The Influence of Jonathan Whicher on the Sergeant Cuff’S Character in “The Moonstone” Novel Written by Wilkie Collins

BUDDHI DHARMA UNIVERSITY

THE INFLUENCE OF JONATHAN WHICHER ON THE SERGEANT CUFF’S CHARACTER IN “THE MOONSTONE” NOVEL WRITTEN BY WILKIE COLLINS

Presented as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Undergraduate Program

METTA MONICA 20150600022

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT TANGERANG 2019 FINAL PROJECT PROPOSAL APPROVAL

Final Project Title: 1. The Influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s Character in “The Moonstone” Novel Written by Wilkie Collins.

Name : Metta Monica Student Number : 20150600022 Faculty : Social Sciences and Humanities Department : English Literature

The Final Project Proposal has been approved Tangerang, July 03rd, 2019

Approved by, Acknowledged, Supervisor Head of Department

Iwan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd. Riris Mutiara P.S, S.Pd., M.Hum. NIDN: 0421056201 NIDN: 0427068703

i FINAL PROJECT APPROVAL

Title of the Thesis :The Influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s Character in “The Moonstone” Novel Written by Wilkie Collins. Name : Metta Monica Student Number : 20150600022 Faculty : Social Sciences and Humanities Department : English Literature

The Thesis Proposal has been approved Tangerang, July 03rd, 2019

Approved by, Acknowledged Supervisor Head of Department

Iwan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd. Riris Mutiara P.S, S.Pd., M.Hum. NIDN: 0421056201 NIDN: 0427068703

ii RECOMMENDATION FOR THE ELIGIBITY OF THE FINAL PROJECT EXAMINATION

The Undersigned, Name : Iwan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd. Position : Supervisor Certifies that Name : Metta Monica Student Number : 20150600022 Faculty : Social Sciences and Humanities Department : English Literature Title of the Final Project : The Influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s Character in “The Moonstone” Novel Written by Wilkie Collins. is eligible to take the final project examination Tangerang, July 03rd, 2019

Approved by, Acknowledged, Supervisor Head of Department

Iwan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd. Riris Mutiara P.S, S.Pd., M.Hum. NIDN: 0421056201 NIDN: 0427068703

iii iv v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

As the chance given to make this research happen, the writer would like to thank

God and the Buddha for His Grace and His blessing given to her to help finish this research. The writer would also like to extend her sincere gratitude to the following persons who have given their valuable support and contribution so that she can complete her research and the writing of her paper.

 Dr. Sofian Sugioko, MM, CPMA., Rector of Buddhi Dharma University.

 Dr. Lilie Suratminto, M.A., Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and

Humanities of Buddhi Dharma University.

 Riris Mutiara Paulina Simamora, S.Pd., M.hum., Head of English

Literature Department of Buddhi Dharma University.

 Iwan, S.Pd., M.M., M.Pd., the writer’s supervisor for his help, guidance,

encouragement, patience, and consideration of this research writing

process.

 All of the lecturers of Buddhi Dharma University for their continuous

support through their advice, lesson, moments and suggestion they have

given to the writer and knowledge they have shared.

 The writer’s parents who have worked hard to pay and give the chance to

study hard and graduate from this university and to have a better future.

 The writer’s big family who always support her especially her aunt.

 The Chaebol Group (Marta, Lenni, and Wiputri) for always encouraging

her and being her number one support.

vi  Wacana Group (Cynthia, Elcha, Libby, Putri, Silvia, Tamara) that has

supported her and been patient to wait for her to finish this research as

soon as possible.

 The Emuters Group (Charles, Ariya, Apriandi, Yohanes, Felix, Marta,

Lenni, and Wiputri) for all their support.

 The writer’s seniors (Nadya, Debby and Mentari) for all the support and

guidance to finish this research.

 All members of FSH Student Campus Association (2015-2018) for the

support and the cheer.

All the best,

The writer,

Metta Monica

vii ABSTRACT

Sometimes, detective character in the novel is inspired by a real detective. Hence, the character reproduces traits and reflects a personality type in a certain era. One of the example is The Moonstone novel by Wilkie Collins. Sergeant Cuff, a detective whose character in the novel was influenced by Inspector Jonathan Whicher, a real famous detective of Scotland Yard Police in Victorian era. This research aims at showing the influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s character in The Moonstone novel and the ways he influenced Sergeant Cuff. She applied structural and historical approaches for the analysis. She analyzed Sergeant Cuff’s character through intrinsic and extrinsic elements. In the intrinsic elements, she employed Kenny’s theory on characterization and Lajos’ theory on fundamental structure of character. In historical approach, the writer employed Lynn’s theory on the extrinsic elements in analyzing Sergeant Cuff’s character. In this regard, the crime investigations, the manner, the principles of policing and the uniform of the Scotland Yard in Victorian era were also investigated. Based on the data analysis, the research findings reveal that Sergeant Cuff’s character resembles Jonathan Whicher, a real detective of Scotland Yard Police and the ways he handled criminal cases. It is concluded that Jonathan Whicher greatly influenced the depiction of Sergeant Cuff’s character through the detective values among others his responsibility and faithful, and appearance.

Keywords: Character, Victorian Era, Historicism

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINAL PROJECT PROPOSAL APPROVAL...... i

FINAL PROJECT APPROVAL...... ii

RECOMMENDATION FOR THE ELIGIBITY ...... iii

THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS...... iv

STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY...... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...... vi

ABSTRACT...... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...... ix

LIST OF FIGURES...... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study...... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem...... 3

1.3 Research Question...... 3

1.4 Goal and Function...... 4

1.5 Scope and Limitation...... 4

1.6 Conceptual Framework...... 5

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...... 7

2.1 Review of Previous Study...... 7

2.2 Novel ...... 8

2.3 Intrinsic Element...... 8

2.3.1 Character and Characterization...... 9

2.4 Extrinsic Element ...... 11

2.4.1 Historical Approach...... 11

ix 2.5 Scotland Yard...... 12

2.5.1 Jonathan Whicher ...... 12

2.5.2 The Principles of Policing...... 14

2.5.3 Crime Investigation...... 15

2.5.4 Manner ...... 15

2.5.5 Uniform...... 15

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...... 17

3.1 Subject Matter...... 17

3.2 Material...... 17

3.3 Approach...... 17

3.4 Procedure...... 18

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS...... 20

4.1 Sergeant Cuff Characterization...... 20

4.2 Fundamental Structures of Sergeant Cuff Character...... 21

4.3 Victorian Era ...... 26

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION...... 38

5.1 Conclusion...... 38

5.2 Suggestion...... 39

REFERENCES...... 41

ONLINE REFERENCES...... 43

SUMMARY OF ‘THE MOONSTONE’...... 45

CURRICULUM VITAE...... 47

x LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework...... 5

Figure 2. Sir Robert Peel and his ‘Bobbies’...... 31

Figure 3. Tailcoat, Secretary of the Interior Usher...... 32

Figure 4. Jonathan Whicher ...... 33

Figure 5. Victorian men neckties...... 34

Figure 6. Top hat in Victorian Era...... 34

Figure 7. Shooting jacket ...... 35

Figure 8. Sergeant Cuff’s illustration...... 36

xi CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is interesting and amazing because it produces many literary works and many of them have still been remembered until now. Literary work is an art.

