Notes
Introduction
1. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man: Ideology of Advanced Industrial soci- ety (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991). 2. Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). 3. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002); Charles Derber, People before Profit (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Leslie Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); George Ritzer, McDonaldization of Society (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 1996). 4. See Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (New York: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 2004); Martin Wolf, Why Globalization Works (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004); Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006); and Pete Engardio, ed., Chindia: How China and India Are Revolutionizing Global Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007). 5. Alex MacGillivray, A Brief History of Globalization (New York: Carroll and Graff Publishers, 2006). 6. David Held and Anthony McGrew, Globalization/Anti-Globalization (Cam- bridge, UK: Polity Press, 2002). 7. Nayan Chandra, Bound Together (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007). 8. See, for example, works cited in Note 2 and Note 3. 9. George Ritter’s later commentary, The Globalization of Nothing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, 2004), also falls into this category of literature. 10. Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Cen- tury (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). 11. Matt Taibbi, “The Flathead Genius of Thomas L. Friedman, https://www .byliner.com/matt-taibbi/stories/flathead 12. Aqueil Ahmad, “The World is (Not) Flat—A Critique of Tom Friedman’s The World Is Flat,” Globalization volume 7, issue 1, http://globalization.icaap.org/ content/v7.1/ahmad.html. 13. Steger, Globalization. 14. For this line of thinking, check the following sources: Jeffrey A. Bader, “Chi- na’s Emergence and Its Implications for the United States,” presentation at the Brookings Council, The Brookings Institution, February 14, 2006, http://www .brookings.edu/views/speeches/bader/20060214.htm}; William R. Hawkins, 248 NOTES
American Weakness, Chinese Strength. ForntPageMagazine.com, Wednesday, May 27, 2009; Tom Barry, “The Expanding Anti-Immigration Bandwagon,” International Relations Center, August 11, 2006, http://rightweb.irconline .org/articles/display/The_Expanding_Anti-Immigration_Bandwagon. 15. See, for example, John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta Books, 1998); Joseph Stiglitz, “Globalism’s Discontents,” http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Global_Economy/Globalisms_Discontents .html. 16. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization, Without Global Consciousness,” Humanity & Society 27, no. 2 (May 2003): 125–42. 17. Friedman, The World Is Flat. 18. Humayun Kabir, ed., Rabindranath Tagore: Towards Universal Man (New Delhi: Asia Publishing House, 1961); Aqueil Ahmad, “Can Science Lead the Way?— Profile of the Universal Man,” Journal of Human Relations 20 (1972): 14–29. 19. Kabir, Rabindranath Tagore, 32–33. 20. Ahmad, “Globalization, Without Global Consciousness,” 132. 21. Edward Said, “The Clash of Ignorance,” The Nation, October 22, 2001, 11–13. 22. In the middle of 1986, I tried calling my home in Aligarh, India, from Islam- abad, the capital of Pakistan, while my father lay critically ill. Despite week- long frantic efforts, even high-level interventions from our Pakistani hosts, the call did not go through. Only after reaching home ten days later did I find that my father had died while I was in Islamabad. Mobile phones make that sound like the eighteenth century. 23. Marshal McLuhan, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Proj- ect on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1972); Miha- jlo Mesorovic and Eduard Pestel, Mankind at the Turning Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome (New York: Dutton, 1974); Alvin Toffler, Third Wave (New York: Morrow, 1980).
Chapter 1
1. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application (New York: G. Braziller, 1969). 2. Talcott Parsons, The Social System (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1951); Kenneth Boulding, The Social System of the Planet Earth (Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley, 1980). 3. See, for example, Danny Burns, Systemic Action Research: A Strategy for Whole System Change (Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2007); William Pasmore, Designing Effective Organizations: The Sociotechnical Systems Perspective (New York: Wiley, 1988); Robert L. Morasky, Behavioral Systems (New York: Praeger, 1982). 4. See David M. Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 170–71. NOTES 249
5. M. Francis Abraham, Perspectives on Modernization: Toward a General Theory of Third World Development (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980). 6. Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash, Reflexive Modernization: Poli- tics, Traditions, and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994). 7. Marion Levy, Modernization and the Structure of Societies, Vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Bret L. Billet, Modernization Theory and Economic Development: Discontent in the Developing World (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cam- bridge, UK: Polity Press, 1991). 8. W. W. Rostow, The Process of Economic Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962); Lloyd G. Reynolds, “The Spread of Economic Growth in the Third World: 1850–1980,” Journal of Economic Literature (21, 3, 1983, 941–80). 9. For further details on social contract theory, see David Braybrooke, “The Insoluble Problem of the Social Contract,” Dialogue 15, no. 1 (1976): 3–37; Jean Hampton, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 10. Parsons, The Social System. 11. Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, translated by W. D. Halls (New York: Macmillan, 1984); Mustafa Emirbayer, ed., Durkheim: Sociologist of Modernity (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003). 12. Peter L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1966); Joel M. Charon, Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, an Interpretation, and Integration (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pear- son Prentice Hall, 2007); John P. Hewitt, Self and Society: A Symbolic Interac- tionist Social Psychology (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1984). 13. Charles Harper, Exploring Social Change: America and the World (Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007). 14. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, trans. and ed., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958). 15. Ferdinand Tonnies, Community and Society (Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Uni- versity Press, 1995). 16. See Arif Dirlick, Global Modernity: Modernity in the Age of Global Capitalism (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2007). 17. Harper, Exploring Social Change, chapter 12. 18. See for example, Andre Gunder Frank, Crisis in the World Economy (London: Heineman, 1980); Samir Amin, Imperialism and Unequal Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977); B. N. Ghosh, Dependency Theory Revisited (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001). 19. Andre Gunder Frank and Barry Gills, eds., The World System: Five Thousand Years or Five Hundred? (New York: Routledge, 1993). 20. Samir Amin, Capitalism in the Age of Globalization (London: Zed Books, 1997), xii. 21. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); World Inequality: Origins of and Perspectives on the World Systems 250 NOTES
(Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1975); and World-Systems Analysis: An Intro- duction (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004). 22. Christopher Chase-Dunn and Salvatore Babones, Global Social Change: His- torical and Social Perspectives (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006). See also Paul Baron, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Press Review, 1957); Alvin Y. So, The South China Silk District: Local Historical Transformation and World-System Theory (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1986); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). 23. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (New York: Penguin Books, 2006). See also Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); C. Wright Mills, The Marxists (New York: Dell, 1962). 24. D. Stanley Eitzen and Maxine Baca Zinn, Globalization: Transformation of Social Worlds (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson, 2006). 25. See, for example, Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011). 26. Immanuel Wallerstein, “Robinson’s Critical Appraisal Appraised,” Interna- tional Sociology 27, no. 4 (July 2012): 524–28. 27. See Immanuel Wallerstein, World Inequality and World-Systems Analysis; Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002). 28. Irving L. Horowitz, Three Worlds of Development: The Theory and Practice of International Stratification (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972). 29. See David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004). 30. Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington, ed., Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
Chapter 2
1. See, for example, Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (Boston: Pearson [Allyn and Bacon], 2006), part three, chapter 10. 2. “How to Deal with a Falling Population,” The Economist, July 28, 2007, 13. 3. UN Population Division, Long Range Population Projections: Based on 1998 Revision (New York: UN Population Division, 2000). 4. Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, 1968); Gor- don Conway, The Doubly Green Revolution and Food for All in the Twenty-First Century (Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publications, 1998). 5. The Green Revolution is not without critics who consider it an unmiti- gated disaster for local agriculture, environments, and small farmers; see, for NOTES 251
example, Vandana Shiva, The Violence of Green Revolution: Third World Agri- culture, Ecology, and Politics (London: Atlantic Highlands, 1991). 6. Population Reference Bureau, “2005 World Population Data Sheet,” http:// www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSh eet.aspx. 7. Donella Meadows, Jorgan Randers, and Dennis Meadows, The Limits to Growth: The 30 Year Update (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publi- cations, 2004). 8. See, for example, Mihajlo Mesorovic and Eduard Pastel, Mankind at the Turn- ing Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome (New York: Dutton, 1974); Ervin Laszlo et al., Goals for Mankind (New York: Dutton, 1977). 9. Aqueil Ahmad, “Preferable and Probable Future Goals in India,” in Goals in a Global Community, Vol. 3, The International Values and Goals Studies, ed. E. Laszlo and J. Bierman (New York: Pergamon Press, 1978). 10. Meadows, Randers, and Meadows, The Limits to Growth. 11. Total fertility rate (TFR) refers to the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime. For this data, see Brady E. Hamilton, Paul D. Sutton, and Stephanie J. Ventura, “Revised Birth and Fertility Rates for the 1990s and New Rates for Hispanic Population,” National Vital Statistics Report 51, no. 12 (August 2003): 1–94. 12. US Bureau of the Census, 2010 Census. 13. Mark W. Nowak, “Immigration and US Population Growth: An Environmen- tal Perspective,” Negative Population Growth, Special Report, http://www .npg.org/specialreports/imm&uspopgrowth.htm. 14. US Congress, “Child Survival and Health Program Fund,” FY 2006 Appropria- tions Act, Title II (or Title V, Section 518). 15. RAND Corporation, “Do Public Attitudes toward Abortion Influence Atti- tudes toward Family Planning?,” http:www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/ RB5042/index1.html. 16. For further discussion on the evolution of national population policies, see John May, World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact (New York: Springer, 2012). 17. Thomas Malthus, An Essay on Population (New York: Dutton, 1958). 18. Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll, eds., The Political Economy of Global Population Change, 1950–2050 (New York: Population Council, 2006). See Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (New York: Pearson Education, 2006), chapter 10. 19. See, for reference, John C. Caldwell, Demographic Transition Theory (Dor- drecht: Springer, 2006). 20. For further details on the demographic transition theory and general global and regional population trends, see David Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), chapter 13—“The Global Dynamics of Population: Demographics Trends”; US Bureau of the Census, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2005. 252 NOTES
21. Carin Zissis, “India’s Muslim Population,” Backgrounder, June 22, 2007. 22. Robert Rutherford and Vinod Misra, An Evaluation of Recent Fertility Trends in India (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Studies, 2001). 23. Population Reference Bureau, “2005 World Population Data Sheet,” http:// www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationData Sheet.aspx. 24. See Aqueil Ahmad, “Gain-Drain Ratio in the Global Exchange of Scientific and Technical Manpower,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 5 (July 1970): 215–22. 25. Details about the structure and functions of the British Commonwealth are provided in Chapter 5. 26. Quoted from Nancy Jackson, “A Walk through Historic Paris,” Saudi Aramco World, July/August 2012, 18. See also Ian Coller, Arab France: Islam and the Making of Modern Europe, 1798–1831 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011). 27. The Economist, May 19, 2012, 63. 28. Georges Lemaitre and Cecile Thoreau, “Estimating the Foreign Born Popula- tion on a Current Basis” (Paris: OECD, 2006). 29. The Economist, August 26th, 2006, 43. 30. Peter Wonacott, “Indian Scientists Return Home as Economy Improves,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2012. 31. 2005–6 Community Survey, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC, http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/aff_acs2006_quickguide.pdf. 32. Ibid. 33. John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moses, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000). 34. Anne Farrow, Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005); Dorothy Schneider and Carol J. Schneider, Slavery in America (New York: Checkmark Books, 2007). 35. Greg Behrman, The Most Noble Adventure (New York: Free Press, 2007). 36. Newman, Sociology, 491. 37. Robert E. Scott and David Ratner, “NAFTA’s Cautionary Tale,” Economic Pol- icy Institute, Washington, DC, July 20, 2005, Issue Brief #214. 38. Migration Policy Institute, Mexican Immigrants to the US: The Latest Estimates (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2004). 39. Public Policy Institute of California, “Just the Facts: Immigrants in California,” June 2008, http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_ImmigrantsJTF.pdf. 40. “Where Black and Brown Collide,” The Economist, August 4, 2007, 26–27. 41. The EU added 12 members between 2004 and 2007: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slova- kia, and Slovenia. 42. Giovanni Peri, Immigrants’ Complementarities and Native Wages: Evidence from California (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007). 43. For a comprehensive account of rural-urban migration in China, see Lin Fei, “Rural-Urban Migration in China: Recent Trends and Future Challenges” NOTES 253
(paper presented at the International Conference on Contemporary China Studies, Economic Institute of Anhui Academy of Social Sciences, Peo- ple’s Republic of China, January 5–7, 2007), http://www.hku.hk/china/full _papers/4C-3.pdf. 44. Herbert Gans, “The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All,” Social Policy 2 (July/ August 1971): 20–24. 45. Ferdinand Tonnies, Community & Society—Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (New York: Harper and Row, 1963).
