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VIEWS of STATUS DIFFERENTIATION in TWO VILLAGES of NORTHEASTERN HUNGARY Kathryn Ann Szent-Gyorgyi Ph.D. in Social Anthropology U

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VIEWS of STATUS DIFFERENTIATION in TWO VILLAGES of NORTHEASTERN HUNGARY Kathryn Ann Szent-Gyorgyi Ph.D. in Social Anthropology U VIEWS OF STATUS DIFFERENTIATION IN TWO VILLAGES OF NORTHEASTERN HUNGARY Kathryn Ann Szent-Gyorgyi Ph.D. in Social Anthropology University College, London University ProQuest Number: 10608911 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10608911 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the question of how the inhabitants of two villages of northeastern Hungary conceptualise rank in the light of changes in politico- economic differentiation over the past one-and-a-half centuries. Following an initial description of the ecological-institutional context, the patterns of political and economic differentiation in the two villages, Botpal&d and Kispal&d, are discussed, and variations between the two villages are then related to the local patterns of family organisation, inheritance and marriage. In the light of these findings, the author analyses two central concepts, ranaos and modos. which the inhabitants of the two villages use when establishing a pecking order between the local families. For analytic purposes the author constructs some "ranking models" on the basis of these concepts, in order to highlight the overall trends in local conceptualisations of status differentiation. These "ranking models" are then related to other, more general attitudinal and behavioural attributes adopted by the local inhabitants. When these trends are analysed at a village rather than an individual level, an overall situation of divisiveness and distancing characterises Botpal&d, as opposed to Kispalad's greater communal solidarity. In order to shed light on the reasons behind these variations, the author looks initially into the historical backgrounds of the individual villagers who view status differentiation along the lines . of the various ranking models. At this level a connection is found between being of formerly noble, and often landed descent, and envisaging rank on the basis of intangible descent-based criteria. The former presence of impoverished nobles who lived the life of peasants, so- called "peasant-nobles", emerges as a crucial factor in local developments. The author reconstructs historically 3 the process of status group formation in both villages in the light of whether, as in the case of Botpal&d, the local population included peasant-nobles before 1848, or whether, as in the case of Kispal&d, this was not the case, and then discusses further developments in the light of landownership patterns at the turn of the century. After considering various theoretical approaches, the author proposes a framework for envisaging the course of future developments, and describes some parallel occurrences of peasant-nobi1ity in Eastern Europe. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12 1. INTRODUCTION. 14 I. A glimpse into the literature on East European peasantry. 14 II. The Hungarian literature. 16 III. Nobles and serfs in Hungary - a brief historical survey. 20 IV. My fieldwork circumstances. 27 2. THE ECOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT. 31 I. Regional and local history. 31 II. Some ecological features. 36 III. Subsistence activities before 1945. 44 IV. Subsistence activities after 1945. 53 V. Some other institutional features. 64 3. PATTERNS OF POLITICO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 69 I. The presence of nobles and serfs before 1848. 71 II. Patterns of politico-economic differentiation before 1945. 73 11.1. Land distribution before 1945. 76 11.2. Villagers of noble and serf descent in relation to their landholdings. 86 11.3. Landholdings, economic activities and material prosperity before 1945. 90 11.4. Landholdings, protekcio and local government before 1945. 99 5 II.4.a. Protekci6: Its local importance and some economic effects. 99 II.4.b. Landholdinas, protekcid and local aovernment. 101 II.5. Landholdinas, protekcid and education before 1945. 105 II.6. Landholdinas and church office. 111 II.7. Conclusions. 112 III. Land reform, collectivisation and politico- economic differentiation since 1945. 114 III.l. Landholdinas and the occupational structure since 1945. 114 III. 2. The accumulation of material wealth in the mid-1970s. 119 III.3. The occupational structure and material differentiation in Botpalad and Kispalad in the mid-1970s. 124 III.4. Local aovernment and political power in Botpal&d and Kispaldd in the mid-1970s. 142 III.5. Education in Botpal&d and Kispal&d in the mid-1970s. 148 III.6. Conclusions. 152 IV. Politico-economic differentiation in an historical perspective: aeneral conclusions. 153 FAMILY ORGANISATION BEFORE AND AFTER 1945. 