The GCHQ Protocol and Its Problems
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Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19
National Crime Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 HC 2397 National Crime Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 Annual Report presented to Parliament pursuant to paragraph 8(2) of Schedule 2 to the Crime and Courts Act 2013. Accounts presented to the House of Commons pursuant to Section 6(4) of the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000. Accounts presented to the House of Lords by Command of Her Majesty. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 22 July 2019. HC 2397 © Crown copyright 2019 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to National Crime Agency, Command Suite, Unit 1, Spring Gardens, Tinworth Street, London, SE11 5EN. ISBN 978-1-5286-1296-8 CCS0519221654 07/19 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Contents Foreword by the Home Secretary 7 Part Two – Accountability Report Part One – Performance Report Corporate Governance Report 43 Directors’ Report 43 Statement by the Director General 9 Statement of Accounting Officer’s Who we are and what we do 10 responsibilities 44 How -
University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St
ISOLATION AND COMMUNITY: THE THEME AND FORM OF WILLIAM MORRIS' POETRY AND PROSE Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Balch, Dennis Robert, 1949- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 07:25:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289550 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. -
The Right to Privacy and the Future of Mass Surveillance’
‘The Right to Privacy and the Future of Mass Surveillance’ ABSTRACT This article considers the feasibility of the adoption by the Council of Europe Member States of a multilateral binding treaty, called the Intelligence Codex (the Codex), aimed at regulating the working methods of state intelligence agencies. The Codex is the result of deep concerns about mass surveillance practices conducted by the United States’ National Security Agency (NSA) and the United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The article explores the reasons for such a treaty. To that end, it identifies the discriminatory nature of the United States’ and the United Kingdom’s domestic legislation, pursuant to which foreign cyber surveillance programmes are operated, which reinforces the need to broaden the scope of extraterritorial application of the human rights treaties. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the US and UK foreign mass surveillance se practices interferes with the right to privacy of communications and cannot be justified under Article 17 ICCPR and Article 8 ECHR. As mass surveillance seems set to continue unabated, the article supports the calls from the Council of Europe to ban cyber espionage and mass untargeted cyber surveillance. The response to the proposal of a legally binding Intelligence Codexhard law solution to mass surveillance problem from the 47 Council of Europe governments has been so far muted, however a soft law option may be a viable way forward. Key Words: privacy, cyber surveillance, non-discrimination, Intelligence Codex, soft law. Introduction Peacetime espionage is by no means a new phenomenon in international relations.1 It has always been a prevalent method of gathering intelligence from afar, including through electronic means.2 However, foreign cyber surveillance on the scale revealed by Edward Snowden performed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), the United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and their Five Eyes partners3 1 Geoffrey B. -
Mass Surveillance
Thematic factsheet1 Update: July 2018 MASS SURVEILLANCE The highly complex forms of terrorism require States to take effective measures to defend themselves, including mass monitoring of communications. Unlike “targeted” surveillance (covert collection of conversations, telecommunications and metadata by technical means – “bugging”), “strategic” surveillance (or mass surveillance) does not necessarily start with a suspicion against a particular person or persons. It has a proactive element, aimed at identifying a danger rather than investigating a known threat. Herein lay both the value it can have for security operations, and the risks it can pose for individual rights. Nevertheless, Member States do not have unlimited powers in this area. Mass surveillance of citizens is tolerable under the Convention only if it is strictly necessary for safeguarding democratic institutions. Taking into account considerable potential to infringe fundamental rights to privacy and to freedom of