DOCSLIB.ORG

A Theory-Based Meta-Analysis of Research on Instruction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Theory-Based Meta-Analysis of Research on Instruction For more information visit McREL at www.mcrel.org Thank you for downloading A Theory-Based Meta-Analysis of Research on Instruction from the McREL Web site. Skip introduction Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL) is a private nonprofit corporation located in Denver, Colorado. We provide field tested, research-based products and services in the following areas: • Assessment, Accountability, • Mathematics and Data Use • Professional Development • Curriculum • Rural Education • Diversity • School Improvement and • Early Childhood Education Reform • Education Technology • Science • Instruction • Standards • Leadership and Organization • Teacher Preparation and Development Retention • Literacy PDFPDFdownload For more information visit McREL at www.mcrel.org Copyright Information u This site and its contents are Copyright © 1995–2006 McREL except where otherwise noted. All rights reserved. The McREL logo and “Converting Information to Knowledge” are trademarks of McREL. Other trademarks are the properties of the respective owners, and may or may not be used under license. Permission is granted to reproduce, store and/or distribute the materials appearing on this web site with the following limits: • Materials may be reproduced, stored and/or distributed for informational and educational uses, but in no case may they be used for profit or commercially without McREL’s prior written permission. • Materials may not be modified, altered or edited in any way without the express permission of Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning. Please contact McREL. • This copyright page must be included with any materials from this web site that are reproduced, stored and/or distributed, except for personal use. • McREL must be notified when materials are reproduced, stored and/or distributed, except for personal use. PDFPDFdownload A Theory-Based Meta-Analysis of Research on Instruction by Robert J. Marzano Mid-continent Regional Educational Laboratory Aurora, Colorado 2550 S. Parker Road, Suite 500 Aurora, Colorado 80014 (303)337-0990 - (303)337-3005 - Fax December 1998 This publication is based on work sponsored wholly, or in part, by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Department of Education, under Contract Number RJ96006101. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views of OERI or any other agency of the U.S. Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: THE NEED FOR A THEORY-BASED REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH .......................................1 Summary and Preview of Chapters ......................................11 CHAPTER 2: THE REPRESENTATIONAL MODALITIES ......................12 The Linguistic Modality ................................................13 The Nature of Abstract Concepts ..................................16 Propositional Networks ..........................................17 The Nonlinguistic Modality ............................................19 Mental Images ..................................................20 Auditory, Kinesthetic, Taste, and Olfactory Representations ..........22 The Affective Modality ................................................22 The Modularity of the Human Mind .....................................25 Summary ............................................................28 CHAPTER 3: SELF, METACOGNITION, COGNITION AND KNOWLEDGE .....29 The Knowledge Domains ..............................................29 The Domain of Information .......................................29 Information and the Three Representational Modalities ..............33 The Mental Process Domain ......................................33 Mental Processes and the Three Representational Modalities ..........34 The Psychomotor Domain ........................................35 Psychomotor Domain and the Three Representational Modalities ......36 The Cognitive System ..................................................36 Storage and Retrieval ............................................37 The Information Processing Functions .............................39 Basic Input/Output Communication Processes ......................43 The Hybrid Nature of the Input/Output Communication Functions ...50 Knowledge Utilization Processes ..................................50 The Hybrid Nature of the Knowledge Utilization Process .............53 The Cognitive System and the Three Representational Modalities .....54 The Metacognitive System ..............................................54 Goal Specification ...............................................54 Process Specification .............................................55 Process Monitoring ..............................................56 Disposition Monitoring ..........................................56 The Metacognitive System and the Three Representation Modalities ...57 The Self-system .......................................................57 Self-attributes ...................................................58 Self and Others .................................................58 Nature of the World .............................................58 Efficacy ........................................................59 Purpose ........................................................59 The Process of Motivation and Attention ...........................60 The Self-system and the Three Representational Modalities ...........62 Relationship to Bloom's Taxonomy ......................................63 Summary ............................................................65 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF META-ANALYSIS .................................66 Defining the Domain of Research ........................................66 