According to Wellek and Warren (1973) literature is anything in written form which contains an idea or thought. It means that literary work is an invention of the author. It is not just a simple written text or speech but it is the thoughts of the author. Novel is one of most popular literary works, especially for teenagers.

People can read it to improve their knowledge of literature or get emotional satisfaction. Novel is important because it represents one’s history and society.

According to Woodrich (2018), novel is a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism. It means that novel is a representation of one’s realism, society, and history.

Detective fiction is one of the novel genres. C. Hugh Holman defines detective story as a story in which a crime, usually a murder - the identity of the perpetrator unknown - is solved by a detective through logical assembling and interpretation of palpable evidence, known as clues. The stories can be based on a true story, real person, or author’s imagination. Now days, detective fiction is really popular. According to Dominic Utton (2018), no fewer than 18.7 million crime novels were sold, a rise of 19 percent since 2015. Based on National Park

Service (2017), Detective fiction was first introduced by Edgar Allan Poe. He was also known as the father of detective fiction. Detective is only a fictional character

1 in the novel. Therefore, the detective character in Poe works regarded as the first example of detective character. However, among various kinds of genres, detective fiction did not get a good response at first. Only later in 1842, the government opened an eight-man detective department which known as Scotland

Yard. Scotland Yard has its good reputation in society. Then, on 30 June 1860, there was a murder case which was known as the murder at road hill house. This case was handled by one of Scotland Yard men, Jonathan Whicher. However, he failed to solve the case due to lack of evidence.

The above murder case became popular in the society, and many people speculated about who the murderer was. The murder at Road Hill case turned people into detectives. Wilkie Collins called this condition a detective fever. Then, many writers wrote a story about this case which made detective fictions popular.

Wilkie Collins was one of the writers who wrote a novel about the murder case. It is The Moonstone. The Moonstone is a story about a young English woman,

Rachel Verinder who inherited a large Indian diamond, The Moonstone. However, someone stole The Moonstone. Later, this case was handled by Sergeant Cuff but he failed. Wilkie Collins made Sergeant Cuff’s character based on Jonathan

Whicher. According to T.S. Elliot, The Moonstone was the first, the longest, and best of English detective novel. The Moonstone became the first detective in detective fiction which made Sergeant Cuff as a role model of detective fiction.

He has many traits that writers have sought to imitate. According to Steve (1999),

Collins presents Cuff character with a sense of humor and eccentricity. He also has impressive observation skill and investigative skill. Unlike any other detective fictions, Collins also shows Sergeant Cuff Fallibility, in addition to further

2 humanizing the man. Throughout “The Moonstone” novel, the writer wishes to investigate the influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s character. It is interesting to explore. Hence, in this research, the writer would like to obtain information about how Jonathan Whicher has influenced Sergeant Cuff’s character in the “Moonstone” novel by Wilkie Collins.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Detective fiction had not showed its significant development until Victorian era.

Detective fiction became popular in Victorian especially after the appearance of

“The Moonstone” novel by Wilkie Collins. Sergeant Cuff, a character in “The

Moonstone”, became the prototype of detective character in a detective fiction.

Sergeant Cuff’s character is based on a real person Jonathan Jack Whicher who was one of the Scotland Yard men or detectives. According to The Great Soviet

Encyclopedia, prototype is an actual person serving as a writer’s model for a character in literary work. This character reproduces traits and reflects a personality type engendered by a certain era. It represents the creation of personality with independent existence. It may also become a prototype for a literary work of another era. So, Sergeant Cuff is prototype of Jonathan Whicher.

The writer is concerned with the influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant

Cuff’s character which made Sergeant Cuff known as a prototype of a detective’s character.

1.3 Research question

From the statement above, the writer formulates the research questions as follow.

3 1. What influence did Detective Jonathan Whicher give to Sergeant Cuff’s

character in “The Moonstone” novel by Wilkie Collins?

2. How did Detective Jonathan Whicher influence Sergeant Cuff’s character in

the novel?

1.4 Goal and Function

The goals of the study are to show the influence Detective Jonathan Whicher gave to Sergeant Cuff’s character in “The Moonstone” novel by Willkie Collins and how Detective Jonathan Whicher influenced Sergeant Cuff’s character in the above novel. The functions of the study are to improve readers’ knowledge about character analysis, and Scotland Yard. In addition, this study is also to help readers to understand the character of Scotland Yard detectives through Sergeant

Cuff’s character in the novel and also serves as a reference to next researchers who would like to conduct further research on the same topic.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

In this paper, the writer discusses Scotland Yard and its influence on novel, one of important literary works. However, the writer limits the discussion on the influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s character in “The Moonstone” novel by Wilkie Collins. She employs intrinsic elements on character and characterization of Sergeant Cuff for data analysis. In addition, she also employs historical criticism as the extrinsic element which influences the development of

Sergeant Cuff’s character.

4 1.6 Conceptual Framework

Prior to conducting research, researchers need to set up their research activities systematically to get it smoothly and well conducted and to obtain expected research results which answer the research questions. Conceptual framework serves as a guidance for researchers since it consists of necessary steps to conduct research from the beginning to the end. The Chart of the conceptual framework of this research as shown below.

The Influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s Character “The

Intrinsic Elements Extrinsic Element

Character Characterization Historical (3 dimensions of (5 characterization Criticism character by Egri by Kenney) (Lynn) Lajos)

Finding the Aspects which influenced Sergeant Cuff ‘s character

Conclusion

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The writer wishes to analyze the influence Jonathan Whicher gave to

Sergeant Cuff’s character by intrinsic and extrinsic elements. She is to analyze intrinsic elements through the character and characterization of Sergeant Cuff by employing the theory of three character dimensions by Egri Lajos and

5 characterization method by Kenney. For the purpose of the data analysis, the writer is to collect the data from “The Moonstone” novel by Wilkie Collins. Then, she is to analyze the extrinsic element from historical perspective using Lynn’s theory. After that, the writer is to find the aspects which influenced Sergeant

Cuff’s character. In this regard, the character of Jonathan Whicher which will influence Sergeant Cuff’s character. In addition, the influence of Jonathan

Whicher and the ways of the Scotland Yard detective has influenced Sergeant

Cuff’s character. Finally, she is to make conclusion based on the findings.

6 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Review of Previous Study

Besides learning from sources, the writer has also searched similar research which uses the same approach. The first paper is “History, Development, and

Characteristic of British Detective Novel and the Significant Representatives of the Genre” written by Michaela Veselská (2014) from Palacky University

Olomouc. The paper analyzed the history of the detective stories. She also distinguished the representation of British detective genre from American Genre and analyzed the significant traces of detective fiction genre. She finds that the most significant works represented by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson), Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie (Hercule Poirot and

Miss Jane Marple), and Gilbert Keith Chesterton (Father Brown). Also, the significant traces of English detective fiction genre found in the unusual detective figure such as Sherlock Holmes as eccentric detective, Hercule Poirot as extraordinary intellect, and Father Brown as the morally strongest detective.