Chapter 3
1. Amartya Sen, “How to Judge Globalism,” The American Prospect, January 1–14, 2002. 2. For further details on Chinese inventions, see Simon Winchester, The Man Who Loved China (New York: Harper Collins, 2008). 3. Sen, “How to Judge Globalism”; and Debiprasad Chattapdhyaya, History of Science and Technology in Ancient India (Calcutta, India: Firma KLM, 1991). 4. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization: Boon or Bane?” Share the World’s Resources, 2004, http://www.stwr.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id =37. 5. In addition to the references on globalization cited in the Introduction, see also the following works: Simon Head, The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Pietra Rivoli, The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2006); Robyn Meredith, The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007). 6. Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 3. 7. Marshall McLuhan, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). 8. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Morrow, 1980). 9. Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies (New York: Harper and Row, 1982). 10. Daniel I. Okimoto, Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987). Others have questioned the role of Japanese government and MITI in the so-called “Japanese Miracle.” See, for example, Scott Callon, Divided Sun: MITI and the Breakdown of Japanese High-Tech Industrial Policy, 1975–1983 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995). 11. See, for example, Aqueil Ahmad’s treatment of the Indian government’s policy of protectionism and isolation from the global economy and technology until the late 1980s and the early 1990s: “New Information Technology in India: The Electronics Riddle,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 29, no. 4 (July 1986): 399–410; and “India’s Search for Technological Self-Reliance,” 254 NOTES
in India: Fifty Years of Democracy and Development, ed. Y. K. Malik and Ashok Kapur (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation, 1998). 12. Alvin Toffler, Power Shift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Power at the Edge of the 21st Century (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). See also Alvin and Heidi Toffler, Creating a New Civilization: The Politics of the Third Wave (Atlanta, GA: Turner Publications, 1995). 13. Peter F. Drucker, Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the “New Post-Modern” World (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996); Peter Drucker and Isao Nakauchi, Drucker on Asia: A Dialogue between PeterDrucker and Isao Nakauchi (Newton, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997); W. Edwards Dem- ing, The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1993); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990). 14. For further details, see the EU website: http://europa.eu/index_en.htm. 15. Further details about these regional economic blocs are available elsewhere; for example, check the following sources: S. Weintraub, NAFTA’s Impact on North America: The First Decade (Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2004); Denis Hew, ed., Roadmap to an ASEAN Economic Community (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005). 16. Saw Swee-Hock, ed., AEAN-China Economic Relations (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007). 17. For such diametrically opposed views, see Edward Luce, Time to Start Think- ing: America in the Age of Descent (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012); and Daniel Gross, Better, Stronger, Faster: The Myth of American Decline . . . and the Rise of a New Economy (New York: Free Press, 2012). 18. Ian Mount, “Argentina: The Cost of Being Truthful,” http://blogs.ft.com/ beyond-brics/2013/13argentina-the-cost-of-being-truthful/axzz20f2NbM4U. 19. Joshua Cooper Ramo, “Globalism Goes Backward,” Fortune, Nov. 20, 2012, http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/11/20/global-economy-backward. 20. Nandan Nilekani, Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation (New York: Penguin Press, 2009). 21. Peter Engardio, ed., Chindia: How China and India are Revolutionizing Global Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007). 22. Nouriel Roubani, “The Risk of a Hard Landing China: The Two Engines of Global Growth—US and China—Are Now Stalling.” REG Monitor, November 4, 2008, 1. 23. The Christmas decorations and ornaments industry has already shifted to China from Europe and America. 24. See the following works by Aqueil Ahmad: “Globalization and the Develop- ing Countries, with Especial Reference to Cuba,” Globalization 1, no. 1 (Fall 2001): http://www.globalization.icaap.org/v1.1/aqueilahmad.html); and “Sci- ence and Society in Cuba in the Context of Techno-Economic Globalization,” Journal of Business Chemistry 2, no. 3 (September 2005): 112–18. 25. “India-Pakistan Trade Expected to Receive Another Boost,” Times of India, August 17, 2012, 13. NOTES 255
26. Jaleel Ahmad, “Why Are There So Many Preferential Trade Areas? A Politi- cal Economy Perspective,” Global Economic Review 37, no. 1 (March 2008): 51–62. 27. Peter Marsh, The New Industrial Revolution: Consumers, Globalization and the End of Mass Production (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012). 28. See, for example, Sebastian Mallaby, Op Ed, Washington Post, November 28, 2005. 29. Rana Foroohar, “Go Glocal,” Time, August 20, 2012, 26–32. 30. Paul Baron, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Press Review, 1957); Leslie Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). 31. “China’s African Misadventures,” Newsweek, December 3, 2007, 46. 32. UNDP, Human Development Report 2005, p. 1, http://hdr.undp.org/reports/ global/2005. 33. Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (Lon- don: Penguin Books, 2005). 34. “The Magnificent Seven,” The Economist, April 29, 2006, 51–52. 35. UNDP, Human Development Report 2005, 4. 36. Ingrid Eckerman, The Bhopal Saga—Causes and Consequences of the World’s Largest Industrial Disaster (Bloomington: Indiana Universities Press, 2004). 37. Pradip K. Ghosh, ed., Appropriate Technology in Third World Development (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984). 38. Vandana Shiva, The Violence of Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology, and Politics (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1999); and Seeds of Suicides: The Ecological and Human Costs of Globalization (New Delhi: Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Ecology, 2000). 39. The metaphor of “culture of consumerism” first came to my attention in the works of Leslie Sklair. 40. “There is enough for everyone’s need but not for everyone’s greed,” al la Mahatma Gandhi. 41. See, for example, Vandana Shiva, Afsar Jafri, and Kanwar Jalees, The Mirage of Market Success: How Globalization Is Destroying Farmers’ Lives and Livelihoods (New Delhi: Navdanya, 2003). 42. Robert T. Moran, ed., Global Business Management in the 1990s (Osprey, FL: Beacham, 1990). 43. Wallace V. Schmidt et al., Communicating Globally: Intercultural Communica- tion and International Business (Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2007). 44. Gary P. Ferraro, The Cultural Dimension of International Business (Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998). 45. Quoted from Andrew Kupfer, “How to Be a Global Manager,” Fortune, March 14, 1988, 58. 46. See, for example, Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (New York: Pearson Education, 2006). 47. The China Year Book of 1996, per Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, http://www .druglibrary.org.shcaffer/history/om/om15.htm 256 NOTES
48. UNESCO, “The Globalization of the Drug Trade,” UNESCO Sources 111 (April 1999): 4–8. 49. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2008, http:// www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2008.html. 50. David M. Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Structure of Everyday Life (Thou- sand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 276. 51. Lora Lumpe, ed., Running Guns: The Global Black Market in Small Arms (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002). 52. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute website, http://www.sipri .org. See also Gideon Burrows, No-Nonsense Guide to the Arms Trade (Oxford, UK: New Internationalist, 2002). 53. Michael Klare, “The New Arms Race: Light Weapons and International Secu- rity,” Current History 96 (April 1997): 173–78. 54. Dipankar Bannerjee and Robert Muggah, Small Arms and Human Insecurity (Colombo, Sri Lanka: Regional Center for Strategic Studies, 2002). 55. See the following article for further details about the nuclear proliferation deals by A. Q. Khan, the Pakistani nuclear scientist. William Broad, David Sanger, and Raymond Bonner, “A Tale of Nuclear Proliferation: How the Paki- stani Built His Network,” New York Times, February 12, 2004. 56. For a comprehensive and up-to-date look at the problem of trafficking of women and children, see Karen Beeks and Delila Amir, eds., Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006). 57. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, Written Statement to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 57th Session, Item 12(a) of the Pro- visional Agenda. 58. Janice Raymond, “Legitimating Prostitution as Sex Work: UN Labor Organi- zation (ILO) Calls for Recognition of Sex Industry,” Coalition Against Traf- ficking in Women, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/119/html. 59. Janice Raymond, “Prostitution as Violence against Women: NGO Stonewall- ing in Beijing and Elsewhere,” Women’s Studies International Forum 21, no. 1 (1998): 1–9. 60. UN Commission on Status of Women, “Captive Daughters,” http://www .captivedaughters.org/un.html. 61. Frank Laczko, “Human Trafficking: The Need for Better Data.” International Organization for Migration, November 2002. 62. William Finnegan, “The Countertraffickers: Recruiting the Victims of the Global Sex Trade,” The New Yorker, May 5, 2008, 49. 63. Polaris Project website, http://www.polarisproject.org. 64. Barbara Starr, “Former Soviet Union a Playground for Organized Crime: A Gangster’s Paradise,” ABC News, September 14, 1998, 1. 65. US State Department, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2007,” http://gvnet.com/ humantrafficking/USA-2.htm. 66. Lena H. Sun, “The Search for Miss Right Takes a Turn toward Russia: Mail- Order Brides Are Met via Internet and on ‘Romance Tours,’” Washington Post, March 8, 1998, http://www.encount.com/media/wahpost98.htm. NOTES 257
Chapter 4
1. Michael H. Glantz, “The Global Challenge,” The World & I, April 1997, 24–31. 2. See, for example, UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Cli- mate Change—Human Solidarity in a Divided World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Ronald Bailey, ed., Earth Report 2000: Revisiting the True State of the Planet (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000); A. K. Ghosh, J. K. Ghosh, and Barun Mukhopadhyay, eds., Sustainable Environment: Statistical Analysis (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003). 3. E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered (New York: Harper and Row, 1973). 4. For further details on Gandhi’s life and message, see Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: The New American Library—A Mentor Book, 1954). 5. One of the best sources of this type of information are the annual editions of State of the World published by the Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC, http://worldwatch.org/stateoftheworld. 6. “Kyoto Protocol,” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. 7. For recent developments in international agreements on climate change, see the UN Climate Change Conference 2007, Bali, Indonesia, December 3–14. 8. For IPCC’s website, go to http://www.ipcc.ch. 9. Christopher Bright, “Invasive Species: Pathogens of Globalization,” Foreign Policy 116 (Fall 1999): 50–64. 10. Seth Shulman, Undermining Science: Suppression and Distortion in the Bush Administration (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006); Mark Maslin, Global Warming: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2004). 11. Joyce Brennfleck Shannon, ed., Worldwide Health Sourcebook (Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2001). 12. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010 Global Hunger Index (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010). 13. “Changing Hunger, Disease, and Poverty . . . with Water,” http://www.global water.org/background.htm. 14. Ron Nielson, The Little Green Handbook: Seven Trends Shaping the Future of Our Planet (New York: Picador, 2006). 15. Sandra Postel, Pillars of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999). 16. Global Health Council: Women’s Health, http://www.globalhealth.org/view _top.php3?id=225. 17. Colleen Barry, “Global Infant Mortality Rate Lowest in Years,” Newser, Sep- tember 3, 2007, http://www.newser.com/story/7437.html?refid=YTF_S. 18. “Disparities in Infant Mortality Rates,” http://digsitevalue.org/k/infant -mortality-rate-geography-iq. 258 NOTES