Moderator Variables ...................................................67 Intended User of Technique ......................................67 Specificity of Instructional Technique ..............................68 Grade Level of Students ..........................................68 Student Ability .................................................69 Duration of Treatment ...........................................69 Specificity (Reactivity) of Dependent Measure ......................69 Methodological Quality ..........................................70 Type of Publication ..............................................70 Inclusion of Studies ....................................................71 Selection and Computation of Effect Sizes ................................72 Combining Multiple Effect Sizes ..................................74 Notation and Symbols .................................................75 Summary ............................................................75 CHAPTER 5: GENERAL FINDINGS AND THE MODERATOR VARIABLES .....76 The Moderator Variables ...............................................81 Intended User of the Strategies ....................................81 Specificity of Instructional Techniques .............................82 Grade Level of Students ..........................................82 Student Ability .................................................83 Duration of Treatment ...........................................83 Specificity (Reactivity) of Dependent Measure ......................84 Methodological Quality ..........................................85 Publication Type ................................................85 General Discussion of Moderator Variables .........................86 Summary ............................................................86 CHAPTER 6: THE KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS .................................87 Instructional Strategies That Utilize the Cognitive System ..................88 Strategies Based on Storage and Retrieval ..........................88 Strategies Based on Information Processing Functions ................89 Basic Input/Output Communication Processes ......................92 Knowledge Utilization Processes ..................................93 Instructional Strategies That Utilize The Metacognitive System ..............93 Goal Specification ...............................................94 Process Specification-Process Monitoring ...........................94 Disposition Monitoring ..........................................95 Instructional Strategies That Utilize the Self-system ........................95 Effects for Specific Types of Knowledge ..................................97 The Informational Domain .......................................97 Details ........................................................100 Vocabulary ....................................................101 The Mental Process Domain .....................................103 The Psychomotor Domain .......................................104 Conclusion ..........................................................105 CHAPTER 7: THE COGNITIVE SYSTEM ....................................107 Storage and Retrieval .................................................107 Information Processing Functions ......................................107 Identifying Specific Objectives ...................................107 Wait Time .....................................................108 Feedback ......................................................108 The Impact of the Metacognitive System on the Cognitive System ....108 Input/Output Communication Functions ...............................109 Reading .......................................................109 Writing .......................................................112 Knowledge Utilization Processes .......................................114 Conclusion ..........................................................116
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AN INTERVENTION SPECIALIST's JOURNEY THROUGH the ZONE of PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT a Dissertation Submitted to the Kent State Univ
    AN INTERVENTION SPECIALIST’S JOURNEY THROUGH THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Carol A. Carrig May, 2016 © Copyright, 2016 by Carol A. Carrig All Rights Reserved ii A dissertation written by Carol A. Carrig B.S., Kent State University, 1978 M.Ed., Cleveland State University, 2004 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2016 Approved by _________________________, Co-director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Alicia R. Crowe _________________________, Co-director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Jennifer L. Walton-Fisette _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Melody Tankersley Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Teaching, Learning and Alexa L. Sandmann Curriculum Studies _________________________, Interim Dean, College of Education, Health Mark A. Kretovics and Human Services iii CARRIG, CAROL A., Ph.D., May 2016 Teaching, Learning and Curriculum Studies AN INTERVENTION SPECIALIST’S JOURNEY THROUGH THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (269 pp.) Co-Directors of Dissertation: Alicia R. Crowe, Ph.D. Jennifer L. Walton-Fisette, Ph.D. This self-study focused of an intervention specialist’s decision-making process in designing instruction for students with special needs and those at risk in learning. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) provided the lens through which this research was conceptualized and viewed. The purpose of this research study was to utilize a reflective thinking practice in examining my part of the teaching/learning cycle discerning what information lead to decisions in creating scaffolds for students’ zone of proximal development.
