux .................................................................................................
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