19. “HIV/AIDS Fact Sheet,” Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, December 2012, http:// www.kff.org/hivaids/3030.cfm. 20. Global HIV Initiatives Network website, http://www.ghi-net.org. 21. For this set of data, see Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (Boston: Pearson Education, 2006), 283–87. 22. See, for example, John P. Geyman, Healthcare in America: Can Our Ailing System Be Healed? (Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007); David A. Shore, The Trust Crisis in Healthcare: Causes, Consequences, and Cures (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). 23. For a brief summary of the American healthcare system, see Kevin M. Gerber, The US Healthcare System: Fundamental Facts, Definitions, and Statistics (Chi- cago, IL: AHS Press, 2006). 24. “The Cuban Healthcare Paradox,” Office of Education Abroad, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, https://edabroad.uncc.edu/programs/latin-america/ cuban-health-care-paradox; Rory Carroll, “First World Results on a Third World Budget,” The Guardian, London, September 12, 2007, http://www .guardian.co.uk/world/2007/sep/12/film.health. 25. B. Meesen and B. Bloom, “Economic Transition, Institutional Changes, and the Healthcare System: Some Lessons from Rural China,” Journal of Economic Policy and Reform 10, no. 3 (July, 2007): 209–32. 26. David Blumenthal and William Hsiao, “Privatization and Its Discontents— The Evolving Chinese Health Care System,” The New England Journal of Medi- cine 353, no. 11 (September 15, 2005): 1165–70. 27. Gao Qiang, Ministry of Health Press Release, July 1, 2005. 28. Blumenthal and Hsiao, “Privatization and Its Discontents.” 29. Simone Brandt, Michael Garris, Edward Okeke, and Josh Rosenfeld, “Access to Care in Rural China: A Policy Discussion” (paper presented at the Interna- tional Economic Development Program, The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, April 2006). 30. Shaun Rein, “Health-Care Reform, Chinese Style,” Bloomberg Business Week, August 21, 2009. 31. Global HIV Initiatives Network website, http://www.ghi-net.org.
Chapter 5
1. Felix K. Alonge, Principles and Practices of Governing Men: Nigeria and the World in Perspective (Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press, 2005). 2. Dates about ancient history are only tentative and approximate. 3. For general reference to the material on systems of governance, see the fol- lowing sources: John A. Garraty and Peter Gay, eds., The Columbia History of the World (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Hywel Williams, Cassell’s Chro- nology of World History: Dates, Events and Ideas That Made History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005); J. M. Roberts, The New Penguin History of the World (London: Allen Lane, 2002). NOTES 259
4. John A. Boyle, The Mongolian World Empire, 1206–1370 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1977). 5. For a comprehensive discussion of the Islamic law (Sharia), see Mawil Izzi Dien, Islamic Law: From Historical Foundations to Contemporary Practice (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004). 6. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, The World: A History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007), 255–58; Garraty and Gay, The Columbia History of the World, 604–19. 7. Fernandez-Armesto, The World, 709. 8. “Global Muslim Networks: How Far Have They Travelled,” The Economist, March 8, 2008, 67–68. 9. For scholarly analysis of the Arab Spring, see Toby Manhire, The Arab Spring: Rebellion, Revolution, and a New World Order (London: Guardian Books, 2012); Hamid Dabash, The Arab Spring: End of Post-Colonialism (New York: Zed Books, 2012). 10. See, for example, Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012). 11. Charles L. Harper, Exploring Social Change: America and the World (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007). 12. The King of Brunei who enjoys almost absolute power may be considered an exception. 13. Thailand, Cambodia, and Bhutan continue to have some form of constitu- tional monarchy. Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Camer- oon, and Ghana also have a history of constitutional monarchy in the recent past. 14. Larry Diamond, “The State of Democratization at the Beginning of the 21st Century,” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 6 (Winter/Spring 2005): 13–18. 15. See, for example, Abbas Amanat and Frank Griffel, Shari’a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007). 16. For a description of representative versus direct or participative democracy, see Eva Dekany-Szenasi, “Direct vs. Representative Democracy,” in Direct Democracy: The Eastern and Central European Experience, ed. Andreas Auer and Michael Butzer (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001). 17. Gregory A. Fossedal, Direct Democracy in Switzerland (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002). 18. For further details on patterns of democracy, see Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012). 19. See, for example, Samar Basu, The UNO, the World Government, and the Ideal of World Union as Envisioned by Sri Aurobindo (Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo World Ashram, 1999); John A. Moore and Jerry Pubantz, The New United Nations: International Organizations in the Twenty-First Cen- tury (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006); Marcus Fonda, The United Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Management and Reform 260 NOTES
Processes in a Troubled Organization (Lenham, UK: Rowan and Littlefield, 2006). 20. Philip J. Strollo, “League of Nations Timeline,” WorldatWar.net, http:// worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html. 21. For these, see John Plowright, The Causes, Course and Outcomes of World War Two (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 22. Lora Kahn, ed., Darfur: Twenty Years of War and Genocide in Sudan (New York: PowerHouse, 2007). 23. For a detailed description of the UN system and its diverse functions, the reader is referred to the following websites: http://www.un.org/aboutun and http://www.un.org. 24. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization and the Developing Countries, With Espe- cial Reference to Cuba”; and “Science and Society in Cuba in the Context of Globalization,” Journal of Business Chemistry, 2, 3 (September 2005): http:// chemistry.org/article/?article=83. 25. For the history of the UN’s arms embargoes in the post–Second World War period, see “International Arms Embargoes,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrade/embargoes .html. 26. Andreas Zimmerman et al., eds., The Statute of the International Court of Jus- tice: A Commentary (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006). 27. For some particular cases of compliance or noncompliance of ICJ rulings of recent years, the reader is referred to the following source: Constance Schulte, Compliance with Decisions of the International Court of Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). 28. Michael J. Struett, Building the International Criminal Court (New York: Pal- grave Macmillan, 2008). 29. For further details on the International Criminal Court, its structure, and its activities, refer to the following sources: William A. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004); International Criminal Court website, http://www.icc-cpi.int/ En-Menus/icc/pages/default.aspx. 30. For further details about the EU, see the following sources: John Pinder, The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); John McCormick, Understanding the European Union (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 31. For further details on the history and structure of NATO, see Gustav Schmidt, ed., A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2001); Ronald D. Asmus, Opening NATO’s Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002). 32. For Commonwealth structure and membership, see W. D. McIntyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth (New York: Palgrave, 2001). 33. For some of this information, the author is indebted to Sir William Dale, The Modern Commonwealth (London: Butterworths, 1983). NOTES 261
Chapter 6
1. Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and other Figures (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002). 2. Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 128–42. 3. Siddiq Salik, Witness to Surrender (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); R. LaPorte, “Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation,” Asian Survey 12, no. 2 (1972): 97–108. 4. Heinrich Harrer, Seven Years in Tibet (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954); “Inva- sion and Illegal Annexation of Tibet: 1949–1951,” The Government of Tibet in Exile online, April 27, 1999, http://tibet.net/whitepaper/white2.html. 5. Ewa Tabeau and Jakub Bijak, “War-Related Deaths in the 1991–1995 Armed Conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Critique of Previous Estimates and Recent Results,” European Journal of Population 21, nos. 2–3 (2005): 187–215. 6. Mark Kurlansky, Nonviolence: Twenty-Five Lessons from the History of a Dan- gerous Idea (New York: Modern Library, 2006). 7. Anup Shah, “Arms Trade—A Major Cause of Suffering,” Global Issues, Janu- ary 5, 2013, http://globalissues.org/issues/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of suffering. 8. See International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 42, no. 2, Special issue on Terrorism (October 2005). 9. US Department of State, “List of Foreign Terrorist Organizations,” http:// www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm. 10. Cindy Combs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003); Albert J. Bergson and Omar Lizardo, “International Terrorism and the World System,” Sociological Theory 22, no. 1 (2004): 38–52. 11. This definition is informed by the following sources: Aqueil Ahmad and Michael Sileno, “Pre- and Post-9/11 Sociological Response to Terrorism,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 42, no. 2 (October 2005): 189–206; Jonathan R. White, Terrorism: An Introduction (Stanford, CA: Wad- sworth Thomson Learning, 2002); Gus Martin, Understanding Terrorism: Challenging, Perspectives, and Issues (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003). 12. For this line of explanations, see Aqueil Ahmad, “Powerful Reaction to Power- lessness,” Peace Review 8, no. 10 (September 1996): 423–29; and “Terrorism as Powerful Reaction to Powerlessness in Global Society” (paper presented at the Association of Humanist Sociology, Annual Meeting, Newport, RI, November 15–18, 2001). 13. Ahmad and Sileno, “Pre- and Post-9/11 Sociological Response to Terrorism.” 14. Rabindra Ray, The Naxalites and Their Ideology (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988). 262 NOTES
Chapter 7
1. David M. Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 99. 2. George H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behav- iorist (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1967). 3. James Davison Hunter and Joshua Yates, “In the Vanguard of Globalization: The World of American Globalizers,” in Many Globalizations: Cultural Diver- sity in the Contemporary World, ed. Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 323–24. See also James L. Watson, Golden Arches in East: McDonald’s in East Asia (Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni- versity Press, 1977). 4. This mentality was challenged by the Swedeshi (indigenous) Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in the 1930s as a part of India’s struggle for freedom from Britain. 5. These observations are based on the author’s several professional visits to China in the 1980s. 6. While reading these accounts, it is instructive to keep in mind 2008’s global economic downturn/recession affecting the United States, China, Europe, and all the other national economies. It is, however, assumed that the cultural cor- relates of globalization will remain largely intact as the global economy picks up steam again.