    [Show full text]
  • The Components of Direct Instruction*
    CATHY L. WATKINS, California State University, Stanislaus and TIMOTHY A. SLOCUM, Utah State University Instruction is designed to serve this purpose. The Components Accomplishing this goal requires keen atten- tion to all aspects of teaching. It would be of Direct Instruction* much easier if we could focus on one or two “key issues” and produce measurably superior instruction, but this is not the case. Producing highly effective teaching requires that we Objectives attend to a wide variety of details concerning After studying this chapter you should be able the design, organization, and delivery of to instruction. If any one element of instruction is not done well, high-quality instruction in 1. Identify the three major elements of Direct other areas may not compensate for it. For Instruction. example, superior instructional delivery cannot make up for poorly designed instructional 2. Explain what it means to teach a general materials. Likewise, well-designed programs case. cannot compensate for poor organization. 3. Describe each of the five juxtaposition prin- Three main components enable Direct ciples and explain how they contribute to Instruction to accomplish the goal of teaching clear communication. all children effectively and efficiently: (a) pro- gram design that identifies concepts, rules, 4. Explain the shifts that occur in formats over strategies, and “big ideas” to be taught and time. clear communication through carefully con- 5. Explain what tracks are and how track design structed instructional programs to teach these; differs from more traditional instruction. (b) organization of instruction, including scheduling, grouping, and ongoing progress 6. Explain the guidelines for sequencing tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Individual Instruction in Extension Education Lloyd William Wade Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 Perspectives on individual instruction in extension education Lloyd William Wade Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons, and the Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching Commons Recommended Citation Wade, Lloyd William, "Perspectives on individual instruction in extension education " (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6230. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6230 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Progressive Education: Why It's Hard to Beat, but Also Hard to Find
    Bank Street College of Education Educate Progressive Education in Context College History and Archives 2015 Progressive Education: Why it's Hard to Beat, But Also Hard to Find Alfie ohnK Follow this and additional works at: https://educate.bankstreet.edu/progressive Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, Educational Methods Commons, and the Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education Commons Recommended Citation Kohn, A. (2015). Progressive Education: Why it's Hard to Beat, But Also Hard to Find. Bank Street College of Education. Retrieved from https://educate.bankstreet.edu/progressive/2 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the College History and Archives at Educate. It has been accepted for inclusion in Progressive Education in Context by an authorized administrator of Educate. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Progressive Education Why It’s Hard to Beat, But Also Hard to Find By Alfie Kohn If progressive education doesn’t lend itself to a single fixed definition, that seems fitting in light of its reputation for resisting conformity and standardization. Any two educators who describe themselves as sympathetic to this tradition may well see it differently, or at least disagree about which features are the most important. Talk to enough progressive educators, in fact, and you’ll begin to notice certain paradoxes: Some people focus on the unique needs of individual students, while oth- ers invoke the importance of a community of learners; some describe learning as a process, more journey than destination, while others believe that tasks should result in authentic products that can be shared.[1] What It Is Despite such variations, there are enough elements on which most of us can agree so that a common core of progressive education emerges, however hazily.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Instruction Versus Direct Instruction: Teaching Content Area Vocabulary Words to High School Students with Reading Disabilities
    Traditional Instruction Versus Direct Instruction: Teaching Content Area Vocabulary Words to High School Students with Reading Disabilities Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kristall J. Graham Day, M.A. Graduate Program in Education The Ohio State University 2010 Committee: Dr. Ralph Gardner, III, Advisor Dr. Gwendolyn Cartledge Dr. Moira Konrad Copyright by Kristall J. Day 2010 Abstract Vocabulary knowledge impacts every area of reading achievement, yet important words are often not explicitly taught. There is published research to support the usage of direct instruction to teach vocabulary to younger children, but there are limited studies that have investigated the effects of direct instruction in teaching vocabulary to high school students with reading disabilities. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of the traditional approach (using context and the dictionary) to a direct instruction approach (REWARDS Plus scripted curriculum) when teaching science vocabulary words to high school students with reading disabilities. The study included three participants with reading disabilities in the 11th and 12th grades. An alternating treatments design counterbalanced across participants was used to compare the two methods of instruction. Traditional instruction included the methods employed in most high schools where students are asked to use the context of the sentence or a dictionary to figure out the meaning of unknown words. Direct instruction included the REWARDS Plus program, a published, scripted curriculum that utilizes explicit, systematic instruction. Data were collected on lesson assessments, maintenance assessments, generalization writing samples, and comprehension writing samples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Minefield of Dreams
    A MINEFIELD OF DREAMS TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF INDEPENDENT WRITING PROGRAMS Edited by Justin Everett and Cristina Hanganu-Bresch A MINEFIELD OF DREAMS: TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF INDEPENDENT WRITING PROGRAMS PERSPECTIVES ON WRITING Series Editors, Susan H. McLeod and Rich Rice The Perspectives on Writing series addresses writing studies in a broad sense. Consistent with the wide ranging approaches characteristic of teaching and scholarship in writing across the curriculum, the series presents works that take divergent perspectives on working as a writer, teaching writing, administering writing programs, and studying writing in its various forms. The WAC Clearinghouse, Colorado State University Open Press, and University Press of Colorado are collaborating so that these books will be widely available through free digital distribution and low-cost print editions. The publishers and the Series editors are committed to the principle that knowledge should freely circulate. We see the opportunities that new technologies have for further de- mocratizing knowledge. And we see that to share the power of writing is to share the means for all to articulate their needs, interest, and learning into the great experiment of literacy. Recent Books in the Series Chris M. Anson and Jessie L. Moore (Eds.), Critical Transitions: Writing and the Question of Transfer (2017) Joanne Addison and Sharon James McGee, Writing and School Reform: Writing Instruction in the Age of Common Core and Standardized Testing (2017) Lisa Emerson, The Forgotten Tribe: Scientists as Writers (2017) Jacob S. Blumner and Pamela B. Childers (Eds.), WAC Partnerships Between Secondary and Postsecondary Institutions (2015) Nathan Shepley, Placing the History of College Writing: Stories from the Incom- plete Archive (2015) Asao B.
