For more information visit McREL at www.mcrel.org Thank you for downloading A Theory-Based Meta-Analysis of Research on Instruction from the McREL Web site. Skip introduction Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL) is a private nonprofit corporation located in Denver, Colorado. We provide field tested, research-based products and services in the following areas: • Assessment, Accountability, • Mathematics and Data Use • Professional Development • Curriculum • Rural Education • Diversity • School Improvement and • Early Childhood Education Reform • Education Technology • Science • Instruction • Standards • Leadership and Organization • Teacher Preparation and Development Retention • Literacy PDFPDFdownload For more information visit McREL at www.mcrel.org Copyright Information u This site and its contents are Copyright © 1995–2006 McREL except where otherwise noted. All rights reserved. The McREL logo and “Converting Information to Knowledge” are trademarks of McREL. 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Marzano Mid-continent Regional Educational Laboratory Aurora, Colorado 2550 S. Parker Road, Suite 500 Aurora, Colorado 80014 (303)337-0990 - (303)337-3005 - Fax December 1998 This publication is based on work sponsored wholly, or in part, by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Department of Education, under Contract Number RJ96006101. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views of OERI or any other agency of the U.S. Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: THE NEED FOR A THEORY-BASED REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH .......................................1 Summary and Preview of Chapters ......................................11 CHAPTER 2: THE REPRESENTATIONAL MODALITIES ......................12 The Linguistic Modality ................................................13 The Nature of Abstract Concepts ..................................16 Propositional Networks ..........................................17 The Nonlinguistic Modality ............................................19 Mental Images ..................................................20 Auditory, Kinesthetic, Taste, and Olfactory Representations ..........22 The Affective Modality ................................................22 The Modularity of the Human Mind .....................................25 Summary ............................................................28 CHAPTER 3: SELF, METACOGNITION, COGNITION AND KNOWLEDGE .....29 The Knowledge Domains ..............................................29 The Domain of Information .......................................29 Information and the Three Representational Modalities ..............33 The Mental Process Domain ......................................33 Mental Processes and the Three Representational Modalities ..........34 The Psychomotor Domain ........................................35 Psychomotor Domain and the Three Representational Modalities ......36 The Cognitive System ..................................................36 Storage and Retrieval ............................................37 The Information Processing Functions .............................39 Basic Input/Output Communication Processes ......................43 The Hybrid Nature of the Input/Output Communication Functions ...50 Knowledge Utilization Processes ..................................50 The Hybrid Nature of the Knowledge Utilization Process .............53 The Cognitive System and the Three Representational Modalities .....54 The Metacognitive System ..............................................54 Goal Specification ...............................................54 Process Specification .............................................55 Process Monitoring ..............................................56 Disposition Monitoring ..........................................56 The Metacognitive System and the Three Representation Modalities ...57 The Self-system .......................................................57 Self-attributes ...................................................58 Self and Others .................................................58 Nature of the World .............................................58 Efficacy ........................................................59 Purpose ........................................................59 The Process of Motivation and Attention ...........................60 The Self-system and the Three Representational Modalities ...........62 Relationship to Bloom's Taxonomy ......................................63 Summary ............................................................65 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF META-ANALYSIS .................................66 Defining the Domain of Research ........................................66 Moderator Variables ...................................................67 Intended User of Technique ......................................67 Specificity of Instructional Technique ..............................68 Grade Level of Students ..........................................68 Student Ability .................................................69 Duration of Treatment ...........................................69 Specificity (Reactivity) of Dependent Measure ......................69 Methodological Quality ..........................................70 Type of Publication ..............................................70 Inclusion of Studies ....................................................71 Selection and Computation of Effect Sizes ................................72 Combining Multiple Effect Sizes ..................................74 Notation and Symbols .................................................75 Summary ............................................................75 CHAPTER 5: GENERAL FINDINGS AND THE MODERATOR VARIABLES .....76 The Moderator Variables ...............................................81 Intended User of the Strategies ....................................81 Specificity of Instructional Techniques .............................82 Grade Level of Students ..........................................82 Student Ability .................................................83 Duration of Treatment ...........................................83 Specificity (Reactivity) of Dependent Measure ......................84 Methodological Quality ..........................................85 Publication Type ................................................85 General Discussion of Moderator Variables .........................86 Summary ............................................................86 CHAPTER 6: THE KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS .................................87 Instructional Strategies That Utilize the Cognitive System ..................88 Strategies Based on Storage and Retrieval ..........................88 Strategies Based on Information Processing Functions ................89 Basic Input/Output Communication Processes ......................92 Knowledge Utilization Processes ..................................93 Instructional Strategies That Utilize The Metacognitive System ..............93 Goal Specification ...............................................94 Process Specification-Process Monitoring ...........................94 Disposition Monitoring ..........................................95 Instructional Strategies That Utilize the Self-system ........................95 Effects for Specific Types of Knowledge ..................................97 The Informational Domain .......................................97 Details ........................................................100 Vocabulary ....................................................101 The Mental Process Domain .....................................103 The Psychomotor Domain .......................................104 Conclusion ..........................................................105 CHAPTER 7: THE COGNITIVE SYSTEM ....................................107 Storage and Retrieval .................................................107 Information Processing Functions ......................................107 Identifying Specific Objectives ...................................107 Wait Time .....................................................108 Feedback ......................................................108 The Impact of the Metacognitive System on the Cognitive System ....108 Input/Output Communication Functions ...............................109 Reading .......................................................109 Writing .......................................................112 Knowledge Utilization Processes .......................................114 Conclusion ..........................................................116