ARCTIC VOL. 41, NO, 3 (SEPTEMBER 1988) P. 203-214 The Helgoland Expedition to : Die Deutsche Expedition in das Nordliche Eismeer, 1898 WILLIAM BARR’

(Received 3 July 1987; accepted in revised form24 March 1988)

ABSTRACT. In the summerof 1898 the trawlerHelgoland sailed north from , boundfor Svalbard. On board was a scientific expedition, the Deutsche Expedition dasin Nordliche Eismeer, led by Fritz Romer and , and a also party of sportsmen ledby . The main foci of the scientific effort were marine biologyand ornithology. Pushing the ship to its limit, oftenin quite heavy ice andfoul weather, the expedition pursued a complicated course around the archipelago.In terms of marine biology her scientists occupied51 dredging stations and82 plankton stations and collectedan extremely rich assemblageof marineorganisms. Perhaps the most exciting awere group of stations occupied on the continental slope to the north of Svalbard. Helgoland‘s captain, Kapith Riidiger, madea number of corrections and additions to the mapof Svalbard; his most significant contribution was thefirst accurate mapof KongKarls Land. Helgoland was also the first vessel to circumnavigate Nordaustlandeta counterclockwise in direction. After the expedition’s return to Germany, Romer and Schaudinn used the expedition’s data as thefor anfocal impressive point collectionof papers on arctic fauna. The series, entitled Fauna Arcrica, runs to six volumes and representsa key contribution toarctic zoology. Key words: Helgoland expedition, Svalbard, , marine biology, ornithology

&SUMÉ. Au cours de I’CtC 1898, le chalutierHelgolandpartit d’Allemagneet mit lecap vers leSvalbard, en direction du nord. À bord se trouvaient une exp6dition scientifique, la Deutsche Expeditionin das Nordliche Eismeer, dirigée par Fritz Romeret Fritz Schaudinn, ainsi qu’un groupe d’amateurs de chasse et de@he, P la tête duquel se trouvait Theodor Lerner. L’effort scientifique devait se concentrer sur la biologie marineet l’ornithologie. En poussant le bateau jusqu’aux limitesses de possibilitks, souvent alors que laétait mer encombke de glace et que le temps ktaitt&s mauvais, I’ex@dition poursuivit sa route sinueusedans l’archipel. En ce qui touche P la biologie marine, les savants visitkrent5 1postes de dragageet 82 postes depdlbvement de plancton etils recueillirent unetr&s riche variCt6 d’organismes marins. La visite la plus intéressante fut peut-être celle des postes regroup& sur le plateau continental au nord Svalbard. du IR capitaine del’Helgoland, Kapith Riidiger, apportaun certain nombre de correctionset d’additions àla carte du Svalbard; sa contribution la plus importantefut de dresser la premibre carteprCcise de Kong KarlsLand. L’Helgolandfut aussi le premierbâtimentà faire le tour du Nordaustlandetdans le sens contraire P celui des aiguilles d’une montre. Aprks le retour de I’expkdition en Allemagne, Romer et Schaudinn, P partir des données de I’ex@dition, Ccrivirent une sCrie impressionnante d’articles sur la faunearctique. Cette collectionintitulk FaunaArctica ne comprend pas moins de six volumes et constitue une contribution majeureP la zoologie arctique. Mots clCs: exp5dition del’Helgoland, Svalbard, Kong Karls Land, biologie marine, ornithologie Traduit pour lejournal par Nésida Loyer.