    [Show full text]
  • 7Th Annual Ctconf-Opt.Pdf
    Proceedings of The Ninth Annual & Seventh International Conference on Critical Thinking and . Educational ReforDl August 6-9, 1989 Henry Steel Commager Dean ofAmerican Historians, addressing the First International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform Under the Auspices of the Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique and Sonoma State University From Previous Conferences: Michael SCriven llarriySiegel NeUPostman WID Robinson TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Histotyofthe Conference......................................................................... 7 The OrganJzation ofthe Conference................................................... 9 Conference'IheIne........................................................................................ 10 Map/Abbreviations....................................................................................... 15 Schedule............................................................................................................. 17 Presenters and Abstracts 46 Panels. 149 SpecJal Inte~t Groups............................................................................. 158 Videotape Resources ~ : ':........................ 159 National Council for Excellence inCritical1binking Instruction............................................................ 162 Center Description 164 Richard W. Paul Director, Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique Introduction Critical Thinking: What, Why, and How The Logically mogical Animal Ironically. humans are not simply the only
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Direct Instruction and Cooperative Retelling Using a Collaborative
    The Impact of Direct Instruction and Cooperative Retelling using a Collaborative Podcasting tool on the Narrative Writing Skills of Upper Elementary School Children in the Inclusive Classroom Ofra Aslan A Thesis In the Department of Education Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Educational Technology) at Concordia University Montreal, Québec, Canada December, 2011 Ofra Aslan, 2011 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Ofra Aslan Entitled: The Impact of Direct instruction and Cooperative Retelling using a Collaborative Podcasting tool on the Narrative Writing Skills of upper Elementary School Children in the Inclusive Classroom and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Educational Technology) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. C. Daniel-Hughes External Examiner Dr. L. Godard External to Program Dr. D. Pariser Examiner Dr. P. Abrami Examiner Dr. R. Bernard Thesis Supervisor Dr. R. Schmid Approved by Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director Dr. V. Venkatesh, Graduate Program Director December 12, 2011 Dr. B. Lewis, Dean, Faculty of Arts and Science ii ABSTRACT The Impact of Direct Instruction and Cooperative Retelling using a Collaborative Podcasting tool on the Narrative Writing Skills of Upper Elementary School Children in the Inclusive Classroom Ofra Aslan, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2011 To address the writing challenges experienced by many Normally Achieving students (NA) and students with learning disabilities (LD) in the inclusive classroom, this quasi-experiment study examined the outcomes of two technology-supported instructional interventions and an untreated control group with pretest and posttests, and posttest only, aimed at improving the narrative writing skills of cycle 3 (Grades 5 and 6) students.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction Curricula: a Meta-Analysis of a Half Century of Research
    RERXXX10.3102/0034654317751919Stockard et al.Effectiveness of Direct Instruction 751919research-article2018 Review of Educational Research Month 201X, Vol. XX, No. X, pp. 1 –29 DOI: 10.3102/0034654317751919 © 2018 AERA. http://rer.aera.net The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction Curricula: A Meta-Analysis of a Half Century of Research Jean Stockard and Timothy W. Wood University of Oregon Cristy Coughlin Safe and Civil Schools Caitlin Rasplica Khoury The Children’s Clinic, P.C. Quantitative mixed models were used to examine literature published from 1966 through 2016 on the effectiveness of Direct Instruction. Analyses were based on 328 studies involving 413 study designs and almost 4,000 effects. Results are reported for the total set and subareas regarding reading, math, language, spelling, and multiple or other aca- demic subjects; ability measures; affective outcomes; teacher and parent views; and single-subject designs. All of the estimated effects were posi- tive and all were statistically significant except results from metaregres- sions involving affective outcomes. Characteristics of the publications, methodology, and sample were not systematically related to effect esti- mates. Effects showed little decline during maintenance, and effects for academic subjects were greater when students had more exposure to the programs. Estimated effects were educationally significant, moderate to large when using the traditional psychological benchmarks, and similar in magnitude to effect sizes that reflect performance gaps between more and less advantaged students. K EYWORDS: Direct Instruction, meta-analysis, academic achievement The importance of explicit and systematic instruction has become a central element of discussions of effective instruction (e.g., National Reading Panel, 2000). Direct Instruction (DI), developed by Siegfried Engelmann and his col- laborators beginning in the 1960s, is often cited as an example.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 4: Direct Instruction
