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An Túrscéal Stairiúil Sa Ghaeilge 1993-2013

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An Túrscéal Stairiúil Sa Ghaeilge 1993-2013 An tÚrscéal Stairiúil sa Ghaeilge 1993-2013 Síle Ní Choincheannain Tráchtas le haghaidh na céime Ph.D. arna chríochnú i Roinn na Gaeilge Coláiste Mhuire gan Smál, Luimneach Ceann na Roinne: Máire Ní Neachtain Stiúrthóir an tráchtais: An Dr. Breandán Ó Cróinín Clár Réamhrá …………………………………………………………………………………….1 1. Sainmhíniú an Úrscéil Stairiúil………………………………………………………….3 2. Luathúrscéalta stairiúla na Gaeilge, an scéal go dtí seo……………………………….10 3. Suirbhé ar nua-úrscéalta stairiúla na Gaeilge 1993-2013……………………………...28 4. Fosheánraí agus téamaí i nua-úrscéalta stairiúla na Gaeilge………………………….109 i. An t-úrscéal cogaidh………………………………………………110 ii. An t-úrscéal fantasaíochta………………………………………...116 iii. An t-úrscéal bleachtaireachta……………………………………..119 iv. An t-úrscéal grá…………………………………………………...122 v. Cás na mban sna nua-úrscéalta stairiúla…………………………..127 5. An Fear Dána…………………………………………………………………………140 i. An Idirthéacsúlacht Stairiúil……………………………………………...140 ii. An Idirthéacsúlacht ó fhoinsí liteartha seachtracha………………………163 iii. Lorg na fírinne……………………………………………………………182 6. Fontenoy……………………………………………………………………………....192 i. Cén fáth Cath Fontenoy?.............................................................................192 ii. Athghabháil Fontenoy: An Chogaíocht agus an Pholaitíocht…………….197 iii. Reacaireacht an Úrscéil…………………………………………………...214 7. An Cléireach………………………………………………………………………......227 i. Cúlra agus Carachtracht…………………………………………………..227 ii. An Chogaíocht san Úrscéal……………………………………………….236 iii. Tábhacht na hEalaíne……………………………………………………..243 Conclúidí…………………………………………………………………………………260 Dearbhú: Dearbhaím gur liom féin an saothar seo agus go bhfuil tagairt cheart chuí déanta agam d’ábhar ar bith a d’úsáid mé as foinsí eile. Níor úsáid mé aon chuid den saothar seo chun céim a bhaint amach in aon institiúid eile. Síle Ní Choincheannain _______________________________________ Nóta Buíochais Fad is a bhí mé ag gabháil don tráchtas seo bhí daoine faoi leith a thug an-chúnamh agus an- tacaíocht dom. Ba mhaith liom an deis a thapú anois chun buíochas a ghabháil leo. Ba mhaith liom, ar dtús, buíochas a ghabháil leis an Dr. Breandán Ó Cróinín a stiúraigh an taighde agus a thug tacaíocht iomlán dom ó thús go deireadh. Bhí sé foighneach agus bhí a dhoras ar leathadh dom i gcónaí. Roinn sé a stór eolais ar léann agus litríocht na Gaeilge go fial liom agus táim go mór faoi chomaoin aige. Más féidir liom a bheith leath chomh léannta leis le linn mo shaoil, bheadh éacht bainte amach agam. Níl na focail agam le buíochas ceart a ghabháil leis. Ba mhaith liom buíochas a ghabháil leis an bhfoireann iomlán Roinn na Gaeilge i gColáiste Muire gan Smál; An Ceann Roinne, Máire Ní Neachtain, a spreag i gcónaí mé ó thosaigh mé i gColáiste Muire gan Smál sa bhliain 2009, An Dr. Stiofán Newman, a bhí sásta cabhair agus comhairle a thabhairt dom leis na blianta chomh maith, An Dr. Liam Mac Páircín, a bhí mar stiúrthóir máistreachta agam, An Dr. Róisín Ní Dhonncha agus An Dr. Róisín Ní Ghairbhí. Táim buíoch daoibh ar fad as ucht na tacaíochta a thug sibh dom le deich mbliana anuas agus mé i mbun na céime agus na máistreachta araon. Ba mhaith liom buíochas ó chroí a