INTRODUCTION tionaboard ffeclu in 1827 (Parry, 1828). These latter two expeditions added greatly to the knowledge of the northern In 1898 the German businessman Herr Theodor Lerner, who coasts of the archipelago. had already visited Svalbard as a tourist several times, con- The first wholly scientific expedition to visit the archipelago ceived the ideaof chartering a steamer and of mounting a privatewas that of a French group, the Commission Scientifique du expedition to the archipelago (Romer andSchaudinn, 1900) that Nord, aboard the corvetteRecherche in 1838 and 1839 (Marmier, would combine elements of tourism, hunting and marine bio- 1844-47). It visited various of the fiords of , espe- logical research. Undoubtedly Lerner’schoice of the latter area cially Bellsund andMagdalenefjorden, and carried out a range of scientific endeavour as a major thrust ofhis expedition was of scientific observations. The next significant scientific expe- influenced by his awareness (or by advice from others) as to its dition was the first of a long series of Swedish expeditions, being one of the major gaps in the scientific knowledgeof the namely Otto Torell’s of 1858 aboard Fridtjof (Duner and archipelago. Nordenskiold, 1865), which visited a range of harbours from Although a great deal of information on the archipelago and Hornsund northto AmsterdamZya. Three years later Torell led a the surrounding waters had been accumulated by the whalers, further expedition (Chydenius, 1865; Leslie, 1879), in which particularly from the Netherlands, during the 17th century, the A.E. Nordenskioldand J.K.E. Chydenius also participated, history of truly scientific investigation in Svalbard may be said aboard Aeolus and Magdalena; this expedition added greatly to to have begun with a numberof exwtions aimed at reaching the knowledge of the north coast of Spitsbergen as far east as the North Pole from this direction. The first of these was the Sorgfjorden. Russian Navy’sexpedition of 1764-66, conceived, planned and Torell and Nordenskiold ledfurther expeditions to Svalbard promoted by M.V. Lomonosov and commanded by Vasiliy in 1864 and 1868 (Torell and Nordenskiold, 1869). The aim of Yakovlevich Chichagov(Belov, 1956) aboard thepinkhpomnik the latter of these expeditions was to penetrate as far north as andtwo other vessels. The expedition resulted in the first possible; inthis it wasnot particularly successful, butthe reasonably accurate map of the west coast of Svalbard and a expedition contributedgreatly to the geology andornithology of great deal of information onsoundings, currents and ice in the the archipelago. Greenland Sea. Further information of the same type was gath- The summer of 1869 saw the first German foray into these ered by the British Admiralty’s expedition, commanded by waters: Germania, the vessel of the First German North Pole Captain John Phipps, aboard Racehorse and Carcass in 1773 Expedition, cruised north around Spitsbergen and penetrated (Phipps, 1774) and by CaptainWilliam Edward Parry’s expedi- south through Hinlopenstretetas far as Wilhelm~ya,which owes

‘Department of Geography, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CanadaS7N OW0 @The Arctic Instituteof North America 204 I W. BARR its name to this expedition (Koldewey, 1871). A few yearslater Nordenskiold was back in Svalbard waters, leading a Swedish expedition in 1872-73 (Kjellman, 1875); this wasfirst the scien- tific expedition to winter, at Mosselbukta at the entrance to Wijdefjorden.As part of this expeditionNordenskiold and A.A.L. Palander made an impressive sledge trip east to the northeast tip of , then back westwardacross that island, thus achieving one of the earliest major sledge trips across any of the arctic ice caps, namely across Austfonna. The year 1882 sawthe mounting of one of the most intensive scientific operations ever to focus on Svalbard. This was the Swedish contribution to the First International Polar Year, led by Nils Ekholm (Ekholm, 1887;Barr, 1985). Itestablished itself in winter quarters at Kapp Thordsen onIsfjorden to carry out an intensive program of meteorological, geomagnetic and other observations. Kong Karls Land hadfist been sighted in 1872, and various Norwegian captains, especially Kaptein Hemming Andreassen, had repeatedly visited the island group during hunting trips (Pettersen, 1889). Thefirst visit bya scientific expedition occurred in 1889; an expedition organized by the Bremen Geographical Society, aboard the yacht Berentine, and led by W. Kiikenthal (Kükenthal, 