expression enshrined by the Convention, Member States must ensure that the development of surveillance methods resulting in mass data collection is accompanied by the simultaneous development of legal safeguards securing respect for citizens’ human rights. According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, it would be counter to governments’ efforts to keep terrorism at bay if the terrorist threat were substituted with a perceived threat of unfettered executive power intruding into citizens’ private lives. It is of the utmost importance that the domestic legislation authorizing far-reaching surveillance techniques and prerogatives provides for adequate and sufficient safeguards in order to minimize the risks for the freedom of expression and the right to privacy which the “indiscriminate capturing of vast amounts of communications” enables. -
Offensive Capabilities
GCHQ and UK Mass Surveillance Chapter 5 5 Beyond signals intelligence: Offensive capabilities 5.1 Introduction Documents released by German magazine Der Spiegel provide a much richer picture of the offensive activities of the NSA and its allies, including the UK’s GCHQ.i The global surveillance infrastructure and hacking tools described in the previous chapters are not only used for obtaining information to be fed into intelligence reports and tracking terrorists. The agencies are also developing cyber-warfare capabilities, with the NSA taking the lead within the US armed forces. This militarisation of the internet saw U.S. intelligence services carried out 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011ii. The UK's National Strategic Defence and Security Review from 2010 made hostile attacks upon UK cyberspace a major priorityiii. It is fair to assume that many countries are following suit and building cyber-warfare capabilities. Der Spiegel terms the development of these aggressive hacking tools as Digital Weapons. In their view D weapons which should join the ABC (Atomic, Biological and Chemical) weapons of the 20th century because of their indiscriminate nature. Here lies a fundamental problem. The modern world with connected global communications networks means that non-state actors such as civilians and businesses are now affected by the agencies’ activities much more frequently than before. The internet is used by everyone – cyberspace is mainly a civilian space – and the opportunity for collateral damage is huge. The papers leaked to Der Spiegel appear to show that signal agencies have little regard for the security and wellbeing of anyone who gets caught in the path of their operations. -
Mass Surveillance
Mass Surveillance Mass Surveillance What are the risks for the citizens and the opportunities for the European Information Society? What are the possible mitigation strategies? Part 1 - Risks and opportunities raised by the current generation of network services and applications Study IP/G/STOA/FWC-2013-1/LOT 9/C5/SC1 January 2015 PE 527.409 STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment The STOA project “Mass Surveillance Part 1 – Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies” was carried out by TECNALIA Research and Investigation in Spain. AUTHORS Arkaitz Gamino Garcia Concepción Cortes Velasco Eider Iturbe Zamalloa Erkuden Rios Velasco Iñaki Eguía Elejabarrieta Javier Herrera Lotero Jason Mansell (Linguistic Review) José Javier Larrañeta Ibañez Stefan Schuster (Editor) The authors acknowledge and would like to thank the following experts for their contributions to this report: Prof. Nigel Smart, University of Bristol; Matteo E. Bonfanti PhD, Research Fellow in International Law and Security, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa; Prof. Fred Piper, University of London; Caspar Bowden, independent privacy researcher; Maria Pilar Torres Bruna, Head of Cybersecurity, Everis Aerospace, Defense and Security; Prof. Kenny Paterson, University of London; Agustín Martin and Luis Hernández Encinas, Tenured Scientists, Department of Information Processing and Cryptography (Cryptology and Information Security Group), CSIC; Alessandro Zanasi, Zanasi & Partners; Fernando Acero, Expert on Open Source Software; Luigi Coppolino,Università degli Studi di Napoli; Marcello Antonucci, EZNESS srl; Rachel Oldroyd, Managing Editor of The Bureau of Investigative Journalism; Peter Kruse, Founder of CSIS Security Group A/S; Ryan Gallagher, investigative Reporter of The Intercept; Capitán Alberto Redondo, Guardia Civil; Prof. Bart Preneel, KU Leuven; Raoul Chiesa, Security Brokers SCpA, CyberDefcon Ltd.; Prof. -
The World's Show, 1851, Or, the Adventures of Mr. and Mrs