Chapter 8
1. For a better understanding of scientific paradigms and scientific revolutions, see Thomas. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996). 2. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 92. 3. Derek J. de Solla Price, Science since Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961). 4. Robert K. Merton, On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandian Postscript (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). 5. Allan D. Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987). 6. See, for example, Michael Kerrigan, Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire (New York: DK Publications, 2001). 7. Quoted from “Iraq: The Cradle of Civilization,” in Legacy: The Origins of Civi- lization, documentary series by Michael Wood, produced by Maryland Public Television and Central Independent Television, UK. 8. For these and other ancient contributions to science, see William P. D. Wight- man, The Growth of Scientific Ideas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953). NOTES 263
9. George Sarton, “Chaldean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B.C.,” Jour- nal of the American Oriental Society 75, no. 3 (1955): 166–73. 10. For further details about ancient Chinese contributions to science and tech- nology, see the following sources: Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vols. 1–6 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1974–2000); Robert K. G. Temple, The Genius of China (London: Andre Deutsch, 2007). 11. Simon Winchester, The Man Who Loved China (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 66. 12. Ibid., 66, 67. 13. R. K. Narayan, My Days: Autobiography (Chenai, India: Indian Thought Pub- lications, 2006). 14. Herbert H. Gowen, “‘The Indian Machiavelli’ or Political Theory in India Two Thousand Years Ago,” Political Science Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1929): 173–92; L. K. Jha and K. N. Jha, “Chanakya: The Pioneer Economist of the World,” International Journal of Social Economics 25, nos. 2–4 (1998): 267–82. 15. A. Rahman, ed., Science and Technology in Indian Culture—A Historical Per- spective (New Delhi: National Institute for Science, Technology and Develop- ment Studies, 1984); Irfan Habib, “Interaction of Scientific Ideas in the Asian Culture Area,” in Science and Technology Policy for National Development: A Window on the Asian Experience, ed. Aqueil Ahmad and Hugh Russell, 21–30 (Paris: UNESCO, 1988). 16. G. E. Andrews, ed., Ramanujan Revisited: Proceedings of the Centenary Con- ference, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, June 1–5, 1987 (Boston: Academic Press, 1988); B. C. Brendt and R. A. Rankin, Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary (Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1995). 17. These accounts are partially based on the author’s visit to Egypt in 1975. See also L. Adkins and R. Adkins, The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics (Lon- don: Hodder and Stoughton, 2001); Paul T. Nicholson et al., Ancient Egyp- tian Materials and Technology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 18. Quoted from Chapel Hill Herald Staff Reports, January 13, 2007, 3. 19. William F. Hank and Don S. Rice, eds., Word and Image in the Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, Representation (Salt Lake City, UT: Univer- sity of Utah Press, 1989); A. Hyatt Verrill, Old Civilizations of the New World (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1929). 20. Aqueil Ahmad, “Non-Western Sources of Knowledge” (plenary lecture at Walden University Summer Session, Indiana University, Bloomington, July 13, 1992). 21. Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Islamic World (Oxford, UK: Equinox, 1984), 16. 22. For further details on the history of science and technology in the Islamic world, see the following sources: Michael H. Morgan, Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2007); Osman Bakr, The History and Philosophy of Islamic Science (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1999); Ziauddin 264 NOTES
Sardar, An Early Crescent: The Future of Knowledge and the Environment in Islam (London: Mansell, 1989). 23. For an overview of his career, see Shams Inati, “Ibn Sina,” in History of Islamic Philosophy, ed. Hossein Seyyed Nasr and Oliver Leaman (New York: Rout- ledge, 1996). 24. This brief note on al-Baruni and the following discussion on Ibn Khaldun’s contributions to our knowledge are duly informed by Robert Boruch, “Ideas about Social Research, Evaluation, and Statistics in Medieval Arabic Lit- erature: Ibn Khaldun and al-Baruni,” Evaluation Review 8, no. 6 (December 1984): 823–42. 25. Olivier Leaman, Averroes and His Philosophy (London, UK: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1998). 26. Boruch, “Ideas about Social Research.” 27. Ibid., 830. 28. Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963). 29. Peter Lu and Paul Steinhardt, “Decagonal and Quasi-Crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture,” Science 315, no. 5815 (February 23, 2007): 1106–10. 30. George Basalla, The Rise of Modern Science: External and Internal Factors (Lex- ington, MA: Heath, 1968). 31. In his most recent book, Newsweek journalist Fareed Zakaria builds a scenario of a world in which America is no longer the leading political and indus- trial power because of the technoeconomic rise of other nations. See Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008). 32. Xiaoying Qi, “A Case of Globalized Knowledge Flows: Guanxi in Social Science and Management Theory,” International Sociology 27, no. 6 (2012): 707–23. 33. “China—Inside the Dragon,” National Geographic, Special Issue, May 2008, 70. 34. Ashlee Vance, “Chinese Supercomputer Tianhe-1A Bumps U.S. Out of the Lead,” New York Times, October 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2010/10/28/technology/28compute.html?ref=ashleevance. 35. Miniwatts Marketing Group, Internet World Stats, http://www.internetworld stats.com/stats5.htm. 36. “The Dragon’s Way or the Tiger’s?” Business Week, November 20, 2006, 55. 37. Ted Tschang, “China’s Software Industry and Its Implications for India,” work- ing paper # 25, OECD, Dev/Doc, 2003. 38. “India-China Technology and Trade Target,” BBC News South Asia, December 16, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12006092. 39. Carlo M. Morel, et al., “Health Innovation Networks to Help Developing Countries Address Neglected Diseases,” Science Magazine, July 15, 2005, 401–4. 40. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization of Nuclear Technology and Threat: Myth and Reality,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 46, no. 1 (April 2009): 93–111. NOTES 265
41. Etel Solingen, Industrial Policy, Technology, and International Bargaining for Designing Nuclear Industries in Argentina and Brazil (Cambridge, UK: Cam- bridge University Press, 1999). 42. David Sheinin and Beatriz Figallo, “Nuclear Policy in Cold War Argentina,” MACLAS Latin American Essays, March 2001, http://www.questa.com/ library/1G1-92615137/nuclear-politics-in-cold-war-argentina. 43. H. S. Sahiken, “Will Manufacturing Head South?” Technological Review 96 (1993): 28–29; H. A. Dassabach, “Where Is North American Automobile Pro- duction Headed: Low-Wage Lean Production,” Electronic Journal of Sociology 1, no. 1 (September 1994): http://www.sociology.org/content/vol001.001/ dassbach.html. 44. National Science Foundation/National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006 (Washington, DC: National Science Board, 2012). 45. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 46. Derek de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia Univer- sity Press, 1963). 47. Narayan Murthy on collaborative international relay teams in “The World in 2005,” The Economist, p. 103. 48. Karen A. Holbrook, “The Fight for Science and Math: New Ways of Teach- ing These Subject Are Key,” Chief Executive, March 2006, http://www.thefree library.com/Holbrook%2c+Karen+A,-314. 49. Brent Staple, “Why American College Students Hate Science,” New York Times, May 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/opinion/25thu4.html. 50. Michelle Thaler, “Where Have All the Graduate Students Gone?” The Chris- tian Science Monitor, July 25, 2002, 25. 51. India and China have traded places back and forth as the top two contributors in American higher education enrollment over the years. See the Institute of International Education’s Open Door Fast Facts for 2011. 52. For further details on other such shifts, compare the Institute of International Education’s Open Door Fast Facts for 2006 and 2011. 53. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, p. 1–13. 54. Speech at the Royal Society in Oxford, November 3, 2006, recorded. 55. National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), Manufacturing Institute, 2005 Skills Gap Report. 56. NAM, Manufacturing Institute, 2011 Skills Gap Report. 57. The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2011 and 2012 editions. 58. William J. Broad, “US is Losing its Dominance in the Sciences,” New York Times, May 3, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/03/us-is-losing-its -dominance-in-the-sciences.html?ref=williamjbroad 59. For further details on such interesting S&T/R&D data, the readers are referred to the annual Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 of the National Science Foundation/National Science Board. 60. National Science Foundation/National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2012, chapter 4. 266 NOTES
61. “Can Anyone Steer This Economy?” Business Week, November 20, 2006, 62. 62. The European Organization for Nuclear Research website, http://public .web.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html. The Hadron Collider suffered technical glitches at its first test run but is now fully operational. 63. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology website, http://www.oist.jp/ oist-nutshell. 64. European Space Agency website, http://www.esa.int/ESA. 65. James Watson, TheDouble Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (New York: Athenaeum, 1968). 66. Such information and details about the Human Genome Project are readily available on the Internet. However, for an authoritative source, the reader is referred to Michael A. Palladino, Understanding the Human Genome Project (San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2006). 67. National Science Foundation/National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006, 1–10. 68. On American students abroad, see Institute of International Education, Open Door 2011 Fast Facts. 69. “Higher Education: The Future Is Another Country,” The Economist, January 3, 2009, 43. 70. Robert Lomas, The Invisible College: Royal Society, Freemasonry and the Birth of Modern Science (London: Headline, 2002). 71. Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science, 85. 72. Ibid. 73. Diane Crane, Invisible Colleges (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972); Daryl Chubin, Sociology of Science: An Annotated Bibliography on Invisible Col- leges (New York: Garland, 1983). 74. See P. G. Altbach, “Globalization and the University,” Tertiary Education and Management 10, no. 1 (2004): 3–25; D. Crystal, English as a Global Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). 75. Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). See also, Aqueil Ahmad, “The World Is (Not) Flat—A Critique of Tom Friedman’s The World Is Flat,” Book Review, Globalization, 7, no. 1 (Spring 2008): http://globalization.icaap .org/contents/v7.1/ahmad.html. 76. UN International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland, http// www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx. 77. Internet World Stats, “Top 20 Internet Countries,” 2012, http://www.internet worldstats.com/top20.htm. 78. See also “Rising in the East,” The Economist, January 3, 2009, 47. 79. Quoted from “Iraq: The Cradle of Civilization.” 80. For further details about the development of atomic bomb, see Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986). 81. J. Robert Oppenheimer, Oppenheimer, Letters and Recollections, ed. Alice K. Smith (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 1. NOTES 267
82. R. H. Holloway, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Politics, Rhetoric, and Self-Defense (Newport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993). 83. Bertrand Russell, comment, Glasgow Forward, August 18, 1945. 84. Sandra I. Butcher, “The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto,” Pugwash History Series #1, May 2005, http://www.pugwash.org/publication/phs/ history9.pdf 85. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 2003). 86. Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs: The Man Who Stole the Atom Bomb (London: Grafton Books, 1987). 87. Sam Robert, The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case (New York: Random House, 2001). 88. David Fischer, History of the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna: IAEA, 1997). 89. Others with known nuclear weapons capability include Canada, Israel, Argen- tina, and of late, perhaps Iran. 90. Thomas Graham Jr., Common Sense on Weapons of Mass Destruction (Seattle, WA: Washington University Press, 2004). 91. Mohammed Ibrahim Shaker, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (New York: Oceanic Publishers, 1980). See also Jennifer Mackby, “The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” Center of Strategic and International Studies, Aug. 26, 2009. http://csis.org/publication/comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty. 92. Aqueil Ahmad, “Science and Technology in Contemporary India and China: An Overview,” Society and Science 5, no. 1 (January/March): 87–95. 93. Sumit Ganguli, “Behind India’s Bomb: The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Deterrence,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 5 (September/October 2001): 136–42; M. V. Ramana and A. H. Nayar, “India, Pakistan, and the Bomb,” Scientific American, December 16, 2001, 72–83. 94. “We are a Nuclear Power, The Weird and Scary Saga of How an Isolated, Bankrupt Nation Went Nuclear – and How the United States Failed to Stop It” Newsweek, October 23, 2006, cover story. http://www.highbeam.com/ doc/1G1-152884108.html 95. Graham, Common Sense on Weapons of Mass Destruction; Bill Keller, “Nuclear Nightmares,” New York Times Magazine, May 26, 2002, 22, 24–29, 51, 544–55, 57; Jonathan R. White, “The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism,” in Terrorism: An Introduction (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2002), 248–51. 96. See, for reference, Ronald Mendell, The Quiet Threat: Fighting Industrial Espi- onage in America (Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 2003); Kevin D. Mitnick and William L. Sim, The Art of Deception: Controlling Human Element of Secu- rity (Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley, 2002); Organization of Economic Coop- eration and Development, Global Knowledge Flows and Economic Development (Paris: OECD, 2004). 97. Juergen Baetz, “Germany Decides to Abandon Nuclear Power by 2022,” Associated Press, May 30, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory ?id=13717078. 268 NOTES
98. Spreading the Atom: Stopping the Wrong Sort of Chain Reaction, Report, The Economist, May 22, 2008, 79. 99. For the proposal to develop this type of a consortium, see Ahmad, “Nuclear Technology and Threat.”