1890), made several attempts to reach the island group and producedthe first map of some of the islands. During the following summer (1890) yet another Swedish FIG I Dr.Fritz Schaudinn. expedition visited Svalbard, that led by G.E.A. Nordenskiold, which concentrated on the geology, paleontology and zoology of parts of Spitsbergen; overland trips included a ski trip from Hornsund to Recherchefjorden (Nordenskiold, 1890). Two years later, in 1892, the French Navy's research vessel La Manche, under the command of CapitaineA.P.L. Bienaimé, carried out surveying, sounding and scientific work in Bellsund, Isfjorden and around (Voyagede La Manche, 1894). Four years later Isfjorden was the focus of yet another Swedish expedition, ledby geologist Baron G.J. de Geer (de Geer, 1896). Finally, this selective overview of the scientific explora- tion of Svalbard prior to 1898 would not be complete without reference to Conway's ski tri s across Spitsbergen in 1896 and 1897(Conway, 1897,1898). ionway'saccountsincludeagreat deal of valuable information on the geology and glaciology of the archipelago. While some observations were made by various of these earlier expeditions in the area of marine biology, it was afield of science that had largely been neglected. Hence Fritz Schaudinn (Fig. l), Privat-Dozent (lectuier) at the Zoologischer Institut der Universitat , and Fritz lRomer (Fig. 2), Assistent (assis- tant) at the same establishqient, were invited by Lerner to organize a comprehensive prokram of marinebiological research during a cruise around the archipelago. A third scientist invited to participate in the expedition was Herr Dr. Bruhl,Assistent at the Koniglicher Physiologische Institut zu Berlin, who would combine the duties of expedition doctor with collecting and research in the areas of animal physiology andbacteriology. The two hunters invited to participate (apart from Theodor FIG 2 Dr. Fritz RBmer. Lerner himself) were the Konigliche Forst-Assessoren Bruning and von Krosigk and the Grossherzoglich-Mecklenburgische engineers, one stoker, four seamen,one specimen preparer, one Jagdjunker Herr vonStralendorf. The final two members ofthe Norwegian ice pilot and one Norwegian harpooner (Riidiger, party were the famous animal painter Richard Friese and the 1898). writer Reinhold Cronheim, each of whom wasto interpret the The vessel chartered for the expedition was a small steel arctic landscape in his own medium. fishing trawler, Helgoland, ownedby the Oldenburgische In commandof the expedition vessel was Korvettenkapitiina. Hochseefischerei Gesellschaft of Geestemunde. She wasselect- D. Herman Rüdiger. Under his command were two mates,three ed over a wooden whaling vessel of the type that had become THE HELGOLAND EXPEDITION TO SVALBARD / 205 almost standard for polar expeditions, in that first of all there mars (Fulmarus glacialis). Although the expedition members were no plans for wintering in the Arctic; secondly it was not did not reportit, it shouldbe noted that theBear Island guillemot anticipated that the vessel would be working in heavy ice, arctic (Uria aalge hyperborea)is also very numerous on the cliffs of although she was designed to tackle light ice, since this was a Bjornoya (Lovenskiold, 1963). Most of the first day wasspent by normal aspect of navigating the Elbe and Weser estuaries in zoologists incollecting eggs, embryos, downy young and adults winter. And thirdly, with her relatively small dimensions (a of the various birdspecies from their preferred nesting habitats length of only 34 mand a draft of less than 5 m [Rudiger, 1898]), on the cliffs or on the adjacent gravel- or talus-covered slopes. Helgoland was extremely maneuverable, a distinct advantage On the second day the scientists managed to find a landing for the marine biological work that towas be sucha major focus spot at the mouth of a small stream valley that provideda route of the expedition, and for working in tricky, uncharted coastal up to the interior. The zoologists investigated five of the numer- waters and among ice. ous freshwater ponds in the interior. Apart from sounding and The design of the trawleralso offered several real advantages surveying, they also studied the fauna; they found it to be quite for marinebiological work in that the techniquesof this area of impoverished, the larger organisms being restricted to cope- science and of deep-sea trawling are very similar. Herlow pods, daphnids and mosquito larvae. The microscopic fauna freeboard made the handling of dredges, trawls and