The second related study is about structure analysis by Diana Dustin (2015) from Pasudan University, with title “An Analysis of Factual Structure in Agatha

Christie’s Mrs. McGinty is Dead”. This paper focuses on intrinsic elements that are called factual structure to find the fact of the story. They are character, plot, and setting. She conducted research on the fact of the setting of place. She categorized the plot according to Luxemburg theory of events. She divided the character into main character and additional character. She found that three

7 elements of factual structure had relationships one another. The setting happened in 1950 when many documents of people’s identity are lost and people can make a new identity. The setting influences the character and acts as a clue for detective in the novel. The rising action in the novel is when the detective finds the clue.

There are similarities and differences in this study compared to the two previous studies above. The similarities are the type of the approach which is qualitative approach, the first study uses historical approach, and the second study uses intrinsic element. The differences are the object and the theory that writer employed.

2.2 Novel

Novel is one of literary works which depicts the human life. According to Santoso and Wahyuningtyas (2010), novel is a prose which is longer than short story and tells the life of someone in-depth. In addition, Clara Reeve said that novel is a picture of real manner and of the time in which it was written. It means that novel is an in-depth long prose which tells many aspects of human life in a certain era when the novel is written.

2.3 Intrinsic Element

Every novel has its own structure. According to Semi, structural approach considers literature analysis from structural aspects which build a literary work itself. According to DiYanni (2001), intrinsic elements are the basic elements or characteristic of the story. From the quotation above, it means that the intrinsic elements in the novel, is a structure that builds a novel. Therefore, the novel

8 cannot exist without intrinsic elements. Also, intrinsic elements are factors that distinguish a story from another. DiYanni (2001) states that there are seven intrinsic elements of literature. They are plot, theme, character, point of view, setting, language and style, and irony and symbol.

2.3.1 Character and Characterization

Character is one of the intrinsic elements. DiYanni (2001) defines a character as an imaginary person which is created by a writer. Abrams (1981) defines character as the one who displays in narrative work which is interpreted by readers. From the quotation before, character is a person in a story created from the writer’s idea and interpreted by readers.

Every character is different from another. It has its own characteristics such as physical appearance. According to Kenney (1966), this method of presenting character is called characterization. Every writer uses his or her different method of characterization. Kenney also divides characterization method into five as follows:

A. Discursive method

Discursive method is a method that writer uses when he or she presents the character directly through narrative statements.

B. Dramatic method

Dramatic method is a method that writer uses when the characters in the novel describe themselves to readers using their own words and action.

9 C. Character on character method

Character on character method is a method that writer uses when a character describes or talks about another character in the novel.

D. Contextual method

Contextual method is a method that writer uses when presenting the character through description of character surrounding condition.

E. Mixing method

Mixing method is a method that writer uses when using more than one method in presenting a character.

According to Egri lajos (1985), every object has three dimensions; depth, height, and width. Then, he divided fundamental structure of character which builds characterization into three dimensions which are also known as character bone structure. They are physiological, sociology and psychology.

A. Physiological dimension

Physiological dimension is description of the character physical aspects. Physical appearance may affect the character’s feeling regarding a character surrounding such as being insecure or secure. Physiological aspects are gender, age, height and weight, color of hair, eyes and skin, posture, and appearance such as good looking, over or underweight, neat, face, birthmarks, abnormalities, and diseases.

B. Sociological dimension

Sociological dimension is related to the character environment condition.

Sociological dimension can be analyzed through social class (lower, middle, and upper), occupation (type of work, condition of work, suitability for work, income,

10 hours of work), education, home life (parents habits, divorced), religion, race or nationality, place in community (leader among the friends), and hobby.

C. Psychological dimension

Psychological dimension is related to the characteristic of character such as sex life and moral standard, behaviour, emotion, thoughts, attitudes, temperament

(optimistic, easygoing, pessimistic), and abilities.

2.4 Extrinsic Element

External element is another aspect which builds a novel. Eaglestone (2009) describes extrinsic elements as looking through a window to another world. In addition, he states that the extrinsic approach could look at things such as the story behind the book, psychology, gender issues, the author inventions, social class issues, and much more. It means that extrinsic element is from external aspect from the novel.

2.4.1 Historical approach

One of the extrinsic approaches is historical approach. Lynn (1998) states historical criticism consider how military, social, economics, scientific, intellectual and (potentially) every other kind of history might help us understand the author and the work. Hence, historical approach is not only about a history about an event but also the society situation at certain times.

Lynn suggests three steps in analyzing historical criticism:

A. Determine the historical setting of the literary work and investigate the

author’s biography.

11 B. Consider how the historical and biographical background which help us to

understand the work.

C. The text of the same time might be related to other the text.

2.5 Scotland Yard

The Metropolitan Police or also known as the Met Detective Department and

Scotland Yard was established in 1842. The Metropolitan Police was created by

Sir Robert Peel. It was the first police detective force in England. It located in

No.4 Whitehall Place which earned nickname Scotland Yard because once used by Scottish royalty in the seventeenth century. The skepticism in public about the use of detective by the state turns the government transformed police detective into public servants and in some cases the detectives become celebrities.

Scotland Yard investigates the case such as murder, undetected crime, theft, fraud, and fabrication. Scotland Yard also investigates and monitors foreign nationals, manages crime in England, oversee the extradition of criminal in

England, and carryout public order during major events. The Scotland Yard detectives - Inspectors Nicholas Pearce, John Haynes, and Sergeant Gerrett,

Stephen Thornton, Jonathan Whicher, Goff, Frederick Shaw, and Braddick - were a small group with wealth and people in nineteenth century.

2.5.1 Jonathan Whicher

Jonathan Whicher as one of Scotland Yard was born in Camberwell on 1st

October 1814. He also known as Jack. He is the son of Rebecca and Richard

Whicher. His father was a market gardener. In 1830, he joined the police, Holborn

12 division, before moved to detective duty. When he joined the Metropolitan office he was just old enough, at twenty two, and just tall enough, to meet the entrance requirements. In 1842, Whicher and other seven men were picked as detective, they abandoned beats, shed their uniform, and became anonymous. He and his friends worked as detectives in plainclothes or out-of-uniform.

Whicher’s carrer was an excellent example of detective. During his career,

Whicher earned a reputation as the finest detective in Europe. Charles Dickens write several articles about Whicher and his partner. He said, “they are, one, and all, respectable looking man of perfectly good deportment and unusual intelligent; with nothing lounging or slinking in their manners; with an air of keen observation and quick perception when addressed”.

However, despite his achievements, his reputation suffered as a result of his inability to solved the murder of road hill case. The case is about the horrific murder of Savile Kent. The child had been taken from his room and found dead with his throat cut in the garden of his family’s house. Whicher was called to help with the investigation. He suspected Constance Kent and focused on missing night dress belong to her. However, he failed to find the missing night dress.