Chapter 9
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African Economic Community British Commonwealth of Nations European Space Agency Invisible College Mongolian Empire Robert Oppenheimer United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Index
Page numbers in italics refer to fi gures and tables. Abbasids, 130 Arab Spring, 3, 133 Abrahamic religions, 225– 31, 234, 236– ArcelorMittal, 88 37, 240– 44 Archimedes, 183 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 228 Argentina, 26, 29, 39, 68, 70– 71, 118, Affordable Health Care Act, 119– 20 156, 181, 195–96 Afghanistan, 6, 18, 26, 39, 91– 94, 128– Aristotle, 183 29, 134, 141, 148, 150–51, 156– 63, Armenia, 149 165, 225 arms trade, 11, 15, 89, 93– 95, 99– 101, Africa, 41–42 , 43, 73, 80– 81, 98, 115– 160, 166 17, 134 Arthashastra (Chanakya), 185 African Americans, 45, 51, 53, 55 Aryabhatta, 186 African Union, 142 Ashoka, Emperor, 128, 185, 232 agriculture, 53– 54, 83– 84, 114– 15, 183, Asian Development Bank, 77 185 Asiatic religions, 226, 244 Ahura Mazda (deity), 242 Assad, Basher al, 141, 163 AIDS/HIV, 37, 43, 114, 117– 18 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Airbus, 66 (ASEAN), 68, 70 ALCOA, 25 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 130 Algeria, 48 Atlas of the Islamic World (Robinson), Al Gilani Library, 183 188 Ali, Caliph, 228– 29 Aurangzeb, Emperor, 130, 233 Al-Qaeda, 158–59 Australia, 26, 41–42 , 49, 73, 91, 93, Al-Shabab, 159 115– 16, 118, 120, 136, 180, 209, 213 Amelio, William J., 89 Austria, 42, 149, 205, 218 American Medial Association, 120 automobile industry, 69, 171, 176, Amin, Idi, 148 196–98 Amin, Samir, 23– 24, 28 Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 189 Amritsar massacre, 233 Aztecs, 187 Analects, The (Confucius), 239 Andorra, 134 Babism, 237 Angola, 42, 80 Babones, Salvatore, 24 Annan, Kofi , 81, 144 Baha’ism, 226, 228, 237– 38 Apple Computers, 65, 84, 201 Bahaullah, 237 Arabic/Islamic culture, 180, 182, 187– Bahrain, 134, 229 88 balance of power, 29–30, 80–81 Arab League, 161 Bali, 166 290 INDEX
Bangladesh, 26, 39, 71, 82– 83, 155, Bright, Christopher, 110 193, 230 Britain. See Great Britain Ban Ki- moon, 144 British Council, 209 Baron, Paul, 24 British East India Company, 63, 130 Beijing, 57, 58 British National Space Center, 207 Beirut attacks, 158 British Royal Society, 210 Belgium, 42, 70, 131, 134, 148 British Space Agency, 207 Benghazi attacks, 159, 162 Broad, William J., 205 Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 17 Brunei, 118, 134 Bhagvad Geeta, 215, 231 Buck, Pearl S., 172 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 4 Buddha, 231–32, 238 Bharati Enterprises, 88 Buddhism, 105, 156, 185, 226, 230– 33, Bhindranwale, 233 235, 238– 40 Bhopal explosion, 83 bureaucracy, 62, 132, 183– 84, 239 Bhutan, 134 Burkina Faso, 41 Bhutto, Benazir, 159 Burma, 52, 133 Bible, 227– 28, 236 Bush, George W., 37, 107– 8, 147, 162, bin Laden, Osama, 6, 158– 59, 161– 62 205, 217– 18 birth control, 38– 39, 41, 45 Byzantine Empire, 129 Biruni, Abu Rayhan Ibn Ahmad al- , 189 Calderon, Felipe, 92 Blair, Tony, 204 California, 54, 55, 98 Bloom, Allan, 182 Caliphates, 130, 228 Boeing aircraft, 66 Cambodia, 91, 98, 108, 157, 232 Boko Haram, 159 Campbell, Joseph, 224 Bolivia, 26, 68 Canada, 26, 42, 49, 53, 63, 70, 74, 79– Bollywood, 171, 175 80, 93, 118, 120, 136, 143, 150, 182, Bono, 82 206–8, 218 Born, Max, 215 Canadian Bureau of International Boruch, Robert, 189 Education, 209 Bosnia- Herzegovina, 148, 151, 156 Canadian International Development Boulding, Kenneth, 17 Agency (CIDA), 77 Bound Together (Chandra), 5, 7 Cannon of Medicine, The (Ibn Sina), Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 144 189 Boyle, Robert, 210 capital fl ows, 77– 80, 100, 160, 166, 170 Brahma, 230 capitalism, 3– 5, 23– 24, 27, 29– 30, 58, Brandt, Simone, 122 85, 190 Brazil, 3– 4, 5, 26, 29, 39, 57, 67– 68, CARE, 122 70– 71, 73, 82, 108, 118, 143, 181, Carrefour, 71, 84 192– 93, 195–96, 206 Carter, Jimmy, 109 Bretton Woods, 6, 10, 61– 62, 81 Castro, Fidel, 68, 133– 34 BRIC countries, 5, 6, 71, 73 Caterpillar, 77 Bridgman, Percy, 215 Catholicism, 38, 39, 226– 27, 243– 44 Brief History of Globalization, A (Mc- Celera Genomics, 208 Gillivray), 5 Center for American Progress, 108 INDEX 291
Center for the Interdisciplinary Chrysler, 196 Study of Science and Technology Chuang- tzu, 235 (CISST), 12– 13 Chubin, Daryl, 211 Central American Free Trade Agree- Churchill, Winston, 135 ment (CAFTA), 56, 68, 70, 73 Citgo, 79, 84 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “clash of civilizations/cultures,” 10, 56, 99, 159 60, 160, 164, 190, 230, 243 Centre National d’Etudes Spactiales Clinton, Bill, 108– 9, 147, 217– 18 (CNES), 207 Clinton, William J., Foundation, 77 CERN (European Organization for Clinton Global Initiatives, 122 Nuclear Research), 206– 7 Closing of the American Mind, The Chanakya (Kautilya), 185 (Bloom), 182 Chandra, Nayan, 5, 7 Club of Rome, 15, 34– 36 Chandragupta, Emperor, 185 Coalition Against Traffi cking in Chase- Dunn, Christopher, 24 Women (CATW), 96– 97 Chavez, Hugo, 68–69, 74, 138 Cold War, 29, 52, 152, 216 Cheney, Dick, 162 Cole, USS, attack, 158 Chernobyl, 220 colleges and universities, 201– 3, Chiang Kai- shek, 133, 172 208– 9 Chile, 29, 68, 117– 18, 133, 138, 195 Colombia, 91– 92, 98, 159 China, 3– 5, 13, 22, 26–29, 34, 39– 40, colonialism, 25– 26, 47– 48, 50, 54, 58, 43, 45– 46, 49–50, 52, 54, 57, 65–75, 62– 63, 131– 32, 139, 171, 191– 92 78– 80, 82– 83, 86, 88– 91, 93, 98– 99, Columbus, Christopher, 187 106– 8, 114, 121– 25, 133–34, 142– Comision Nacional de Energia 43, 147, 152, 155– 56, 172– 75, 180– Atomica (CNEA), 196 85, 192– 98, 201–9, 213, 216– 19, Communism, 29, 52, 67, 133– 34, 172 225– 27, 232–35, 238–39, 244 collapse of, 29, 52, 97 ancient, 62– 63, 128– 29, 180, 182– 85 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty China Mobile, 195 (CTBT), 217, 220 Chin Dynasty, 128 computers, 176, 193– 95 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 209 confl icts Chinese Cooperative Medical Scheme, global, 155– 67 122, 123 religious, 224– 25, 232– 34, 243– 44 Chinese Ministry of Health, 121 confl ict theory, 10, 24– 25, 30 Chinese National Offshore Oil Corpo- Confucianism, 226, 234– 35, 238– 39 ration (CNOOC), 69, 79, 80 Congo, 15, 18, 26, 73, 80, 93 Chinese National Peoples’ Congress, Congo, Democratic Republic of, 42, 122 157, 218 Chinese National University of De- Congo, Republic of, 141 fense Technology, 193–94 Constantine I, Emperor, 226 Chirac, Jacques, 150 consumerism, 11, 70– 71, 73, 75, 79– Chisinau, Moldova, 98 80, 84– 86, 100, 170– 71, 173 Christ, 183, 226 core, 26– 30, 75 Christianity, 223–28, 230 core- periphery relations, 51, 54, 129, Chronicles of India (Al- Biruni), 189 131, 180– 81, 213 292 INDEX corporations, 24, 110– 11, 124 Dire, General, 233 See also multinational corporations disasters, natural, 78, 106, 145 (MNCs) diseases and epidemics, 114– 15, 118, cosmic consciousness, 9– 10 121– 22, 130, 133 Costa Rica, 70, 117 Disney, 65, 174 Council for Mutual Economic Assis- Dominican Republic, 70 tance (COMECON), 52, 143 Dow Chemicals, 25 Council on the American Family, 38 Drucker, Peter, 66 Crane, Diane, 211 drug trade, 11, 15, 56, 71, 89– 93, 99– Crick, Francis, 207 101, 160, 166 Croats, 156 Dubai Ports World, 79 Cuba, 27, 49, 52, 67, 68, 74, 117, 118, Duke Power, 113 120– 21, 123, 133–34, 143, 152 Durkheim, Émile, 20– 21 missile crisis, 143, 216 Dutch colonialism, 25, 63, 90 currency markets, 66, 77– 78 Dutch East India Company, 63 Cyprus, 149 Czechoslovakia, 29 Eastern Europe, 56, 98– 99, 129, 181 East Timor, 15, 141, 156 Dalai Lama, 73, 155, 173, 232 Economic and Social Commission for Darfur, 142, 225 Asia and the Pacifi c (ESCAP), 145 Darwin, Charles, 42 Economic and Social Commission for Dell, Inc., 89 Western Asia (ESCWA), 145 Deming, Edwards, 66 Economic Commission for Africa democracy, 30, 135– 39, 175 (ECA), 145 Democratic Party, 138 Economic Commission for Europe demographic transition theories (ECE), 145 (DTT), 10, 42– 59, 60, 101, 114 Economic Commission for Latin Deng Xiaoping, 40, 121, 174 America and the Caribbean Denmark, 42, 48, 134, 136, 150, 205 (ECLAC), 145 Department of Defense, 66 economic growth, 38– 39, 41, 45, 71– Department of Energy, 207, 215 72, 105– 9, 112, 124 dependency theory, 23– 25, 27– 28, 30 economic meltdowns and depressions, See also world systems/dependency 63 theory 1987, 18, 78 Dependency Theory Revisited (Ghosh), 2008– 9, 8, 29, 70, 78 24 2012– 14, 67, 70–71, 78 Derber, Charles, 4 Economist, 175, 221 development models, 19– 21, 28– 29, education, 43, 47, 50, 53, 76, 87, 117, 78–79, 81 118, 191, 201–10 Dharma, 231 Egypt, 3, 23, 123, 133, 157, 194 Dharmic traditions, 226, 229, 231, ancient, 128– 29, 182, 186 241, 244 Ehrlich, Paul, 34 Diamond, Larry, 135 Einstein, Albert, 214–15 dictatorships, 132– 34 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 112 digital divide, 15, 213– 14 Ellerman, Derek, 98 INDEX 293