plankton bore a strong resemblanceto that of ponds on mainlandEurope, nets relatively easy. Andof course she already possessed a probably having been brought here by migrating waterfowl. powerful steam winch. The only additional item that hadto be Largeflocks of gulls, mainly kittiwakes, were loafing and acquired was a hemp-cored steel cable, 2500 m in length, for resting on theponds. Purple sandpipers(Calidris maritima)were deep-sea trawling. The net locker in the ship’s bows was con- quite numerous but appeared to be feeding on the pond algae verted to a laboratory and equipped with tables, drawers and ratherthan on their normal insect diet. Some pairs of red- shelves (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). throated loons (Gavia stellata) were spotted on the ponds but Helgoland sailed from Geestemunde in late May 1898. A were extremely wary. Several pairs of parasitic(Stercorarius jaegers severe North Sea gale submitted the stowage of equipment and parasiticus) were seen in courtship displays near the ponds. cargo to a severe test and necessitated a stop of several days in On Fuglefjellet the zoologists found the den of an arctic fox Bergen while minor repairs were effected (Romer and Schaudinn,and killed the female for their collection. Analysis of its stom- 1900). Next port of call was Tromsa, where ice pilot Soren ach contents revealed that it had been feeding mainly on birds. Johannesen and harpooner Claus Thue came aboard. Here too Three other foxes were sighted and the tracks and fresh drop- the Crow’s nest was hoisted toforemast, the the whaleboats were pings of a were found. The scientists found the stowedon deck andthe bunkers were filled to capacity; a vegetation on Bjorncbya to be extremely meagre: the island con- deckload of sacks of coal was also stowed. sisted mainly of barren talus slopes and rock faces, with only Final preparations having been made, the expedition put to isolated pockets of floweringplants, mosses and grasses attain- sea from Tromso on 8 June in magnificent sunshine. Before ing a relative degree of luxuriance only near the ponds. leaving Norway’s coastal waters, Helgoland made a stop at the After two days of hiking around the island, the scientists whaling station onRolfsaya in Troldfjorden. The scientists were spent the third day in preserving andorganizing the specimens present on the flensing plan as a 22 m female fin whale was they had collected and in investigating the fauna of the littoral processed and made an extensive collection of specimens for zone. Ratherstrangely, Romer andSchaudinn (1900)make only later analysis. Thestomach contents were also subjected to an oblique reference to another scientific expedition visiting careful scrutiny and were foundto consist almost exclusivelyof Bjamaya at exactly the same time: Antarctica, the vessel of the red decapods, about 2-3 cm long. Whale steaks were served Swedish Arctic Expeditionled by Professor A.G.Nathorst, was aboard Helgoland that night and were found to quite be appetiz- lying in the southern harbouralongside Helgoland from 13 to 20 ing; however manyexpedition members lost their meallater the June (Nathorst, 1899). Nathorst makes no mention of the Ger- same night in the rough watersof the . man expedition. The seas were so rough that the trawler could steam only at Helgoland put to sea again on 15 June and headed north. half speed to prevent the deck cargo of coal from being swept Abeam of the northcape of Bjamaya the biologists dredged for overboard. Despite the roughconditions, however, regularplank- benthic organisms for the first time, and a vast haul kept them ton hauls were made.This task andthe preserving of the plank- busy until late into night.the Next daySarkapp (Fig. 3) hoveinto ton samples took great willpower and effort on the part of the view on theport beam, and as Helgoland headed into Storfjorden seasick scientists. the first small ice floes drifted past the ship (Rudiger, 1898). The trawler approached Bjornoya throughdense fog, theprox- Over the next weekthe trawler steamed toand fro through the imity of land being indicated by the successive appearance of continuous, but relatively light, ice of Storfjorden. On the 16th fulmars, glaucous gulls, kittiwakes, razorbills, guillemots and several bearded seals(Erignathus barbatus) and two polar bears little auks. On the morning of12 Junethe fog cleared to reveal were killed, and the scientists examined and measured them, Bjornaya, bathed insunshine. With a boat ahead sounding, Hel- taking innumerable