For several months, he withdrew from public eye and focus on cases which unlikely attract public attention. In 1862, he was chosen to consult with

Russian government on behalf of English Government because the police commissioner and home secretary acknowledged his abilities. Then, in 1864, he retired from Scotland Yard because of his sickness. Later, Constance Kent admitted her crime. After his sickness cleared, he became private investigator. He died in 1881

13 2.5.2 The Principles of Policing

The principles of policing is made by Sir Robert Peel in 1829. He is also the one who created the metropolitan police in London. The principles purposes are to maintaining safety and security within community under the law. There are nine principles of policing:

1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.

2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public

approval of police actions.

3. Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary

observation of the law to be able to secure and maintain the public respect.

4. The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes

proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.

5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion, but by

constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.

6. Police use physical force to the extend necessary to secure observance of the

law or to restore order only when he exercise of persuasion, advice, and

warning is found to be insufficient.

7. Police, at all time, should maintaining a relationship with the public that gives

reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are

the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give

full-time attention to duties which are incumbent upon every citizen in

interest of community welfare and existence.

8. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions, and

never appear to usurp the powers of judiciary.

14 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the

visible evidence of police action dealing with it.

2.5.3 Crime Investigation

There were four additional objectives of the investigation process. They were finding strong evidence that he crime was actually committed, and identifying the evidence as well as apprehending the suspect(s). In addition, the stolen property were recovered, and the person charged with crime was assisted. The objectives are to make the investigators remain faithful to their oath and accompany the ethical standard. The most common way to investigate the case is by asking question from witnesses or related to the victim or the cases, using the things left at the crime scene as the clue, and surveillance. Then, in May 1892, the Queen

Victoria said the crime investigation required special skills, experience, and professional approach such as surveillance.

2.5.4 Manner

In 1836 and 1856, a code of police rules and regulations was laid down. The superintendent was responsible for general management of police. While, sergeants were responsible for the appearance and performance of constables when patrolling their beats. They also expected to develop a working knowledge and to behave at all times in a civil manner in their dealings with public.

2.5.5 Uniform

The first real policeman was better known as Peelers or Bobbies who had the popular nickname of Robert Peel. He was the one who established Metropolitan

15 Police and Scotland Yard. In the past, their uniform was long blue swallow-tailed coat and strengthened tall hats which protected them from blows to head. Police services in uniform was considered as training ground for detective. Later, in 1829, detective tasks in division performed by detective group named plainclothes policemen or out-of-uniform clothes policemen. The police surveillance techniques had been strengthened by the appearance of plainclothes detectives.

Plainclothes officer regularly used for official or unofficial duties.

The commissioners usually approved the use of undercover officer to detect thieves. Officer who worked as plainclothes officer received pay hike in

1862. The extra payment was important because plainclothes officer had to supply their own out-of-uniform clothes. Then, the commissioner Mayne restricted the use of undercover officer because it might lead to corruption. So, there is a regulation determine that the superintendents could only use officers out of uniform if the superintendents could convince that the case really need plainclothes officer to the commissioners.

16 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Subject Matter

The subject of this research is Sergeant Cuff’s character in “The Moonstone” novel by Wilkie Collins. The writer has chosen this novel because it is regarded as the first and the best English detective novel by T.S Eliot. In addition, she has also chosen Sergeant Cuff, the main character of the novel because he was a character influenced by Jonathan Whicher. Therefore, Sergeant Cuff was known as portrayal of detective in Victorian era and represented the characteristics of detective such as character who was rational to make a decision in carrying out his duties.

3.2 Material

The research materials of this paper are the novel “The Moonstone” written by

Wilkie Collins in 1868, internet sources, books, and journals, and other references related to the history of detective in Victorian era, policing procedure, character and characterization, and historical approach. The writer sought other information from sources which are relevant with the topic of discussion.

3.3 Approach

The writer applied descriptive qualitative approach. In this regard, structural approach and historical approach were applied to analyze the collected data. The main topic of this research is the influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant

17 Cuff’s character in the novel “The Moonstone” by Wilkie Collins. Further, qualitative method of research is employed. Hence, non-numerical data from the above novel were collected to be analyzed.

3.4 Procedure

There are several steps which were taken to complete this research. At first, the writer found the murder case in Victorian history is interesting. Then, she searched a popular detective fiction based on real detective or real case. In this regard, she chose to analyze Sergeant Cuff’s character in the novel “The

Moonstone” written by Wilkie Collins. She read the novel until she understood it.

After that, the writer formulated the research problems and found theories which are relevant to the topic.

The writer applied structural approach and historical approach. In structural approach, she analyzed the structure which builds the novel known is the intrinsic elements. In doing so, she employed Kenney’s theory (1966) on characterization and fundamental structure of character by Egri Lajos (1985). In historical approach, the writer employed the extrinsic elements which connect literary work with things outside literature such as history in analyzing Sergeant

Cuff’s character. As such, she employed Lynn’s theory (1998) on historicism to analyze the extrinsic elements.

To support the data analysis, the writer also collected some other references Further, she analyzed the Sergeant Cuff’s character by investigating what influence Jonathan Whicher, a Scotland Yard detective, gave to Sergeant

Cuff’s character in the novel “The Moonstone” written by Wilkie Collins and

18 How Jonathan Whicher gave to Sergeant Cuff’s character in the novel. Finally, she presented the research findings and drew conclusion as well as gave suggestions.

19 CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

There are two approaches used in this analysis. Structural approach and historical approach. First, the writer employed structural approach to analyze the research data. Structural approach is an analysis from structural aspects or intrinsic elements. In structural approach, the writer analyzed the data through intrinsic elements which discuss the characterization and three fundamental structures of character – physiological dimension, sociological dimension, and psychological dimension. Historical approach is an analysis from historical aspects or extrinsic elements. In historical approach, the writer analyzed the data through extrinsic elements or extrinsic elements in accordance with Victorian era such as crime investigations, manner, the principles of policing and uniform. Hence, the writer analyzed the character of Sergeant Cuff through intrinsic and extrinsic elements.

4.1 Sergeant Cuff Characterization

A character is created by the writer. Every writer has his or her own method of presenting character in the novel or also known as characterization.

Characterization seen through narratives in The Moonstone (ms) novel.

20 From the quotation above, it shows that the writer used the method of characterization to present the character of Sergeant Cuff. It was indicated when

Wilkie Collins, the author of the novel “The Moonstone”, presented Sergeant

Cuff’s character through another character in the novel. Sergeant Cuff character was described through Steward in Lady Verinder’s house, Mr. Betteredge’s character narratives.

4.2 Fundamental Structures of Sergeant Cuff Character

A. Physiological dimension

… elderly man, so miserably lean that he looked as if he had not got an ounce of flesh on his bones in any part of him. He was dressed all in decent black, with a white cravat round his neck. His face was as sharp as a hatchet, and the skin of it was as yellow and dry and withered as an autumn leaf…. (ms, page 86)

From the quotation above, Mr. Betteredge described Sergeant Cuff’s character through physical appearance. He described as a thin old man and tidy person.