El Salvador, 26, 70– 71 Food and Agricultural Organization Emancipation Proclamation, 95 (FAO), 82, 146 embargoes, 143 food and nutrition, 114– 16, 124 empires, 128–29, 131– 32 restaurants, 79, 85– 86, 170– 72, See also colonialism and specifi c 174–75 countries Ford Foundation, 77 energy, 37, 69, 105, 106, 109, 112– 14, Ford Motors, 196 220 foreign direct investments (FDIs), 27, Engardio, Pete, 4 67, 69, 71, 77, 79– 80 English language, 174– 75, 211 foreign language study, 209– 10 environment, 11, 29, 35– 37, 58, 83– 84, Foroohar, Rana, 77 103–25 Four Modernizations policy, 40 Environmental Protection Agency France, 2, 25– 26, 42, 43, 48– 49, 56, 67, (EPA), 108 70, 78– 79, 93, 131, 137– 38, 142– 43, Erasmus program, 209 148– 50, 171–72, 174, 199, 208–9, Ethiopia, 42, 50, 133 216, 218, 228 European Commission, 149 Franco, Francisco, 133 European Common Market, 68, 70 Frank, Andre Gunder, 23, 25 European Court of Auditors, 149 Frank, Tommy, 148 European Court of Justice, 149 free markets, 66– 67, 69, 73, 75, 100, 152 European Economic Community Friedman, Tom, 6, 213 (EEC), 15, 65, 70, 148 Fritz, Jack, 205 European Parliament, 149 Fuchs, Klaus, 216 European Space Agency (ESA), 207 Fukushima disaster, 4, 58, 220 European Union (EU), 1, 3, 11, 29, 56, Fulbright- Hays Program, 209 65, 70, 143, 148– 50, 152– 53, 219 Fuller, Buckminster, 245 Euro Zone, 3, 18, 67, 70, 78– 79, 150 furniture industry, 7, 73, 176 Exploring Globalization, 2 extraverted economies, 28 G7 nations, 78 Exxon-Mobil, 25 G8 nations, 26, 29, 78– 79, 82 G20, 26 Falklands War, 156 Gaddafi , Muammar, 133, 219 Family Research Council, 38 Gandhi, Indira, 233 FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces Gandhi, Mahatma, 85, 105, 224– 25 of Colombia), 159 Gans, Herbert, 58, 82 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Granth Sahib, Guru, 234 99, 159 Gasprom, 85 Fermi, Enrico, 215 Gates, Melinda and Bill, Foundation, fertility rates, 36–43, 45– 46, 51 77, 122 fi nancial institutions, 29, 63, 77– 80, Gaza Strip, 157 100 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, 22, 58 Financial Times, 71 General Agreement on Trade and Finland, 42, 45, 205 Tariffs (GATT), 61 First World, 29 General Motors, 196 Flint, Robert, 190 Genghis Khan, 129 294 INDEX
Germany, 26, 43, 49, 56, 67, 70, 79, 88, Hadith, 130 93, 97, 110, 114, 148–50, 174, 194, Haiti, 49, 115 196, 199, 205, 213, 220, 218 Hamas, 157 Germany (continued) Han Dynasty, 128 East, 29 Haqqani group, 159 Nazi, 133, 140, 147, 150, 214 Harappa, 180, 185 Ghana, 52 Hardy, G. H., 186 Ghaznavi, Mahmud, 189 Harper, Charles, 21– 22 Ghosh, B. N., 23, 24 health and medicine, 43– 44, 114– 15, Giddens, Anthony, 66 117– 24, 125, 145, 189, 208 Giza pyramids, 186 health maintenance organizations global consciousness, 8–10, 31, 75– 77, (HMOs), 119 82, 86– 89, 101, 105, 113, 166 Held, David, 5 Global Healthcare Information Net- Hezbollah, 159, 162– 63 work, 118 Hinduism, 130, 165, 224– 26, 229– 34, Globalization (Steger), 4, 6 243 Globalization/Anti-Globalization (Held Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 215, 240 and McGrew), 5 Hispanic immigrants, 45, 51, 53– 56 “Globalization: Boon or Bane,” 62, 171 Hitler, Adolf, 133, 215 globalized structures, defi ned, 1–2 Hizbut- Tahrir, 130 Global Village, The (McLuhan), 15, 64 Hobbes, Thomas, 20 global warming, 106, 109– 12 Ho Chi- Minh, 134 Goethe Institute, 209 Hollande, François, 2 Go Glocal, 77 Hollywood, 171– 72 Golden Temple, 233–34 Home Depot, 75 Golden Triangle, 91 Honda, 88–89, 196, 198 Gore, Al, 36, 108, 111 Honduras, 56, 70– 71 governance, 127– 54 Hong Kong, 65, 88 Great Britain, 26, 48, 67, 97, 118, 134, Horowitz, Irving, 29 136, 150, 162, 171, 196, 206, 216 Huawei Technologies, 73, 84, 195 Commonwealth, 11, 48, 77, 151, Hudson Bay Company, 63 153, 209 Hui peoples, 235 Empire, 25, 26, 48, 63, 90, 139– 32, Human Development Index (HDI), 135, 151, 171, 174, 186 26–27 Greece, 3, 67, 93, 149, 150 Human Development Report, 81 ancient, 23, 95, 183 Human Genome Project (HGP), greenhouse gases, 110, 113 207–8 Green Parties, 106 human rights, 74, 152 Green Revolution, 34, 83, 114 human traffi cking, 15, 48– 49, 56, 89, Grenada, 156 95–101 Guatemala, 70, 91, 98 Hungary, 29 Guinea, 42, 80 hunger and malnutrition, 34, 82, 115, Gulf States, 49, 118 118, 125, 191 Gulf War, 156– 57 Hunter, James, 170– 71 Gurudwaras, 233 hurricanes, 108, 113 INDEX 295
Hussein, Saddam, 133, 156, 229 international aid, 77, 78, 83 Hutchison Telecommunications, 73 International Atomic Energy Agency Hutterites, 105 (IAEA), 216– 17, 219– 20 hygiene, 43, 115 international conferences, 211, 213 Hyundai, 84, 196 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 146–47 Iacocca, Lee, 111 International Criminal Court (ICC), IBM, 65, 84, 89 147–48 Ibn Khaldun, 189– 90 International Fertility Center, 38 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 189 International Finance Corporation Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 188– 89 (IFC), 77 ICBMs, 4 International Labor Organization Ikea, 84 (ILO), 96, 146 Imam Mehdi, 229 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Incas, 187 1, 23, 25, 61, 70, 77– 78 Inconvenient Truth, An (fi lm), 36, 111 International Organization for Migra- India, 3– 6, 13– 14, 22, 26– 29, 34, 39– tion, 98 43, 45– 46, 49– 50, 64– 65, 67– 69, International Space Station, 207 71– 74, 80, 82– 83, 85– 86, 88– 89, Internet, 14, 66, 172, 193– 95, 194, 211, 93, 98, 106–8, 114, 119, 122– 23, 213 135– 36, 141, 143, 147, 152, 158–59, interstate highway system, 112– 13 165, 172–75, 180– 82, 184– 86, 189, “In the Vanguard of Globalization” 192– 98, 201–9, 213, 216– 18, 229– (Hunter and Yates), 170– 71 30, 232– 33, 237, 241– 42, 244 invisible colleges, 201, 210– 11, 219 ancient, 62, 128–30, 182, 184– 86 Iran, 23, 93– 95, 119, 130, 134, 141, independence and partition, 25, 143, 152, 165, 196, 206, 218– 19, 151, 155, 165, 224– 25 229, 237, 241– 42 Indian Council of Scientifi c and In- Iran- Iraq war, 141, 155 dustrial Research (CSIR), 12, 209 Iraq, 93– 94, 133, 141– 42, 144, 148– 50, Indonesia, 26, 29, 43, 45, 57, 93, 130, 156– 59, 162, 165, 180, 183, 229, 133, 137, 206, 208, 213, 230, 232 244 Industrial Revolution, 62, 179, 190– 92, Iron Pillar, 185–86 200 Islam (Muslims), 30, 39, 45, 48, 96, Indus Valley, 180, 185, 230 130, 134, 163– 64, 180, 223– 26, inequality, 3, 81– 82 228– 30, 233–35, 243 infant mortality, 43, 45, 117, 121 extremists, 159– 60 Infeld, Leopold, 215 Golden Age, 187– 89 infl ation, 63, 71 Sharia law, 130, 134 information technology (IT), 14, 29, Shia, 163, 165, 228– 29, 237, 243 49, 64, 66–67, 71, 195 Sunni, 163, 165, 228– 29, 243 Infosys, 50, 71, 201 Islamabad attacks, 162, 166 In Search of Excellence (Peters and Israel, 93, 118, 120, 136, 141, 147, 160, Waterman), 65 162– 63, 205, 216, 219 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Israeli- Arab confl ict, 142, 156– 57, Change (IPCC), 109, 112 162–63, 165 296 INDEX