I < ' ' 6 i-o / Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/worldsshow1851or00mayh ^0 mt (S’SS.m : on -n ft mrnfrTTTK^LLuj *t^P^YfTYfTTfM TTTTTjif 111 Hli)HOR, IthfAdvInturesvi V AND M TS SANDBOYS AND FAMILY,, ;0 CAME UP TO TOENJOY THEMSEEVEiS. AND TO SEE THE GREAT BY HENMYMA¥H E.W/MEDI GEORCECrUBCS MANIC. LONDON: GEORGE NEWBOLD, 303 & 304, STRAND, Vv.C. — LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS DESIGNED AND ETCHED BY GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. ALL THE WORLD GOING TO THE GREAT EXHIBITION Frontispiece LOOKING FOR LODGINGS 54 LONDON CRAMMED AND MANCHESTER DESERTED 2 PLATES . 59 THE OPERA BOXES DURING THE TIME OF THE GREAT EXHIBI- TION 117 THE OPENING OF THE GREAT BEE-HIVE 136 THE FIRST SHILLING DAY 153 SOME OF THE DROLLERIES OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION ... 160 ODDS AND ENDS, IN, OUT, AND ABOUT THE GREAT EXHIBITION . 162 DISPERSION OF THE WORKS OF ALL NATIONS 238 ludia Proof impressions of the above Ten Plates may be had, all printed on paper of uniform size (23^ by 17^ inches), quite perfect, and free from folds, price 15s. per set. ENGRAVINGS. THE CHEAPEST HOUSE FOR ENGRAVINGS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION is GEORGE NEWBOLD’S, 303 & 304, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (back of st. mart’s chukch.) A Clearance Sale Catalogue, 54 Svo pp., Post Free on receipt of Four Stamps. ; ; 1851 : OB, THE ADVENTURES OF MR. AND MRS. CURSTY SANDBOYS. CHAPTER I. ‘ 1 Come, Nicliol, and gi’e us thy cracks, I seed te gang down to the smiddy, I’ve fodder’d the naigs and—the nowt, And wanted to see thee ’at did e. -
GCHQ Accommodation Procurement: a Case Study
Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament GCHQ accommodation procurement: a case study HC 991 Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament GCHQ accommodation procurement: a case study Presented to Parliament pursuant to sections 2 and 3 of the Justice and Security Act 2013 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 19 November 2020 HC 991 © Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament copyright 2020 The material must be acknowledged as Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament copyright and the document title specified. Where third party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us via our webform at isc.independent.gov.uk/contact This publication is also available on our website at: isc.independent.gov.uk ISBN 978-1-5286-2203-5 CCS0920245852 11/20 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office THE INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY COMMITTEE OF PARLIAMENT The Rt Hon. Dr Julian Lewis MP The Rt Hon. Sir John Hayes CBE MP Mark Pritchard MP Stewart Hosie MP Colonel Bob Stewart DSO MP Dame Diana Johnson DBE MP The Rt Hon. Theresa Villiers MP The Rt Hon. Kevan Jones MP The Rt Hon. Admiral Lord West of Spithead GCB DSC This Report reflects the work of the previous Committee, which sat from November 2017 to November 2019: The Rt. -
Cyber Crime Assessment 2016
NCA Strategic Cyber Industry Group Cyber Crime Assessment 2016 Need for a stronger law enforcement and business partnership to fight cyber crime 7 July 2016 Version 1.2 Overview This assessment has been jointly produced by the National Crime Agency (NCA) and the Strategic Cyber Industry Group (SCIG).1 It outlines the real and immediate threat to UK businesses from cyber crime. It argues that the speed of criminal capability development is currently outpacing our response as a community and that only by working together across law enforcement and the private sector can we successfully reduce the threat to the UK from cyber crime. 1 The Strategic Cyber Industry Group provides an overarching forum within which the National Cyber Crime Unit (NCCU) of the NCA and private sector organisations work in partnership to: coordinate joint activity against cyber crime, identify intelligence gaps and improve intelligence sharing, understand the capabilities available in law enforcement and industry, and steer the activities of Virtual Task Forces and ad hoc working groups. We would like to thank Bill Trent of Stroz Friedberg who led the SCIG contributions to this assessment. 2 Executive Summary A cyber attack that poses an existential threat to one or more major UK businesses is a realistic possibility. The long-term impact of such a cyber attack could include substantial loss of revenue and margin, of valuable data, and of other company assets. The impact of litigation costs (and, with the arrival of new regulations, potential fines), the loss of confidence from reputational damage and possible executive-level dismissals could also result in immediate and material loss of shareholder value. -
Encryption Block Cipher