B. Sociological dimension

“I begin to hope we are seeing the end of our anxieties already,” he said. “If half the stories I have heard are true, when it comes to unravelling a mystery, there isn’t the equal in England of Sergeant Cuff!”(ms, page 86)

The dialogue above shows that there was not anyone who could match

Sergeant Cuff’s ability in solving a mystery. It shows that he was a dependable person. Moreover, he also really fit with his job as a detective.

…Second, as to whether Miss Verinder had an accomplice among the female servants in the house. After carefully thinking it over, I determined to conduct

21 the inquiry in, what we should call at our office, a highly irregular manner. For this reason: I had a family scandal to deal with, which it was my business to keep within the family limits… (ms, page 142)

The quotation above shows the awareness and consciousness of Sergeant

Cuff to set limitation. He limited his business in order to not interfere in lady

Verinder’s family scandal. He was aware as a detective, he had no rights to interfere the family problem. He respected the limitation and kept his professionalism.

C. Psychological dimension

…“This is the shape for a rosery — nothing like a circle set in a square. Yes, yes; with walks between all the beds. But they oughtn’t to be gravel walks like these. Grass, Mr. Gardener — grass walks between your roses; gravel’s too hard for them. That’s a sweet pretty bed of white roses and blush roses. They always mix well together, don’t they? Here’s the white musk rose, Mr. Betteredge — our old English rose holding up its head along with the best and newest of them. Pretty dear!” says the Sergeant, fondling the Musk Rose with his lanky fingers, and speaking to it as if he was speaking to a child. (ms, page 87)

Every detective has their own characteristic. As mentioned before by

Michaela Veselská in the previous study, she shows that the significant traces of english detective fiction found in the unusual detective figure such as Sherlock

Holmes as a eccentric detective. In Sergeant Cuff case, from the dialogue above shows that Sergeant Cuff was a detective who loves rose or crazy about it.

I led the way upstairs. The Sergeant went softly all over the Indian cabinet and all round the “boudoir”; asking questions (occasionally only of Mr. Superintendent, and continually of me)… (ms, page 88)

From the quotation, it shows that Sergeant Cuff occasionally asked questions. It means that Sergeant Cuff was a curious person. From the question, he could get much information from Mr. Betteredge. Later, this information could be useful as a clue for this case, the missing moonstone.

22 …He laid one leaning inquiring finger on the small smear, just under the lock, … “No!” he said, “we’ll take the matter of the paint first. It’s a question of Yes or No with the paint — which is short. It’s a question of petticoats with the women — which is long. What o’clock was it when the servants were in this room yesterday morning? Eleven o’clock — eh? Is there anybody in the house who knows whether that paint was wet or dry, at eleven yesterday morning?”… (ms, page 88-89)

Sergeant Cuff realized the small smear under the lock. Then, he asked questions after another in detail and thought of the possibilities to find the cause.

It means that he was a detail oriented person and quick-witted.

… “I shall now wish you good-night, ma’am,” says the Sergeant… (ms, page 109)

Mr. Franklin and I waited to see what was coming next. The Sergeant stood at the window with his hands in his pockets, looking out, and whistling the tune of “The Last Rose of Summer” softly to himself. Later in the proceedings, I discovered that he only forgot his manners so far as to whistle, when his mind was hard at work, seeing its way inch by inch to its own private ends, on which occasions “The Last Rose of Summer” evidently helped and encouraged him. I suppose it fitted in somehow with his character. It reminded him, you see, of his favourite roses, and as he whistled it, it was the most melancholy tune going. (ms, page 94)

Even though Sergeant Cuff was a well-mannered man, he had a bad habit.

Sometimes he forgot his manners when he thought. He whistled. When he whistled, an air of melancholy surrounded him.

“Can you guess yet,” inquired Mr. Franklin, “who has stolen the Diamond?” “Nobody has stolen the Diamond,” answered Sergeant Cuff. We both started at that extraordinary view of the case, and both earnestly begged him to tell us what he meant. “Wait a little,” said the Sergeant. “The pieces of the puzzle are not all put together yet.”(ms, page 94) … “You don’t seem to be much disappointed,” I said. “No,” said Sergeant Cuff; “I am not much disappointed.” I tried to make him explain himself. “Why should Miss Rachel put an obstacle in your way?” I inquired. “Isn’t it her interest to help you?” “Wait a little, Mr. Betteredge — wait a little.”… (ms, page 98)

23 In the first dialogue, Mr. Franklin asks Sergeant Cuff about the culprit of the moonstone. However, Sergeant Cuff told him to wait because he did not have enough clue to make a conclusion. He did not draw a conclusion in a hurry. He investigated the cases patiently. In the second dialogue, the young lady refused to cooperate with the investigation. However, Sergeant Cuff also wait patiently and thought for another method. He was patient and innovative as described below.

…I quite agree with you, my lady, that the servants’ feelings ought to be consulted. But I am equally clear that the servants’ wardrobes ought to be searched.” This looked very like a deadlock. My lady said so, in choicer language than mine. “I have got a plan to meet the difficulty,” said Sergeant Cuff, “if your ladyship will consent to it. I propose explaining the case to the servants.” “The women will think themselves suspected directly,” I said, interrupting him. “The women won’t, Mr. Betteredge,” answered the Sergeant, “if I can tell them I am going to examine the wardrobes of everybody — from her ladyship downwards — who slept in the house on Wednesday night. It’s a mere formality,” he added, with a side look at my mistress; “but the servants will accept it as even dealing between them and their betters; and, instead of hindering the investigation, they will make a point of honour of assisting it.”… (ms, page 95)

Sergeant proposed the servant’s wardrobes to be searched. However, the lady said that he had to think about the servant’s feeling. He agreed with the lady and persuaded her. From this dialogue, it shows that he respected the servant and treated them equally. He was also good at persuading someone.

Sergeant Cuff never laughed. On the few occasions when anything amused him, he curled up a little at the corners of the lips, nothing more. He curled up now. (ms, page 100) … Sergeant Cuff bowed. My mistress had produced but one effect on him. His hatchet-face softened for a moment, as if he was sorry for her. As to shaking him in his own conviction,… (ms, page 140)

24 He never really showed his expression. He only curled up a little at the corner of his lip when he smiled. It shows he was a cold person. However, he still had sympathy for others. .

…“All right!” said the Sergeant to himself. He turned round to me. “It’s no time for whistling, Mr. Betteredge, as you say. It’s time to take this business in hand, now, without sparing anybody. We’ll begin with Rosanna Spearman. Where is Joyce?” (ms, page 130) … “There,” he said, “is the evidence that she can’t have left this place by land. And here,” he went on, looking at the fisherman, “is the evidence that she can’t have got away by sea.” He stopped, and considered for a minute. “She was seen running towards this place, half an hour before I got here from the house,” he said to Yolland. “Some time has passed since then. Call it, altogether, an hour ago. How high would the water be, at that time, on this side of the rocks?” He pointed to the south side — otherwise, the side which was not filled up by the quicksand. (ms, page 134-135)

Sergeant Cuff focused on Rosanna Spearman as his suspect. Hence, he put her under his surveillance. He observed her carefully. However, Rosanna disappeared. Then, Sergeant Cuff investigated her disappearance. He used his logical deduction and carefully learned the clues that Rosanna left behind.