157 I. The family types. 157 II. Family oraanisation before 1945. 163 II.1. Family oraanisation amona villagers with under 10 and over 40 kh. of land. 163 II.2. Family oraanisation amona villaaers with 10-40 kh. of land. 167 III. Family oraanisation after collectivisation. 172 INHERITANCE AND MARRIAGE PATTERNS BEFORE AND AFTER 1945. 180 I. Inheritance patterns in Botpalad and Kispalad. 180 6 II. Marriage patterns before and after 1945. 184 11.1. Types of marriage and inheritance. before and after 1945. 184 11.2. Marriage norms. 189 11.3. Local endogamy over time. 193 6. BOTPALAD AND KISPALAD: RANKING CATEGORIES AND VIEWS OF STATUS DIFFERENTIATION. 199 I. Rang and m6d: some general comments. 201 II. The concept of rang as distinct from m6d (Botpalad). 203 11.1. Rang as a "true” status. 204 11.2. Ranaos as an attitude or type of behaviour. 224 III. The concept of mod (Botpaldd and Kispalad). 227 IV. The concept of rang in Kispalad. 231 V . Views of status differentiation in Botpalad and Kispal&d. 233 V.l. The "uri" model. 237 V.l.a. Case study number one. 239 V.l.b. Case study number two. 243 V.2. The ltcompetitive,t model. 247 V.2.a. Case study number three. 249 V.2.b. Case study number four. 252 V.3. The "land-focussed" model. 255 V.3.a. Case study number five. 256 V.4. The "egalitarian” model. 264 V.4.a. Case study number six. 265 V.5. Conclusions. 267 7.BOTPALAD AND KISPALAD: VIEWS OF STATUS DIFFERENTIATION IN RELATION TO OTHER ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURAL ATTRIBUTES. 268 I. Attitudes. 269 1.1. Historical consciousness and the past vs. the present. 270 1.2. National consciousness. 275 1.3. Attitudes towards official institutions. 276 7 1.4. Diligence and economising. 278 1.5. Technical and organisational innovations.280 1.6. Education in the traditional professions vs. a technical or skilled training. 281 1.7. The importance of piety. 282 1.8. Local pride and xenophobia. 283 1.9. Introversion, envy and Quarrelsomeness. 284 1.10. The importance of moral propriety. 285 II. Behavioural patterns. 285 11.1. Participation in local institutions. 286 11.1.a. The collective farm. 286 11.1.b. Local government. 289 11.1.e. Education. 2 90 11.1.d. The Church. 292 11.2. Economic activity. 294 11.3. Interaction and group formation. 298 11.3.a. Kinship, friendship and neighbourhood ties. 298 11.3.b. Other relations. 300 11.4. Marriage. 302 11.5. Life-style. 305 III. Summary. 309 111.1. The "uri” villager. 309 111.2. The "egalitarian” villager. 313 111.3. The "competitive" and "land-focussed" villagers. 315 IV. Views of status differentiation in relation to other attitudinal-behavioural patterns: the village level. 316 IV.1. Informal intra-village relations. 318 IV.2. Social influence and power. 323 IV.3. The collective farm. 326 8. BOTPALAD AND KISPALAD: VIEWS OF STATUS DIFFERENTIATION AND PEASANT-NOBILITY, A PERSPECTIVE OVER TIME AND SPACE. 329 I. The villagers' family backgrounds. 330 8 II. Views of status differentiation before 1848 and in the earlv 20th century: an historical reconstruction. 334 II.1. Peasant-nobles in Botpalad and Kispal&d 336 II.2. Views of status differentiation in the early 20th century. 341 11.2.a. Botpalad. 343 11.2.b. Kispalad. 345 Views of status differentiation and status aroup formation in the mid-1970s in the liaht of past trends. 346 Views of status differentiation and peasant- nobility: Hungarian and East European parallels. 350 IV.1. Peasant-nobles elsewhere in Hungary. 350 IV.2. Peasant-nobles in other countries of Eastern Europe. 357 9. CONCLUSIONS. 361 NOTES 376 BIBLIOGRAPHY 449 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: Range of material prosperity in the mid-1970s - some samples from Botpalad and Kispalad. 462 APPENDIX 2: Ranking expressions - English equivalents. 466 APPENDIX 3: Kinship terms. 470 APPENDIX 4: Sources for Tables. 478 9 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Proportion of nobles and serfs before 1848. 72 TABLE 2: Land distribution in 1900 expressed as proportion of total territory. 78 TABLE 3: Land distribution in 1900 expressed as proportion of total landowners. 79 TABLE 4: Land distribution in 1900 expressed as proportion of total number of working villagers. 81 TABLE 5: Land distribution in 1941 expressed as proportion of total number of working villagers. 82 TABLE 6: Land distribution in 1900 and 1941 expressed as proportion of total landowners; Proportion of landed and landless in working population. 84 TABLE 7: Proportion of villagers of noble/serf descent within each land category. 87 TABLE 8: Distribution of villagers of noble/serf descent according to land category. 89 TABLE 9: Distribution of ,,tagos,,/"fordulos" landowning villagers in the early 1900s. 94 TABLE 10: Educational level of local inhabitants (1970) . 107 TABLE 11: Occupational distribution of inhabitants (1960); Distribution of agricultural population (1960).
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