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A Report on the Flora of the Sierra De Los Ajos, Sonora, Mexico

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A Report on the Flora of the Sierra De Los Ajos, Sonora, Mexico This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Another Jewel in the Crown: A Report on the Flora of the Sierra De Los Ajos, Sonora, Mexico 1 2 3 Mark Fishbein , Richard Felger , and Florentino Garza Abstract. -We report here on the flora of the Sierra de los Ajos, Sonora, Mexico, based on collections made in 1992 and 1993. The known flora of this Sky Island range contains 376 species of vascular plants in 93 families. Based on our collections and the results of floristic studies of other Sky Island ranges, we anticipate that the total flora of the Sierra de los Ajos contains over 1000 species. We have documented the only known occurrences in Mexico of two species that are candidates for listing as threatened or endangered species in the United States, various new distribution records for Mexico and Sonora, and large range extensions of a number of other plants. This work contributes to a projected flora of the Sky Island region. INTRODUCTION Islands north of the Mexico-U.S. border is surpris­ ing considering that the floras of New Mexico and The flora of the Sierra de los Ajos includes sev­ Arizona were first produced in the early part of eral notable taxa, including some that are this century (Wooton and Standley 1915, Kearney considered in danger of extinction, some that are and Peebles 1942). In fact, many of the additions far disjunct from the nearest known populations, to the flora of Arizona have come from botanical and some that show a marked extension of their exploration of the Sky Islands (e.g. Lehr and known range. We have documented se~eral state Pinkava 1980, 1982). It is perhaps less surprising and national distribution records in the Ajos. We that the ranges that lie to the south of the interna­ predict that the total flora of the range will exceed tional border have received comparatively less 1000 species, and will contain a highly diverse attention, because of their location on the north­ mixture of biogeographic elements, as is typical of western frontier of Mexico. To date, reasonably regional Sky Island ranges. Because they occur complete floras have been published for only near the center of the Sky Island bioregion, which three of the aproximately two dozen Sky Island includes isolated mountain ranges south of the ranges: the Sierra del Tigre in Sonora (White 1948) Mogollon Rim and north of the Sierra Madre Occi­ and the Rincon Mountains (Bowers and McLaugh­ dental, the flora of the Sierra de los Ajos provides lin 1987) and Pinaleno Mountains (McLaughlin an important basis for understanding the flora of 1993) in Arizona. The flora of the Huachuca Mou­ the bioregion as a whole. tains in Arizona is in preparation and will soon be The Sierra de los Ajos occur in a botanically submitted for publication (J. Bowers and S. underexplored region of North America. Despite McLaughlin, personal communication). over 70 years of intensive collecting, the Sky Is­ The Sierra de los Ajos lie just south of the in­ land bioregion remains one of the least well ternational border, which nearly bisects the region known floristic areas of temperate North America. (fig. 1). Like the Sky Island region generally, the The paucity of floristic information about the Sky Ajos occur at the juncture of four major bio­ geographic regions: Madrean, Sonoran, Chihuahuan, and Southern Rockies/Mogollon, in 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Herbarium, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. approximate order of their contribution to the 2 Drylands Institute, Tucson, AZ. flora. Streams rising in the Ajos contribute to three 3 Centro Ecologico de Sonora, Apartado Postal No. 1497, Hermosillo, major river systems: the northward-flowing Rio Sonora. San Pedro and the southward-flowing Rio Sonora 126 c:s ........... hnta Catalina Mtl. .. ARIZONA NEWMEXI,CO Tucson 0 ~ ,~'."". CV ..., ... M ••• o ~" ... M". Whatltona Mtl. An 1m •• Mt •• ............L 0 o Sle".. Vlltl GMU'IMtl' Chl,'uhue Mtl. o ~ __~ __~O\- __~~rI-"UaCIIUea Mil. Sla".. Marlqu'ta Sla". San Lui. ~.c- C) ..... OJ •• Slarra da "nltol CHIHUAHUA \ C'\ ... ~ ••••:': Sllrra Manzanal "J ..........~ ~ 'IKm \r "....... "... ~ 51 ...... Ie M., ... ~ ".......... ,.. Flgure1.