…What he had to say to the Sergeant was spoken in my presence. He described her ladyship as willing to acknowledge that she had spoken over hastily. And he asked if Sergeant Cuff would consent — in that case — to accept his fee, and to leave the matter of the Diamond where the matter stood now. The Sergeant answered, “No, sir. My fee is paid me for doing my duty. I decline to take it, until my duty is done.” “I don’t understand you,” says Mr. Franklin. “I’ll explain myself, sir,” says the Sergeant. “When I came here, I undertook to throw the necessary light on the matter of the missing Diamond. I am now ready, and waiting, to redeem my pledge. When I have stated the case to Lady Verinder as the case now stands, and when I have told her plainly what course of action to take for the recovery of the Moonstone, the responsibility will be off my shoulders. Let her ladyship decide, after that, whether she does, or does not, allow me to go on. I shall then have done what I undertook to do — and I’ll take my fee.” In those words Sergeant Cuff reminded us that, even in the Detective Police, a man may have a reputation to lose…. (ms, page 137-138)

25 Sergeant Cuff refused to take his payment from the lady. He did so because his duty had not been done yet or he had not finished the case. It shows that he was a hardworking person and responsible for his job.

4.3 Victorian Era

Sergeant Cuff was an independent person because he was a representation or prototype of inspector Jonathan Whicher. Jonathan Whicher lived in Victorian era.

Therefore, Sergeant Cuff was a representation of a detective in Victorian era. The characters of Detectives of Scotland Yard in the era was influenced by their surrounding. It means that the things which influenced the detectives’ character also influenced Sergeant Cuff’s character in The Moonstone as follows.

A. Crime Investigation

When I have stated the case to Lady Verinder as the case now stands, and when I have told her plainly what course of action to take for the recovery of the Moonstone, the responsibility will be off my shoulders. Let her ladyship decide, after that, whether she does, or does not, allow me to go on. I shall then have done what I undertook to do — and I’ll take my fee.” In those words Sergeant Cuff reminded us that, even in the Detective Police, a man may have a reputation to lose…. (ms, page 137-138)

The objectives of crime investigations are to make the investigators remain faithful to their oath and accompany the ethical standard which was shown in

Sergeant Cuff’s character.

The most common way to investigate the case is by asking question from witnesses or related to the victim or the cases, using the things left at the crime scene as the clue, and surveillance. Sergeant Cuff had the skills which affect his

26 character to be detail-oriented person, careful in his movement, and a rational thinker. This is shown in dialogue below:

…“That’s a pity,” says Sergeant Cuff. “How did it happen?” He put the question to me. I answered that the women-servants had crowded into the room on the previous morning, and that some of their petticoats had done the mischief. “Superintendent Seegrave ordered them out, sir,” I added, “before they did any more harm.” “Right!” says Mr. Superintendent in his military way. “I ordered them out. The petticoats did it, Sergeant — the petticoats did it.” “Did you notice which petticoat did it?” asked Sergeant Cuff, still addressing himself, not to his brother-officer, but to me. (ms, page 88)

The Sergeant’s next proceeding was to question me about any large dogs in the house who might have got into the room, and done the mischief with a whisk of their tails. Hearing that this was impossible, he next sent for a magnifying-glass, and tried how the smear looked, seen that way. No skin mark (as of a human hand) printed off on the paint. All the signs visible — signs which told that the paint had been smeared by some loose article of somebody’s dress touching it in going by. That somebody (putting together Penelope’s evidence and Mr. Franklin’s evidence) must have been in the room, and done the mischief, between midnight and three o’clock on the Thursday morning. (ms, page 92)

The two deformed girls had, I suppose, a kind of fellow-feeling for each other. Anyway, the Yollands and Rosanna always appeared to get on together, at the few chances they had of meeting, in a pleasant and friendly manner. The fact of Sergeant Cuff having traced the girl to their cottage, set the matter of my helping his inquiries in quite a new light.(ms, page 108)

In Victorian era, detectives had some habits. Detective made a habit of getting to know the criminal to gain information. In addition, the habit of editing to present a report in a good form. Hence, the detective was curious about people related to the case. It is shown in dialogue below:

The great Cuff opened the washing-book, understood it perfectly in half a minute, and shut it up again. “I venture to trouble your ladyship with one last question,” he said. “Has the young woman who brought us this book been in your employment as long as the other servants?” “Why do you ask?” said my lady. “The last time I saw her,” answered the Sergeant, “she was in prison for theft.”

27 After that, there was no help for it, but to tell him the truth. My mistress dwelt strongly on Rosanna’s good conduct in her service, and on the high opinion entertained of her by the matron at the reformatory. “You don’t suspect her, I hope?” my lady added, in conclusion, very earnestly. “I have already told your ladyship that I don’t suspect any person in the house of thieving — up to the present time.” (ms, page 97)

…“It is needless to tell me your reason. After what you have just said, you know as well as I do that you have gone too far to go back. I owe it to myself, and I owe it to my child, to insist on your remaining here, and to insist on your speaking out.” The Sergeant looked at his watch. “If there had been time, my lady,” he answered, “I should have preferred writing my report, instead of communicating it by word of mouth. But, if this inquiry is to go on, time is of too much importance to be wasted in writing. I am ready to go into the matter at once. It is a very painful matter for me to speak of, and for you to hear-”… (ms, page 139)

B. Manner

She turned for one moment, and tried to look at Mr. Franklin. I say, tried, for she suddenly looked away again before their eyes met. There seemed to be some strange disturbance in her mind. She colored up, and then she turned pale again. With the paleness, there came a new look into her face — a look which it startled me to see. “Having answered your question, miss,” says the Sergeant, “I beg leave to make an inquiry in my turn. There is a smear on the painting of your door, here. Do you happen to know when it was done? or who did it?” Instead of making any reply, Miss Rachel went on with her questions, as if he had not spoken, or as if she had not heard him. “Are you another police officer?” she asked. “I am Sergeant Cuff, miss, of the Detective Police.”… (ms, page 90)

My lady led the way back. Before he followed her, the Sergeant relieved his mind on the subject of the gravel walks by a parting word to the gardener. “Get her ladyship to try grass,” he said, with a sour look at the paths. “No gravel! no gravel!” Why Superintendent Seegrave should have appeared to be several sizes smaller than life, on being presented to Sergeant Cuff, I can’t undertake to explain. I can only state the fact. They retired together; and remained a weary long time shut up from all mortal intrusion. When they came out, Mr. Superintendent was excited, and Mr. Sergeant was yawning. “The Sergeant wishes to see Miss Verinder’s sitting-room,” says Mr. Seegrave, addressing me with great pomp and eagerness. “The Sergeant may have some questions to ask. Attend the Sergeant, if you please!” (ms, page 88)

28 In Victorian era, manners are one of the important things in society. There are some manners which man or woman need to follow. People always apply the titles when making introduction. Moreover, guests cannot enter someone else’ room without first knocking or receiving invitation or permission. Manners were closely connected with gentlemen’s behavior. The true gentlemen imply on who is courteous, obliging, polite, free, and easy in his manners, honorable, humane, forgiving, humble minded, and devoid of all conceit or vanity and virtuous. In addition, money cannot purchase this qualification. The gentlemen qualities are shown in Sergeant Cuff’s character in the quotation below:

… “I shall now wish you good-night, ma’am,” says the Sergeant… (ms, page 109)

On our way to the house this morning he consulted me, with some nervous impatience and irresolution, about a letter (forwarded to him from London) which he had received from Sergeant Cuff. The Sergeant writes from Ireland. He acknowledges the receipt (through his housekeeper) of a card and message which Mr. Blake left at his residence near Dorking, and announces his return to England as likely to take place in a week or less… (ms, page 331)

He described her ladyship as willing to acknowledge that she had spoken over hastily. And he asked if Sergeant Cuff would consent — in that case — to accept his fee, and to leave the matter of the Diamond where the matter stood now. The Sergeant answered, “No, sir. My fee is paid me for doing my duty. I decline to take it, until my duty is done.” “I don’t understand you,” says Mr. Franklin. “I’ll explain myself, sir,” says the Sergeant. “When I came here, I undertook to throw the necessary light on the matter of the missing Diamond. I am now ready, and waiting, to redeem my pledge. When I have stated the case to Lady Verinder as the case now stands, and when I have told her plainly what course of action to take for the recovery of the Moonstone, the responsibility will be off my shoulders. Let her ladyship decide, after that, whether she does, or does not, allow me to go on. I shall then have done what I undertook to do — and I’ll take my fee.”

29 In those words Sergeant Cuff reminded us that, even in the Detective Police, a man may have a reputation to lose…. (ms, page 137-138)

C. The Principles of Policing

Although these are the principles of policing. They also affect Scotland

Yard detectives because the detectives usually come from police divisions before they are moved to the detective division. Hence, detectives are responsible to prevent crime and disorder ever happening in the first place and give full time attention for this job. They need good relationships, get cooperation, trust and confidence in the community. Detectives have to be blind to an individual’s race, gender, or socio-economic class. In other words, detectives have to treat every community member equally. In addition, they have to remain neutral when they operate as agents of the government, and they are not influenced by illegal or improper public pressure or prejudice perspective. This qualification was shown in Sergeant Cuff’s character as he treated every society member as equal and considered their feeling when he searched their wardrobe and he had good relationships with Mr. Betteredge and got his cooperation to solve the case.

30 D. Uniform

Figure 2. Sir Robert Peel and his ‘Bobbies’. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2019, from https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Sir-Robert-Peel/

In the past, their uniform was long blue swallow-tailed coat and strengthened tall hats which protected them from blows to head. Then, In 1840s and 1850s, detectives began their training in plainclothes policemen. They detected crimes which more investigated by officers out of their uniform. The officer selected for detective tasks were not permanently assigned to plainclothes duty. They were investigated specific thread in public and came back to their duties. As the detectives wore plainclothes, it means they used daily attire in

Victorian era. Men usually wore coat such as tailcoat and frock coat. The frock coat was the usual coat form for a day dress at the beginning of the reign. It was

31 cut with a log waist and full skirt. It was usually singles-breasted or double-breasted. Frock coat was a dominant coat form for 1840s and early 1850s. frock coat continued to be worn until the end of reign. Tailcoat was also known as dress coat which was used for evening dress and morning dress. By 1860, tailcoat was used as an evening dress only. It remained the style of evening dress to the end of century and beyond. At the beginning of period, tailcoat usually appeared with color such as black, navy blue, brown, dark green, and mulberry color.

However, the black coat was really popular and used as standard color for formal dress at that time. It was due to the Prince Albert death in 1861. Hence, the Queen

Victoria wore black dress which followed by society.

Figure 3. Tailcoat, Secretary of the Interior Usher [digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2019, from https://www.historicalemporium.com/1860-victorian-photo-gallery.php)

32 Figure 4. Jonathan Whicher, by Frederick Bowker, 1870s (The Suspicions of Mr. Whicher, p.305)

Sometimes, people combined coat and cravat as decorative manner.

Cravat is a neck cloth tied in great varieties of knots in the late 1830. The cravat was sometimes knotted loosely as scarf, fitted the opening of waist coat and fixed by a pin. Black silk cravat and colored silk cravat were increasingly worn for daytime. In the end 1840s, white cravat was unusual except for evening wear.

Then, after 1840s, black cravat were only fashionable for evening wear and while cravat remained usual for the rest of period in whatever the shape of cravat. White

Cravat usually used on formal occasion. Men also used top hat as decorative attire.

The top hat with a high flatted topped crown and narrow brim, was worn through the rein. The top hat remained tall until mid of 1860s.

33 Figure 5. Victorian men neckties [digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2019, from https://vintagedancer.com/victorian/victorian-mens-ties/

Figure 6. Top hat in Victorian era, The Strand Magazine with the classic illustrations, by Sidney Paget, 1891, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books.

34 In 1870, some changes in the trend informal wear were on the rise. Broad brimmed white hat was popular as country man hat. A light shooting jacket was combined with white trousers. A light shooting jacket and white trousers fit nearly under the gaiters. The drab gaiters could be removed when it got wet or dirty and let the trousers down.

Figure 7. Shooting jackets [digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2019, from http://www.victoriana.com/Mens-Clothing/mens-clothing-1867.html

In Victorian era, men were regarded as gentlemen based on their attire.

According to Martine’s handbook of etiquette (1866), the dress of gentlemen should be such as not to excite any special observation, unless it be for neatness and propriety. The utmost care should be exercised to avoid even the appearance of desiring to attract attention by peculiar formation of any article attire, or by display an immoderate quantity of jewelry, both being a positive evidence of

35 vulgarity. His dress should be studiously neat, leaving no impression than that of well-dressed gentlemen. Hence, based on the gentlemen’s book of etiquette in

1860, the man of good taste will wear as little jewelry as possible. The false jewelry can represent vulgarity. Let it be simple and plain as possible. An old antique or a bit old jewelry possesses more interest than diamond. Men must harmonize the color of his dress. Therefore, gentlemen dress up neatly, properly and simply.