    04-Dell’Olio-45141.qxd 1/23/2007 2:18 PM Page 71 chapter Direct Instruction hen I ( J. M. D.) began my teacher preparation program in the late 1970s, I W was astonished to discover that elementary classrooms looked very different from the ones I remembered from the 1950s and 1960s. As I observed and partici- pated in classrooms at various grade levels, I enjoyed watching many types of instruc- tion, most of them models of teaching I had never seen before in a classroom. I also saw more familiar instruction. In time, however, it was clear to me that even in these conventional lessons, the teachers were doing some things that differed from the 04-Dell’Olio-45141.qxd 1/23/2007 2:18 PM Page 72 PART 2 The Models of Teaching instruction of my childhood experience. In my methods course, I learned to under- stand and appreciate those differences. Direct instruction, once described as interactive teaching (Stallings, 1975; Stallings, Cory, Fairweather, & Needles, 1978; Stallings, Needles, & Stayrook, 1979) and active teaching (Brophy & Good, 1986), is probably the model of teaching you are also most familiar with from your own K–12 school experiences. Direct instruc- tion is the kind of teaching children usually mimic when they play school. Your knowledge of the characteristics of well-designed direct instruction will serve you well when you need to develop a traditional lesson. We also believe you will have a greater understanding and appreciation of hands-on, discovery models of teaching if you learn the components and structure of a strong direct instruction lesson.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Introduction to Direct Instruction
    SCIENCE OF LEARNING / OVERVIEW Direct Instruction A brief introduction to direct instruction What is direct instruction? An overview Direct instruction is one of the most widely used methods of teaching, and it begins with the “clear and systematic presentation of knowledge” with the goal of helping students to develop background knowledge so that they may apply and link it to new knowledge (Kim & Axelrod, 2005). Direct instruction does not mean that learning is passive, or that teaching is reduced to drill- and-practice. Direct instruction is a systematic approach to teaching in which the teacher is very explicit about what students are to learn, the language of instruction clear, and allows teachers the opportunity to monitor their students while teaching, and to provide constructive feedback. Direct instruction should not be confused with rote instruction, which is an approach that requires students to memorize answers and repeat them in rote-like fashion. Direct instruction scaffolds instruction to meet the needs of each individual student. Direct instruction was an instructional method originally designed to address at-risk students within Baltimore public schools by Siegfried Engelmann, a professor at Johns Hopkins University. The program was first developed as DISTAR, or “Direct Instruction System for Teaching Arithmetic and Reading,” and focused on reading and maths. The original aim of direct instruction was to focus on reading instruction, and get all students to the same reading level using a reading strategy called phonics. How effective is direct instruction? The effectiveness of direct instruction has been well documented. Project Follow Through, a federally-funded educational programme in the United States, demonstrated empirical evidence for direct instruction as the most effective method (out of 22 forms of instruction), which produced positive results for teaching reading, arithmetic, language, spelling, and positive self- esteem.
    [Show full text]
  • Progressive Educational Practices and Environments in Sweden: Preparing Students to Live and Work in the Global Age
    Volume 9, Number 5 February, 2006 ISSN 1099-839X Progressive Educational Practices and Environments in Sweden: Preparing Students to Live and Work in the Global Age R. D. Nordgren Cleveland State University A multi-site case study of three Swedish schools examined the dimensions of trust, responsibility, shared power (democracy), and global workforce competence as required by a decade-old national education reforms. A key finding was the existence of progressive educational practices including constructivist epistemology, evidenced by the schools’ organizational structure, the instructional methods employed, and the various roles engaged in by the teachers, students, and administrators. These progressive practices and the mechanisms used to sustain them in one Swedish public school system may be conducive to effective preparation of workers and citizens for the post-industrial economy and to live in a participatory democracy. For at least a century, progressive educators democracy, the most dominant and prolific form of have advocated for schools that empower students to government in the Global Age (Castells, 2000; be self-directed and self-regulated, active participants Karatnycky, Piano, & Puddington, 2003).1 in their learning and in the governance of their Review of Relevant Literature learning environments (Dewey, 1916). This contrasts Constructivism and School Reform greatly with the controlling, knowledge-dispensing Many of the real and perceived problems traditional schooling model that, despite regarding U.S. public education have been combated progressives’ decades of efforts, remains the by reforms that are ostensibly “more of the same,” dominant model in the U.S. This article describes the not changing the way schooling is done, merely findings from a study conducted in Sweden where adding to what is already in place—more standards, progressive schooling reforms affected teachers, course requirements and, of course, high-stakes tests administrators and, most profoundly, students.
    [Show full text]