Is Wal- Mart Good for America? (fi lm), Khufu, Pharaoh, 186 75 Kia, 84 Italy, 3, 26, 39, 42, 67, 70, 97, 131, 148, Kim Il- sung, 134 150, 162, 172, 196, 199, 209 Kim Jong- il, 171 Fascist, 133, 140, 150 Kim Jong- un, 68, 219 Kirchner, Cristina, 71 Jainism, 226, 230– 31, 238, 241 Klare, Michael, 94 Janjaweed militia, 142 K-Mart, 75 Janki Foundation for Global Health- Korean War, 141, 155 care (Wattumal Foundation), 78 Kosovo, 148, 156 Janowski, John E., 205 Kuhn, Thomas, 179– 80, 199 Japan, 4, 26, 42, 43, 45, 61, 65– 66, 69, Kulliat (Ibn Rushd), 189 78– 79, 88, 97, 118, 120, 136, 140, Kurlansky, Mark, 157, 224 143, 150, 172, 174– 75, 180– 81, 192, Kuwait, 39, 134, 142 196– 97, 199, 205, 207– 8, 213, 218, Kyoto Protocol, 106– 9, 112 220, 226, 232, 235, 238–40, 244 Japanese Ministry of International Laos, 91 Trade and Industry (MITI), 65 Lao-tzu, 234–35, 238 Jerusalem, 237 Large Hadron Collider, 207 jihads, 224, 243 Laws of Manu, The, 230 Jobs, Steve, 201 League of Nations, 140– 41 Join Together Online, 94 Lebanon, 159, 162– 63, 225 Joliot- Curie, J. F., 215 Lenin, V. I., 133 Jordan, 39, 134 Lenovo, 50, 69, 73, 84, 88– 89, 195 Jordan, Michael, 171 Lesotho, 134 Judaism, 223–24, 226, 228, 236– 37 Libya, 3, 94, 133, 151, 157, 219 Liechtenstein, 134 Kabila, Joseph, 141 life expectancy, 42– 43, 45, 121 Kabila, Laurent, 141 lifestyles, 170– 76 Kaiser, Henry J., Family Foundation, Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 15, 118 34–35 Kamen, Dean, 201 Lincoln, Abraham, 95 Karadzic, Radovan, 148 livable countries, 41–42 Karzai, Hamid, 92 local cultures, 76– 77, 175 Kashmir, 141, 155, 165 Locke, John, 20 Kautilya (Chanakya), 185 London subway attacks, 158, 162, 166, Kazakhstan, 218 244 Kennedy, John F., 52 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 215 Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 108 Lowes, 75 Kenya, 48, 73, 158 Lu, Peter, 190 KFC, 174 Luther, Martin, 227 Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 217 Luxembourg, 42, 70 Khobar Towers attacks, 158 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 134 Maastricht Treaty, 148 Khrushchev, Nikita, 52 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 189 INDEX 297
MAD (mutually assured destruction), Merton, Robert, 182 220–21 Mesopotamia, 23, 106, 180, 182– 83 Mahabharata, 230 Mexico, 2, 34, 39, 43, 49, 53– 58, 70– 71, Mahathir, Mohammed, 133 73– 74, 82– 83, 90– 92, 98, 119, 138, Mahavira, Lord, 238, 241 143, 172, 181, 187, 195–96 Malawi, 42 Microsoft, 84 Malaysia, 29, 93, 118, 136, 208, 230, Middle East, 18, 80, 96, 165, 194, 225– 232, 235, 244 26, 243 Mali, 41, 115, 162 ancient, 128, 182 Malta, 149 migration, 43, 46– 59, 114, 155, 166, Malthus, Thomas, 42– 43, 114 202–3 management practices, 87– 89, 101 illegal, 48–49, 53– 55, 73– 74, 95 Manhattan Project, 201, 215– 16 Migration Policy Institute, 50, 54 Mankind at the Turning Point (Club of Millennium Development Project, Rome), 15 81–82 manufacturing, 53, 63, 71, 75, 79 Milosevic, Slobodan, 148 Maoist-Naxalite confl icts, 165 Ming Dynasty, 180 Mao Zedong, 40, 133, 172, 174, 235 Mitterrand, François, 2 Marcuse, Herbert, 3 mixed-economies, 67–68 Mariam, Mengisto, 133 mobile phones, 172, 176, 193, 213 Marketing Services, 73 modernization theory, 10, 19– 23, Marsh, Peter, 75 27, 30– 31, 75, 82, 101, 125, 131, Marshall Plan, 51 190–92 Marsh Arabs, 183 Mohammed, Prophet, 130, 228– 29 Maruti Suzuki, 197 Mohenjo- Daro, 180, 185 Marx, Karl, 24, 57– 58 Monaco, 134 Marxism, 25, 30, 134 monarchies, 134, 136 Masood, Commander, 92 money laundering, 93, 95, 99 maternal health, 117– 18, 121 Mongolian Empire, 129, 183 mathematics, 183, 185– 87 Morales, Evo, 68 Mauryan Empire, 128, 185, 232 Mormons, 96 Mayans, 187 Morocco, 134 McDonald’s, 65, 84– 86, 171, 174 Mozambique, 42 McGillivray, Alex, 5 Mubarak, Hosni, 133 McGrew, Anthony, 5 Mugabe, Robert, 115, 133 McLuhan, Marshall, 15, 64 Muggah, Robert, 94 Mead, George Herbert, 169 Mughal Empire, 129, 130, 233– 34 Meadows, Donella and Dennis, 34, Muller, Hermann, 215 36 multidirectional fl ows, 193, 195– 98 Medicaid and Medicare, 119– 20 multinational corporations (MNCs), Meiji Restoration, 180, 239 14, 21, 25, 27– 28, 50, 63, 68– 69, Mennonites, 105 79– 80, 82– 84, 86– 89, 170, 206 Mercedes Benz, 196– 97 Mumbai attacks, 158, 162, 166 Mercosur, 70, 74 Muqaddimah (Ibn Khaldun), 189– 90 Merkel, Angela, 220 Murthy, Narayan, 201 298 INDEX
Musharraf, Parvez, 133 Nlilekani, Nandan, 71 Mussolini, Benito, 133 nongovernmental organizations Myanmar, 26, 52, 68, 91, 123, 128, 133, (NGOs), 37, 78, 106, 122, 145, 162 232, 238, 243 North American Free Trade Agree- ment (NAFTA), 15, 53, 56, 68, 70, Nanak, Guru, 233– 34 73–74, 196 Narayan, R. K., 184– 85 North American Treaty Organization Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 133 (NATO), 92, 150– 51, 153 National Academy of Engineering, 205 Northern Ireland, 225, 243 National Institutes of Health, 207 North Korea, 4, 52, 67– 68, 93, 95, 115, National Science Foundation (NSF), 134, 141, 143, 152, 171, 196, 216, 13, 205, 209 218– 19, 235, 238 nation-states, 132 Norway, 41, 93, 134 Native Americans, 45, 105, 182, 186– 87 Nowak, Mark, 37 natural resources, 80, 105– 6 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Needham, Joseph, 172, 184 (NNPT), 217, 220–21 Negative Population Growth, 37 nuclear technology, 4, 95, 143, 152, neoliberalism, 10, 30, 67 156, 165, 181, 195– 96, 207, 214–21 neo-Marxism, 24–25, 30 Nuremberg Trials, 147 Nepal, 13, 26, 98, 115, 128, 134, 230, Nyerere, Julius, 52 232 Nestle, 83 Oak Creek attacks, 234 Netherlands, 42, 70, 134, 217 Obama, Barack, 2, 55, 107, 109, 119 See also Dutch colonialism Occupy Wall Street, 3 New Agriculture Technology (NAT), offshoring and outsourcing, 53, 63, 69, 83 71, 75– 77, 87, 170 New Immigrant Survey, 49 Oil and National Gas Commission of Ne Win, 133 India (ONGC), 79 newly industrializing economics oil industry, 18, 69, 79– 80, 85 (NIEs), 22, 26, 28, 85 Okinawa Institute of Science and New Mexico, 54 Technology (OIST), 207 Newton, Isaac, 182 Olympics (Beijing, 2008), 156, 232 New York Federal District Court, 83 Oman, 39, 134 New Zealand, 42, 49, 118, 120, 136, Omar, Mullah, 92, 134, 161– 62 180, 209 open- door policies, 67– 70 Nicaragua, 70 opium, 63, 90– 92 Niger, 41 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 215 Nigeria, 42, 73, 91, 142, 159 Organization of Economic Coopera- NIMBY, 109– 10, 124 tion and Development (OECD), 9/11 attacks, 15, 49, 151, 156– 58, 160– 77, 205–6 62, 164, 166, 190, 244 Ottoman Empire, 48, 129– 30, 149, 180 Nirvana, 232, 240 Oxfam, 122 Nissan, 89, 196, 198 Nixon, Richard M., 108, 173 Pakistan, 13, 39, 57, 71, 73– 74, 78, 83, Nkrumah, Kwame, 52 91, 93, 95, 130, 133, 141, 151, 158– 59, INDEX 299
162, 165, 180, 185, 196, 201, 206, 216– Pugwash Conferences, 215– 16 19, 225, 229–30, 242 Palestinians, 141– 42, 144, 156 Qatar, 39, 134 Panama, 156 Qin Dynasty, 180, 184 Pan Am fl ight, 103, 158 Quayle, Dan, 108 Pan Islamic groups, 130 Quran, 130, 228 Paraguay, 70 Qutub Minar, 185 parliamentary systems, 136– 37 Parsees, 241– 42, 45 racism, 36– 37 Parsons, Talcott, 17 Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 148 Pauling, Linus, 215 Ramadan, 229 Peace Corps, 52 Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 186 Pena Nieto, Enrique, 2 Ramayana, 230 periphery, 26– 30, 75 R&D, 65, 200– 208, 213 Perlmutter, Howard, 88 Reagan, Ronald, 92 Persia, medieval, 188– 89 Red Cross, 78, 157 Persian Gulf monarchies, 134 Reich, Robert, 63– 64, 66 Peru, 91 religion, 11, 22, 60, 170, 223– 46 Peters, Thomas, 65 Renaissance, 62, 171 Philippines, 34, 64, 71, 83, 91, 97– 99, Republican Party, 138 119, 122–23, 206, 208, 213, 238 Ritzer, George, 4 Pinochet, Augusto, 133 Roberts, John, 2 Pizza Hut, 86, 174 Robinson, Francis, 188 Plato, 183 Rockefeller Foundation, 77, 122 Poland, 150 Romania, 29, 218 Polaris Project, 98– 99 Rome, ancient, 23, 95, 128– 29, 183, Polo, Marco, 172 226 population, 33– 60, 105, 114– 15, 191 Rome Statute, 147 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 34 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 140, 214 Portugal, 3, 90, 130– 31 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 216 postcolonial countries, 47–48, 192 Rostow, Walt W., 19– 21 postindustrial societies, 29, 43, 53, 66, Rotblat, Joseph, 215 192 Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, 20 poverty, 81– 82, 100, 115, 124– 25, 161, Rubik, Erno, 201 191 Rumsfeld, Donald, 148, 162 Powell, Cecil, 215 Russell, Bertrand, 184– 85, 215 preferential trade areas (PTAs), 74– 75, Russia, imperial, 129 100 Russian Federation, 5, 26, 41, 43, 45, Price, Derek de Solla, 200– 201, 210 71, 73, 80, 93, 97, 99, 107, 118, 137– Price of Inequality, The (Stiglitz), 3 38, 142, 152, 181, 196, 207, 218– 20 prostitution, 95– 99 See also Soviet Union protectionism, 28, 67 Russian Space Agency (RKA), 207 Protestantism, 227– 28, 243– 44 Rwanda, 15, 42, 141– 42, 144, 156 public transportation, 112– 13 Pueblo Indians, 54 Sachs, Jeffrey, 81 300 INDEX