samples. Several choicecuts of meat, des- goland eased in to within800 mof shore and dropped anchor in tined for the galley, were hung in the shrouds. Helgoland’s the little southern harbour.A party rowed ashore andfor a while fatthest north duringthis week was the mouth of the Ginevrabotnen, amused themselves by firing shots, simply to watch the waves butthis strait, like Freemansundet, the other strait leading of seabirds taking to the air from the vast nestingcolonies on the through to Olgastretet, was blockedby solid ice, which Helgoland cliffs of Fuglefjellet (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). The commonestwas incapable of tackling. species observedwere black guillemots (Cepphus grylle),razor- Fortunately the weather during this week was magnificent, bills (Ahtordu), Brunnich’s guillemots (Vria lomvia), little with brightsunshine and steady butlight northerly winds, which auks (Plautus alle), puffins (Fratercula arctica), kittiwakes kept the ice reasonably loose yet did notraise a heavy sea. The (Rissa tridacryla) , glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and ful- scientists were able to occupy five dredging stations and six 206 I W.BARR

plankton stations, all of which produced abundantspecimens. Edgeaya they found the wide coastal plain covered with adense The coasts of Spitsbergen to the west and of Edgegya and Barent-vegetation. Arctic poppies (Papaver rudicatum),various saxi- sgya to the east were constantly in sight. The scientists were frages and Ranunculaceae were already in flower. There were struck by the sharp contrast between the rugged, jagged, glacier- numerous herds of reindeer grazing on the lowland, and the hung peaks of Spitsbergen and the horizontal, tabular plateaux hunters soon found that they were totally unafraid. Several of the islands to the east. This contrast was all the more striking dozen animals wereshot during two excursions ashore, the meat in that the mountains of Spitsbergen were still largely snow being hung in the “pantry” in the shrouds. covered, whereas only a few lingering snowbanks persisted in Having swung aroundthe south coast of Edgegya, on the even- the gullies of Barentsgya and Edgegya. ing of the 23rdHelgolunddropped anchor off Berentinegya, one The scientists went ashore several times. At Diskobukta on of the Kong Ludviggyane. The main reason for visiting this THE HELGOLAND EXPEDITION TO SVALBARD I 207 island was to inspect thecairn on its summit, erected by Profes- stream of rolling, tossing bergy-bits calved from the glacier sorWilhelm Kukenthal in 1889. Whileengaged in a very snouts around thefiord; these latter also caused some anxietyto similar expedition to that aboard Helgoland, Kukenthal’s ship the ship’s officers, concerned for the safety of the anchored Berentine ran aground and was crushedby ice on this island on vessel (Rudiger, 1898). At the head of the fiord the boat party 11 June 1889 (Kukenthal, 1890). Fortunately he and his com- visited some small birdislands, where theydiscovered the same panions were rescuedby the Tromso sealing vessel CecilieMaline range of nesting species as on Tusenoyane. only four dayslater. Kiikenthal was able to cometo an arrange- Since the storm had abated by next morning(30 June), Helgoland mentwith the captain of the latter vesselallowing him to put to sea again. In the entrance to Kongsfjorden the zoologists continue his scientificinvestigations in Svalbard watersfor the were keento investigate a “hole” marked on thechart as having remainder of the season. a depth 250of fathoms. After a prolongedsearch a round, narrow, During the next fewdays Helgoland’s scientists investigated steep-sided hole 395 m deep was found, whereas the general the abundant bird life of the Tusenoyane, an archipelago of depth in the mouth of the fiord was 60-80 m. Very few organ- low-lying marshy islands off the south coast of Edgeoya. They isms werefound, mainly just dead wormtubes and the occasion- supported enormous breeding populations of king and common al echinoderm. Particularly strikingwas the stench of sulphuretted eiders (Somateria spectabilis and S. mollissima), brent geese hydrogen given off by the mud. This is an interesting early (Branta bernicla), sandpipers (Calidris maritima), arctic terns reference to anoxic bottom water, which occurs relatively com- (Sternaparadisea) and grey phalaropes(Phalaropusfulicarius). monly in the fiords of Norway and the Canadian Arctic. The scientists were intrigued to watch polar a bear raidingeider Passing the mouth