-The Sky Island bloreglon of northwestern Mexico and southwestern United States. Sierra de los Ajos are Indicated by an asterisk (*). and Rio Yaqui. Although several streams have between t~t of the Huachuca Mts. (-1375 m) and perennial stretches, none have perennial flows be­ the Rincon'Mts. (-1725 m) and is an intermediate yond the pediment of the range or reach the major value for the Sky Islands. rivers of the valleys. The prevalent geological formations in the Si­ The low point in the valleys surrounding the erra de los Ajos are volcanic and of Tertiary Ajos occurs at Bacoachi on the Rio Sonora (-1050 origin. An unusual feature of the range, and one m). The highest peak, Cerro de las Flores, rises to that is presumably important to the flora and 2625 m and is the highest point in the state of vegetation, is the large outcrop of limestone Sonora. Thus, the overall relief in the Ajos is ap­ (probably of Cretaceous origin) that forms the proximately 1575 m. This elevational range lies three highest peaks of the range. Following the 127 formation of these rocks, basin and range faulting on south-facing slopes from low- to mid-eleva­ and subsequent erosion created the present-day tions. The common oaks are Quercus emoryi, Q. topography of these mountains. oblongifolia, and Q. arizonica. Common grasses in­ The climate of the Ajos is typical of the region, clude Bouteloua spp., Eragrostis spp., Bothriochloa with bimodal, nearly equally distibuted summer barbinodis, and Aristida spp. Other conspicuous and winter rainfall, interrupted by a hot arid fore­ species include Juniperus deppeana, and Agave cf. summer (Solis-Garza, et a1. 1993). Near desert palmeri. Some level sites in this elevational range conditions prevail at the lowest elevations, are dominated by Juniperus coahuilensis and Yucca whereas the highest peaks experience a much arizonica. cooler and wetter climate due to orthographic Riparian forests change more gradually with processes. Microclimate diversity also contributes elevation than the corrsponding ridge and slope to the floristic diversity Southern exposures that vegetation. At low elevations xeroriparian areas are protected from frost can support species with support a sparse woodland of Celtis reticulata, Chi­ "tropical" affinities, whereas steep north-facing lopsis linearis, and Prosopis velutina. At the foot of canyons with cold air drainage support species the range, Populus fremontii, Platanus wrightii and with northern affinities. Fraxinus velutina form streamway forests. At mid­ elevations in Canon Evans, a diverse riparian assernblage includes Acer grandidentatum, Alnus VEGETATION oblongifolia, Juglans major, Juniperus scopulorum, and Populus fremontii. Abies concolor, Acer gran­ Biotic communities in the Sierra de los Ajos didentatum, and Populus tremuloides occur at the include mixed conifer forest, montane meadows, heads of the major canyons. Riparian communi­ "montane chaparral", pine-oak forest, oak wood­ ties along one stream in the Ajos are described by land, oak and mesquite grassland, and riparian Solis-Garza and associates (1993). forest. Only a brief discussion of these communi­ ties, which have been discussed in detail elsewhere (e.g. Marshall 1957, Brown 1982), will be presented here. FLORA Mixed conifer forest is of limited extent in the Ajos and is restricted to north-facing slopes at The earliest botanical collections from the Si­ high elevation. Common trees include Abies con­ erra de los Ajos preserved in herbaria are likely to color, Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica, Pinus be those of George Thurber, botanist with the first strobiformis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Montane U.S.-Mexico Boundary Commission. The commis­ meadows occur at sites that would support mixed sion approached the Ajos from the east and conifer, pine, or pine-oak forest in the absence of skirted the eastern and southern flanks of the fire. Because of the fire history of the Ajos (see range in May and June of 1851 on their way to below), these areas now support a diverse assem­ Bacoachi, on the Rio Sonora (Bartlett 1854). blage of herbs and grasses including The first collections from this century that we Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Delphinium tenuisectum, have seen were made by Joe Marshall in 1951. Glandularia bipinnatifida, Koehleria macrantha, Salvia Marshall collected extensively in Canon Evans, a lemmoni, Silene laciniata, and Viguiera multiflora. very large, north and west trending canyon that "Montane chaparral" occurs at high elevations on contains the largest perennial stream in the range. exposed limestone ridges, including the tops of Marshall was the first to document a distinct Ma­ the highest peaks. Common species in this asso­ drean pine-oak forest that extends north through ciation include Cercocarpus brevifolius, Eriogonum the Sky Islands in his classic publication on birds jamesii, Holodiscus dumosus, and Quercus gambelii. of the pine-oak woodland (Marshall 1957). Pine-oak forest is the most wide spread forest We are aware of four collections from the Si­ type in the Ajos and is predominant at mid-eleva­ erra de los Ajos from the 1980's and early 1990's. tions. Common trees and shrubs include Arbutus In September 1982, Frank Reichenbacher made an arizonica, Arctostaphylos pungens, Ceanothus depres­ extensive collection in Canon Evans. Paul Martin sus, Garrya wrightii, Juniperus deppeana, Pinus and associates made small collections in Jul y 1983 engelmannii, P. ponderosa var. arizonica, Quercus ari­ and April 1991, also in Canon Evans. Peter Warren zonica, Q. emoryi, Q. hypoleucoides, and Rhus and Esther Saucedo surveyed this canyon for rare trilobata. Oak woodland and grassland occur on plants in 1989. Prior to our efforts, most collecting north-facing slopes at the lowest elevations and in the range has occurred in Canon Evans.
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