Sadat, Anwar, 133 social Darwinism, 10 Sahel, 115 Socialism, 67– 68 Said, Edward, 10 Socrates, 183 Salafi sts, 159 Somalia, 18, 39, 73, 93, 115, 141, 159 Salah, 229 Sony, 50, 84 Samsara, 231– 32 South Africa, 6, 73, 80, 119, 136, 143, Samsung, 84 194, 219 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 2 Southern Technology Council (STC), Satya Sai Baba movement, 225 12–13 Saudi Arabia, 39, 97, 118, 130, 134, South Korea, 26, 49, 65, 88, 98, 118, 148, 158 123, 144, 181, 197, 203– 6, 208, 213, Save the Children, 78 218, 235, 238 Scandinavia, 43, 110, 199 Soviet Union, 70, 92, 97– 98, 133, 142– Schroeder, Gerhard, 150 43, 181, 216–18, 220 Schumacher, E. F., 105 dissolution of, 26, 52, 67– 68 Science and Civilization in China See also Russian Federation (Needham), 184 space technology, 4, 181, 207 science and technology, 11, 13– 15, 22, Spain, 3, 42, 54, 56, 62, 67, 97, 131, 62– 64, 67, 76, 170, 174, 176–222 133– 34, 150, 162, 209, 213 Science Policy Division, 13 Moorish, 62, 130, 180, 187, 189 Second World, 29 Sri Lanka, 13, 15, 27, 39, 45, 118, 123, secularism, 135 141, 148, 156, 159, 230, 232, 243 semiperiphery, 26, 27, 42, 80 Standard Bank, 80 Sen, Amartya, 62 Staple, Brent, 202 Serbs, 156 Starbucks, 174 Sethi, P. K., 201 State Department, 97, 159 Shahadah, 229 Steger, Manfred, 4, 6 Sheinin, David, 196 Steinhardt, Paul, 190 Shell, 25 Stevens, J. Christopher, 159 Shintoism, 226, 239– 40 Stiglitz, Joseph, 3, 4 Shirazi, Ali Mohammed (Bab), 237 Stockholm International Peace Re- Siemens, 84 search Institute, 93 Sierra Leone, 41 structural- functionalism, 10, 20– 21, Sikhism, 226, 233–34 30 Sikkim, 134 Sudan, 18, 73, 80, 130, 141– 42, 225 Singapore, 65, 88, 97, 123, 181, 205– 6, Sufi s, 105, 225 208, 213, 232, 235, 238, 244 Suharto, 133 single- payer system, 118, 123 Sukarno, 133 Skills Gap Survey, 204 Suleiman the Magnifi cent, 129 Skinner, B. F., 239 Swam, 229 Sklair, Leslie, 4 Swaziland, 134 slavery, 51, 54, 58, 95– 100 Sweden, 41, 49, 56, 134, 136, 171, 196, Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 105 205 Smith, Adam, 67 Swedeshi movement, 105 social contract theories, 20 Switzerland, 42, 136, 171, 205 INDEX 301 symbolic interaction, 10, 21 Torah, 228, 236 Syria, 3, 93– 94, 129, 141, 157, 163, Toshiba, 84 165, 229 totalitarianism, 132– 33 systems theory, 10, 11, 17– 19, 29–30, total quality management, 66 101 Toynbee, Arnold, 190 See also modernization theory; Toyota, 84, 88–89, 196, 198 world systems theory trade, 10, 15, 62–63, 66– 67, 70, 73– 76, Szilard, Leo, 214– 15 131– 32, 170, 174 Traffi cking Victims Protection Act, 99 Tablighi Jamaat, 130 Train, Russell, 108 Tagore, Rabindranath, 9– 10 travel and tourism, 114, 211 Taibbi, Matt, 6 Trust-Mart, 174 Taiwan, 65, 74, 88, 118, 181, 205, 208, Tunisia, 3, 133, 157, 189 213, 235 Turkey, 26, 39, 56, 70, 91, 129– 30, 136, Tajikistan, 118 149, 152, 172, 180, 213, 224 Taliban, 92, 130, 134, 159, 161– 62, 165 Talmud, 236 Uganda, 148 Tamil culture, 180 Ukraine, 218 Tamil Tigers (LTTE), 148, 156, 159 Ullemas, 130 Tang Dynasty, 235 Umayyad Caliphate, 130 Tanzania, 42, 52, 158 underground economy, 11, 89– 101, Taoism, 226, 234– 36, 243 160 Tao-te- Ching , 235 unemployment, 75– 76 Target, 71, 75, 84 Union Carbide, 83 Tata Steel and Group, 80, 195, 197 Union Oil Company of California Taylor, Charles, 148 (UNOCAL), 80 technology. See science and technol- United Arab Emirates, 134, 194 ogy United Kingdom, 42, 49, 70, 93, 136, technology development pyramid, 198 142, 156, 199, 208– 9, 228, 244 telecommunications, 80, 193– 95 See also Great Britain Teresa, Mother, 38 United Nations (UN), 1, 11, 21, 25, 77, Terracotta Army, 184 132, 135, 139–48, 153, 216– 17, 221 terrorism, 11, 15, 158– 66 Charter, 144 Tesco, 71, 84 General Assembly, 142, 144, 146– Thailand, 45, 97, 98, 118, 232 47 Thatcher, Margaret, 52 peace- keeping, 141– 42, 156, 158, Third Wave (Toffl er), 15, 64 162–63 Third World, 29 Secretariat, 144 Thomson Consumer Electronics, 75 Security Council, 142– 44, 146–47 3M Company, 65 UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 78, Three Mile Island, 220 117, 122, 145 Tibet, 73, 155– 56, 173, 232 UN Commission on Human Rights, Tito, Josip, 133 96 Toffl er, Alvin, 15, 64– 65 UN Commission on the Status of Tonnies, Ferdinand, 22, 58 Women, 97 302 INDEX
UN Conference on Trade and Devel- UN and, 140– 42, 147 opment (UNCTAD), 145 See also specifi c agencies and laws UN conferences on environment and US Agency for International Develop- climate change, 109 ment (US- AID), 37, 77 UN Development Program (UNDP), US Congress, 99, 107, 119, 137, 140 26– 27, 82, 145 US Educational Foundation in India UN Educational, Scientifi c and Cul- (USEFI), 209 tural Organization, 13, 145 US Supreme Court, 2, 119, 137 UN Environmental Program (UNEP), Upanishads, 230 109 urbanization, 58– 60, 170 UN Framework Convention on Cli- “Uses of Poverty, The” (Gans), 58 mate Change, 107 UN Industrial Development Organi- Vedas, 230 zation (UNIDO), 146 Venezuela, 68, 70, 74, 119, 123, 138, UN Millennium Declaration, 81, 115, 143 117, 124 Vietnam, 67– 68, 121, 123, 134, 152, United States, 42, 244 157, 213, 235, 238 Afghanistan and, 156– 57, 163 War, 52, 108, 141, 155 CAFTA and, 70, 73 Volkswagen, 196 Civil War, 138 Volvo, 196 colonialism and, 26 Cuba and, 143, 152 Wahab, Mohammed, 130 culture and, 170–72, 174 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 24, 26, 28 economy and, 69, 71, 78, 80 Walmart, 65, 71, 75, 84, 88– 89, 174 education and, 202–3, 209–10 War Crimes Tribunals, 147– 48 election of 2008 and, 55 water, 106, 110– 11, 114– 15, 124– 25 embassy attacks and, 158– 59 Watergate scandal, 108 environment and, 110– 14 Waterman, Robert, 65 governance and, 137–38 Watson, James, 207 Grenada and Panama and, 156 wealth concentration, 29, 100 Gulf War and, 156 Weber, Max, 21, 62, 184 health and, 119– 20, 125 Westernization, 23, 30, 79– 80 illegal trade and, 91– 94, 97– 99 Williams, S. Wells, 184 Iraq and, 149– 50, 156– 57 Wilson, Woodrow, 140 migration and, 47, 49– 57 Winchester, Simon, 184 MNCs and, 79, 88 Wiseman, Paul, 70– 71 NAFTA and, 70, 73– 74 WMDs, 93, 100, 156, 214 NATO and, 150– 51 Wolf, Martin, 4 nuclear technology and, 214– 20 Wolfowitz, Paul, 162 population and, 36– 37, 45, 52– 53, women, 39, 43, 45, 53, 95– 100, 117 58–59 Work of Nations, The (Reich), 63– 64 Revolutionary War, 131 World Bank, 1, 5, 23, 25, 61, 77– 78, science and, 66, 180, 182, 196, 199, 80 202–9, 213 World Drug Report (2008), 91 terrorism and, 158– 59, 161– 62 World Economic Forum, 106– 7, 82 INDEX 303
World Health Organization (WHO), Xi Jinping, 122 122, 145, 157 World Is Flat, The (Friedman), 6, 213 Yang Yuanqing, 89 World Meteorological Organization, Yates, Joshua, 170– 71 109 Yemen, 3, 133, 157, 158 World Social Forum, 106– 7 Yuan Dynasty, 235 World System (Frank and Gills), 23 Yugoslavia, 29, 133, 144, 148, 196 world systems/dependency theory Yukawa, Hideki, 215 (WST), 10, 19, 23– 31, 51, 54, 58, Yukos, 85 60, 75, 78–80, 82, 94– 95, 100–101, 122, 125, 129, 180– 81, 206 Zakaat, 229 World Trade Organization (WTO), 25, Zarathustra, 241 61, 66, 69, 123, 152 Zenawi, Meles, 133 World War I, 140, 149, 155 zero population growth (ZPG), 42– 43 World War II, 51, 61, 140, 150, 155, Zhou Enlai, 40 214–15, 240 Zimbabwe, 13, 73, 115, 133 Worldwatch Institute, 110 Zoroastrianism, 226, 230, 241– 42