10/29/2007 Encryption Encryption Block Cipher Dr.Talal Alkharobi 2 Block Cipher A symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. When encrypting, a block cipher take n-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding n-bit block of ciphertext. The exact transformation is controlled using a secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes n-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and yields the original n-bit block of plaintext. Mode of operation is used to encrypt messages longer than the block size. 1 Dr.Talal Alkharobi 10/29/2007 Encryption 3 Encryption 4 Decryption 2 Dr.Talal Alkharobi 10/29/2007 Encryption 5 Block Cipher Consists of two algorithms, encryption, E, and decryption, D. Both require two inputs: n-bits block of data and key of size k bits, The output is an n-bit block. Decryption is the inverse function of encryption: D(E(B,K),K) = B For each key K, E is a permutation over the set of input blocks. n Each key K selects one permutation from the possible set of 2 !. 6 Block Cipher The block size, n, is typically 64 or 128 bits, although some ciphers have a variable block size. 64 bits was the most common length until the mid-1990s, when new designs began to switch to 128-bit. Padding scheme is used to allow plaintexts of arbitrary lengths to be encrypted. Typical key sizes (k) include 40, 56, 64, 80, 128, 192 and 256 bits. -
Autumn 99 President: Eric Mitchell
Auiunui vy DARK PEAK NEWS Autumn 99 President: Eric Mitchell Chairman Cub Captain 3 News Dave Holmes Vacant 615 Loxley Road Loxley 5 Coining Events Sheffield S6 6RR Tel. (0114) 2344186 8 More News Secretary Treasurer Paul Sanderson Jeff Harrison 19 Findon Street 118 Lydgate Lane Hillsborough Crookes 9 Letters Sheffield Sheffield S6 4FG S10 5FP Tel. (0114) 2206353 Tel. (0114) 2687114 11 Features - Warts winter 98/99 Clothing & Equipment Membership - Training weekend Richard Hakes Tim Tett - Getting the Horns 454A Loxley Road 68 Roebuck Road - Thoughts on Access Loxley Sheffield S6 2XA Sheffield S6 6RS Tel.(0114) 2667922 Tel. (0114) 2339912 18 Going the Distance - Central Fells in a day Cross Country - Bob Graham 99 Pete Dyke 13 Falkland Road Sheffield Sll 7PL 21 Reports and Results Tel. (0114) 266280 41 Fell Off Editor Mike Pedley 43 In Press Frost Hole Farm - Inside the New Map Cragg Vale Hebden Bridge HX7 5RU 43 In Gear Tel. (01422) 886195 email: [email protected] .co. uk 44 The-bit-at-the-end 2 Autumn 99 Club Hut Condemmed Plans to renovate the club hut were stopped in their tracks when serious structural problems were discovered during a close inspection of the building. The findings suggested the hut could collapse at any time and left club officials with no option other than declare a return to the car park changing at the Sportsman on a Wednesday night. Roy Small and Hugh Cotton's appeal for funds has been put on hold whilst discussion are held into possibilities for a replacement. The hut was moved following the closure of the nearby prisoner of war camp in 1945 and is possibly the last remaining building from the site. -
Foreword by Whitfield Diffie Preface About the Author Chapter 1
Applied Cryptography: Second Edition - Bruce Schneier Applied Cryptography, Second Edition: Protocols, Algorthms, and Source Code in C by Bruce Schneier Wiley Computer Publishing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0471128457 Pub Date: 01/01/96 Foreword By Whitfield Diffie Preface About the Author Chapter 1—Foundations 1.1 Terminology 1.2 Steganography 1.3 Substitution Ciphers and Transposition Ciphers 1.4 Simple XOR 1.5 One-Time Pads 1.6 Computer Algorithms 1.7 Large Numbers Part I—Cryptographic Protocols Chapter 2—Protocol Building Blocks 2.1 Introduction to Protocols 2.2 Communications Using Symmetric Cryptography 2.3 One-Way Functions 2.4 One-Way Hash Functions 2.5 Communications Using Public-Key Cryptography 2.6 Digital Signatures 2.7 Digital Signatures with Encryption 2.8 Random and Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generation Chapter 3—Basic Protocols 3.1 Key Exchange 3.2 Authentication 3.3 Authentication and Key Exchange 3.4 Formal Analysis of Authentication and Key-Exchange Protocols 3.5 Multiple-Key Public-Key Cryptography 3.6 Secret Splitting 3.7 Secret Sharing 3.8 Cryptographic Protection of Databases Chapter 4—Intermediate Protocols 4.1 Timestamping Services 4.2 Subliminal Channel 4.3 Undeniable Digital Signatures 4.4 Designated Confirmer Signatures 4.5 Proxy Signatures 4.6 Group Signatures 4.7 Fail-Stop Digital Signatures 4.8 Computing with Encrypted Data 4.9 Bit Commitment 4.10 Fair Coin Flips 4.11 Mental Poker 4.12 One-Way Accumulators 4.13 All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets Page 1 of 666 Applied Cryptography: Second Edition - Bruce