ghabháil, ach go háirithe, le mo Dhaid. Is mian liom buíochas a ghabháil le mháthair a thug grá na Gaeilge dom i dtosach agus a oibríonn gan staonadh ar son na Gaeilge in Iarthar an Chláir. Is mian liom buíochas a ghabháil chomh maith le mo dheartháir, Tadhg, agus mo dheirfiúir, Úna, as an tacaíocht a thug siad dom fad is a bhí an obair seo ar siúl. Achoimre Tá plé á dhéanamh sa tráchtas seo ar na húrscéalta stairiúla ar fad a scríobhadh sa Ghaeilge sa tréimhse 1993 – 2013. Cúig úrscéal déag ar fad a scríobhadh idir na blianta sin agus pléitear iad go léir sa tráchtas seo. Sa chéad chaibidil, tá sainmhíniú an úrscéil stairiúil á phlé. Feicimid go bhfuil sé deacair sainmhíniú sásúil a thabhairt ar an seánra seo agus is minic a thagann roinnt sainmhínithe salach ar a chéile. Sa dara caibidil, féachaimid siar ar na luathúrscéalta stairiúla sa Ghaeilge ó scríobhadh an chéad úrscéal stairiúil Cormac Ua Conaill (Ua Duinnín, 1901) go Ceart na hUaighe (Ó Catháin, 1986). Sa tríú caibidil ansin, déantar suirbhé ar na húrscéalta ar fad a scríobhadh ó 1993 do dtí an bhliain 2013 in ord cróineolaíoch. Is é atá i gceist le suirbhé ná anailís a dhéanamh ar na húrscéalta sin. Sa cheathrú caibidil, pléitear na fosheánraí agus na téamaí atá soiléir le feicéail sna húrscéalta stairiúla sin - an t-úrscéal cogaidh, an t-úrscéal fantasaíochta, an t-úrscéal bleachtaireachta agus an t-úrscéal grá. Chomh maith leis sin, déantar iniúchadh ar chás na mban in úrscéalta stairiúla na Gaeilge sa cheathrú caibidil. Is é atá sa chúigiú, sa séú, agus sa seachtú caibidil ná mionphlé ar thrí úrscéal ar leith atá ar chaighdeán níos airde ná na húrscéalta eile, dar liom. Sa chuigiú caibidil, pléitear An Fear Dána (Titley, 1993), sa séú caibidil, tá plé ar Fontenoy (Mac Cóil, 2005), agus sa séú caibidil, déantar plé ar An Cléireach (Ó Scolaí, 2007). Ar deireadh ar fad, déantar iarracht ar na snáithe ar fad a shní le chéile sna conclúidí maille le sracfhéacaint a thabhairt ar a bhfuil tarlaithe sa seánra ó 2013 i leith. Réamhrá Is é a chuirim romham sa tráchtas seo ná iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar na húrscéalta stairiúla sa Ghaeilge a scríobhadh idir na blianta 1993 agus 2013. Tá sé i gceist agam an seánra seo ar a bhfuil an-bhorradh tar éis teacht air le fiche bliain anuas a chíoradh agus a scagadh. Tá an t-úrscéal stairiúil ar cheann de na seanraí is bisiúla sa litríocht go ginearálta ach gnó cuíosach nua atá ann sa Ghaeilge. Is léir go dtosnaíonn stair an úrscéil stairiúil sa Ghaeilge sa bhliain 1901 nuair a foilsíodh Cormac Ua Conaill le Pádraig Ua Duinnín (Delap: 1993, 15). Ó foilsíodh Cormac Ua Conaill sa bhliain 1901 go dtí an bhliain atá mar thús pointe don tráchtas seo, 1993, foilsíodh sé úrscéal is fiche. Bhí rath ar an seánra go mór mhór sna seascaidí nuair a foilsíodh L’Attaque (Ó Tuairisc, 1962) ach fé dheireadh na n- ochtóidí, thosaidh an seánra ag trá, ach bhí rudaí ag athrú cheana féin. Sa bhliain chéanna sin, 1993, foilsíodh úrscéal stairiúil a bhí réabhlóideach ar mhórán slite. Ní hamháin go raibh An Fear Dána le hAlan Titley réabhlóideach ó thaobh na teanga sa mhéid is go bhfuil sé scríofa ar shlí a bhaineann macalla as teanga liteartha na tréimhse ina bhfuil sé suite ach is féidir a rá gur chuir sé tús le ré nua i scríobh an úrscéil stairiúil sa Ghaeilge. Ó 1993 go 2013, foilsíodh cúig úrscéal déag. Mar