Figure 8. Sergeant Cuff’s illustration. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2019, from https://www.wilkie-collins.info/detective_fiction.htm

A fly from the railway drove up as I reached the lodge; and out got a grizzled, elderly man, so miserably lean that he looked as if he had not got an ounce of flesh on his bones in any part of him. He was dressed all in decent black, with a white cravat round his neck. His face was as sharp as a hatchet, and the skin of it was as yellow and dry and withered as an autumn leaf. His eyes, of a steely light grey, had a very disconcerting trick, when they encountered your eyes, of looking as if they expected something more from you than you were aware of yourself. His walk was soft; his voice was melancholy; his long lanky fingers were hooked like claws. He might have been a parson, or an undertaker — or anything else you like, except what he

36 really was. A more complete opposite to Superintendent Seegrave than Sergeant Cuff, and a less comforting officer to look at, for a family in distress, I defy you to discover, search where you may. (ms, page 86)

Was there anybody listening? The door fell to before I could get to it. Looking through, the moment after, I thought I saw the tails of Sergeant Cuff’s respectable black coat disappearing round the corner of the passage. (ms, page 119)

He was as dreary and as lean as ever. His eyes had not lost their old trick (so subtly noticed in Betteredge’s Narrative) of “looking as if they expected something more from you than you were aware of yourself.” But, so far as dress can alter a man, the great Cuff was changed beyond all recognition. He wore a broad-brimmed white hat, a light shooting-jacket, white trousers, and drab gaiters. He carried a stout oak stick. His whole aim and object seemed to be to look as if he had lived in the country all his life. When I complimented him on his metamorphosis, he declined to take it as a joke. (ms, page 356)

Sergeant Cuff’s attire reflected the Victorian era attire. He wore coat in decent black and also a white cravat. In another appearance, he wore country life attire. According Sarah Josepha Hale, dress is something more than necessity of climate, something higher than elegance of civilization. Dress is the index of conscience, and the evidence of our emotional nature. It reveals, more clearly than speech expresses, the inner life of heart and soul in a person, and also the tendencies of the individual character. His appearance was neat, decent and simple. Hence, based on the quotation and illustration above, Sergeant Cuff was a gentleman.

37 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

It has been stated in the first chapter that the writer would like to know about the influence of Jonathan Whicher on Sergeant Cuff’s character in The Moonstone novel written by Wilkie Collins and how Jonathan Whicher influenced Sergeant

Cuff’s character in the novel. In this regard, The writer employed structural approach and historical approach. In structural, approach, she analyzed the structure which builds the novel known is the intrinsic elements. In doing so, she employed Kenney’s theory (1966) on characterization and fundamental structure of character by Egri Lajos (1985). In historical approach, the writer employed the extrinsic elements which connect literary work with things outside literature such as history in analyzing Sergeant Cuff’s character. As such, she employed Lynn’s theory (1998) on historicism to analyze the extrinsic elements.

Based on the results of the data analysis, the writer found that Wilkie

Collins employed character on character method to show Sergeant Cuff character from steward in Lady Verinder’s house, Mr. Betteredge’s narrative. From using the fundamental structure of character, the writer found that Sergeant Cuff was a thin old man character who was tidy and neat through physiological dimension. In addition, from sociological dimension, Sergeant Cuff was dependable and really fit to his job. Sergeant Cuff was a unique character who had big curiosity, well mannered, sees someone else as equal, hardworking and responsible for his job from psychological dimension.

38 When analyzing Sergeant Cuff’s character from extrinsic elements the writer analyzed the character from crime investigations, the principles of policing, manner and fashion in Victorian era which were shown in the novel. Based on crime investigation, detectives featured or need to be curious, detail oriented, faithful to their oath and has habit in editing as shown in Sergeant Cuff’s character.

Detectives also need to see people as equal and responsible for his job. Those qualities were shown in Sergeant Cuff‘s character when he treated the servant and responded to Lady Verinder’s early payment. In Victorian era, society thought of high manner. It is shown that he was a well-mannered man who is polite and forgiving. A person’s character is also shown from his or her attire. From

Sergeant Cuff’s attire, he was seen as a gentleman.

Sergeant Cuff was a reflection of Jonathan Whicher. So the things that influenced Jonathan Whicher’s character as a detective also influenced Sergeant

Cuff’s character. The influence of Jonathan Whicher was greatly shown in

Sergeant Cuff’s character. Based on the data analysis, it was also shown that

Jonathan Whicher greatly influenced the depiction Sergeant Cuff’s character through the detective values such as his responsibility and faithful, and appearance such in his attire.

5.2 Suggestion

This research focuses on analyzing the character of Sergeant Cuff in the novel

“The Moonstone” through intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. The writer suggests readers that they read the novel since it has moral value and valuable knowledge about British police, particularly the Scotland Yard police in Victorian

39 era in terms of their excellent performance. The writer also realizes that this study still has some weaknesses and need improvement from the theory and the data.

Hence, she welcomes advice, suggestion and constructive criticism to improve her paper and skill in conducting research.The writer hopes that next researchers who will conduct research on a similar topic with different theories or approaches will do better research in the future. They can conduct research with different objects such as other detectives’ character in the novel, social class in Victorian era, or woman representation in Victorian era, by employing feminism or Marxism approaches.

The detective genre actually is interesting to be analyzed. However, the writer suggests that other researchers need to be careful in analyzing a literary element of a detective novel because the number of the handbook guide or relevant references to analyze such a novel is only a few. In addition, she also suggests that other researchers also need to pay attention to the details and every sequence of the story because it is very important, especially if they would like to analyze the plot. She hopes that this research can help other researchers who are interested in researching a detective novel.

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44 SUMMARY OF “THE MOONSTONE”

The moonstone starts with John Herncastle’s narrative. He is part of British army.

When he fights in India, he killed three Brahmins priest who guards the moonstone. Then, he takes it to England. The narrative changes to Mr. Betteredge narrative, steward in Lady Verinder’s house. John Herncastle is a family outcast.

So, he leaves the moonstone to Rachel, Lady Verinder daughter on her eighteen birthday. He asks Franklin Balske to deliver the moonstone. Rachel wears the moonstone through her birthday party. However, the moonstone is gone in the morning. Then, the local police is called. Rachel behaves strangely and refuses to cooperate. So, Franklin calls Sergeant Cuff to solve the case. When Sergeant Cuff takes over the case, he suspects one of the housemaid, Rossana Spearman.

Sergeant Cuff also asks for Rachel cooperation but she refuses. Sergeant Cuff suspects that Rachel and Rossana work together. After that, Rosanna disappears and commits suicide. The household is in disarray and Sergeant Cuff dismissed after he said his suspicion on Rachel to Lady Verinder.

The next narrator is Franklin Blake. He accused of stealing the moonstone and Rachel confirmed it. Franklin who have not any recollection about taking the moonstone, continues the investigation. Then, he discovers that he is the one who took the moonstone under the influence of the drugs.

In London, another officer takes over the case. He finds that the moonstone is with the sailor, Septimus Luker. He investigates the case with

Sergeant Cuff help. When Franklin and Sergeant Cuff find the sailor, the man has been killed. The sailor is Godfrey Ablewhite in disguised. Godfrey Ablewhite is a

45 philanthropist who proposes Rachel but she refuses him. Under the influence of the drug, Franklin gives the moonstone to Godfrey. When he keeps the moonstone, he killed by the Indian priests. The Indians returns to India and restores the moonstone.

46 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Details Name : Metta Monica Gender : Female Place, Date of Birth : Tangerang, November 23rd 1997 Nationality : Indonesian Marital Status : Single Address : Jl. Gama VI No.51, Cimone Permai Postal Code : 15114 Phone Number : 089656948193 E-mail : [email protected]

Educational Background 2003 - 2009 : SD Santo Leo II 2009 - 2012 : SMP Strada Slamet Riyadi 2012 - 2015 : SMK Atisa Dipamkara 2015 - Present : Universitas Buddhi Dharma

Work Experience June 2014 - July 2014 : As a graphic designer in PT. Pegasus Graha Indah

47 48