sin, mar gheall ar an mborradh a tháinig ar an seánra le fiche bliain, tuigtear dom go bhfuil mórán oibre le déanamh i ngort an úrscéil stairiúil sa Ghaeilge i bhfianaise líon mór na n-úrscéalta Gaeilge atá scríofa, agus i bhfianaise éagsúlacht agus ilghnéitheacht na n-úrscéalta seo. Chomh maith leis sin, is ceart aitheantas a thabhairt do bhuíon áirithe daoine a rinne sár-thaighde critice ar an úrscéal stairiúil; Georg Lukács, Jerome de Groot, James Cahalan, Breandán Delap, agus Alan Titley, gan ach cúpla ainm a lua. Tá na tréimhsí staire ina bhfuil eachtraí na leabhar seo suite suimiúil ach tá an éagsúlacht a fhaightear iontu ó thaobh cur chuige agus ó thaobh fosheánraí (ficsean bleachtaireachta, ficsean cogaíochta, srl.) thar a bheith spéisiúil chomh maith. Ficsean liteartha atá i bhformhór mór na n-úrscéalta seo agus d’fhéadfaí an lipéad ‘iar-nua-aoiseach’ a thabhairt ar chuid mhaith acu – An Fear Dána agus Fontenoy, mar shampla. Tá an iar-nua-aoiseachais thar a bheith tábhachtach in aon phlé a dhéantar ar an bhficsean stairiúil go háirithe 1 toisc go n-aithnítear anois nach bhfuil sa stair féin ach ‘a narrative form itself rather than an account of historical ‘truth’’ (de Groot: 2010, 111). Dar ndóigh, ní hionann an t-úrscéal stairiúil agus an stair í féin ach is minic gur fearr é ná an stair toisc gur féidir leis aon tréimhse ar leith a thabhairt chun beochta ar an leathanach dúinn nuair nach féidir leis an téacsleabhar staire ach na cnámha tirime a thabhairt dúinn, chun a bhfuil le rá ag Baker (1968, vii) a chur i nGaeilge agus i mbeagán focal. Níl aon cheist ach go bhfuil leaganacha fíorspéisiúla den stair curtha ar fáil in an-chuid de na húrscéalta seo agus d’fhéadfaí a thuairimiú gurb é seo is mó atá á dhéanamh san úrscéal seo, i.e. leagan nua, Gaelach den stair á scríobh i bhfoirm úrscéil. Is é mo thuairim ná go gcuirfidh an tráchtas seo go mór lenár dtuiscint ar an ngné an-tábhachtach seo de phrós na Nua-Ghaeilge agus gur céim mhór chun tosaigh i gcritic na Gaeilge a bheidh ann. Is iad na príomhaidhmeanna a bheidh agam sa tráchtas seo ná: (i) sainmhíniú a thabhairt ar cad é go díreach atá i gceist le húrscéal stairiúil sa Ghaeilge; (ii) athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar chúlra an úrscéil stairiúil sa Ghaeilge agus ar na luathúrscéalta a scríobhadh roimh 1993; (iii) suirbhé a dhéanamh ar na húrscéalta stairiúla ar fad a scíobhadh sa Ghaeilge ó 1993 go dtí 2013 agus plé a dhéanamh ar na fosheánraí agus téamaí a fheictear iontu; (iv) mionstaidéar a dhéanamh ar na húrscéalta is tábhachtaí acu ó thaobh téamaí, teicnící reacaireachta, agus úsáid na teanga féin; (iv) iarracht a dhéanamh na húrscéalta seo a shuíomh i gcomhthéacs ghluaiseacht na nua-litríochta sa Ghaeilge. \ 2 1. Sainmhíniú an Úrscéil Stairiúil Is é atá i gceist agam a dhéanamh sa chéad chaibidil seo ná déileáil leis an sainmhíniú a bhaineann leis an úrscéal stairiúil, agus is cinnte gur sainmhíniú theibí, chasta atá inti. Chun go ndéileálfaí leis mar sin, ba mhaith liom, ar an gcéad dul síos, tuairim Liam Mhic Cóil agus an méid atá le rá aige faoin úrscéal féin mar uirlis litríochta a lua, toisc go bhfuil pointe an-tábhachtach á dhéanamh aige: Níl a fhios agam cé chomh sásta is atá mé leis an bhfocal ‘úrscéal’ mar théarma a choimsíonn réimse áirithe scríbhneoireachta.
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