ofMagdalenefjorden, Helgoland next ran nests on Berentineoya; its stomach waslater found to contain a through Sorgattet into Smeerenburgfjorden. At its southwest vast quantity of eggs. The scientists also took careful notes on end, just off aglacier that wascalving continuouslyand spectac- the phalaropes, determining that only the males incubated the ularly, a rich haul of benthic and planktonic organisms was eggs while the females loafed in flocks on the ice floes or on collected. The dredge brought up a very colourful selection of freshwater ponds. Numerous eggs and embryos of all the nest- brown and red algae (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). That eve- ing species were collected. ning (30 June) several hours were devoted to a visitto the station From here the plan was to proceed northeast to investigate at on Danskaya, from where AndrCe began his Kong Karls Land, but the trawler encountered heavy ice off. ill-fated balloontrip to the Pole in1897 (Svenska Sallskspet for Halvmheoya; the skipper of a walrus-hunting vessel, Anna, Antropologi och Geografi, 1930). The skeleton ofAndrCe’s with whom the Germans spoke here, reported that he had been balloon house lay in a tangle of debris on the beach. dodging off this iceedge for three weeks in the hopeof getting Heading east along the north coast of Spitsbergen in com- farther north and east (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). Kapitiin pletely ice-free seas, Helgoland next called at the lowatoll-like Rudiger now took his vessel southeast in the hope of getting island of Moffen. A boat party went ashore, running into the around the barrier on thesouth, but to no avail; the ice margin central lagoon via the entrance on the northwest side. There stretched persistently southeast toward . The scientists were large numbers of eider nests, but most had recently been now decided to postpone their visit to Kong Karls Land andto robbed of their eggs by Norwegian hunters; the ducks were head insteadfor the west coastof Spitsbergen. Hence Helgoland loafingin large numbers on the beach. Large quantities of now headed west across the mouth of Storfjorden, although driftwood andseveral Norwegian glass netfloats were assumed masses of ice forced her to swing quite far south. The voyage to have beencarried here from the Norwegiancoast by the North around Sorkapp and north up the coast to Bellsund was plagued Atlantic Drift. by storms and fog; Kapitiin Riidiger was very grateful for the Continuing northeastward, still in open water, Helgoland ran presence of numerous stranded bergs and floes off the tip of into heavy ice and dense fog almost simultaneouslyas she was Sorkapp, in that theyactedas very useful beacons marking shoalsapproaching the high, rocky tower of Rossoya and the lower that could have beenextremely hazardous given the poor visibil- Tavleoya. While thetrawler lay off the edge ofthe looser ice, a ity (Rudiger, 1898). boat workedits way throughthe ice to a landing site on Rossoya. On 27 June Helgoland ran before galea into theshelter of Van A study of the avifauna revealed thatthe following species were Keulenfjorden,off Bellsund. Here again the ornithologists made nesting: Plectrophenar nivalis, Cepphus grylle, Uria lomvia, a fruitful trip ashore; they found their first pink-footed geese Plautus alle, Larus hyperboreus, Rissa tridactyla, Pagophila (Anser brachyrhynchus) nesting on boggy, grassy meadows, eburnea, Fulmarus glacialis,Somateria mollissima, Branta whilethe coastal cliffs swarmedwith gulls, guillemots and bernicla and Clangula hyemalis. The landingparty was forced puffins. The marine biologists had barely finished hauling a to beat a hasty retreat when it was seen that the ice conditions dredge in a depth of 150 m in the entrance to Bellsund when a were steadily deteriorating; the dense fog plus the fact that fierce southwest gale struck. Seas continually swept the deck Kapitiin Riidiger had to retreat some distance westward due to and even filled the Crow’s nest on the foremast with water. the ice made the returnboat trip an exciting one. Boxes, bottles, jars and instruments brokeloose in the labora- Pushing northward into the ice, Helgoland reached a latitude tory and were hurled to fro, and producing utterchaos. Everyone of 80”48’N, but the ice thenforced herto turnback. Trawlingin was extremely relieved when, having swung around the north- a depth of 85 m produced a rich haul ofechinoderms. Despite ern tip of Prins KarlsForland, Helgoland again ran for shelter,this the abundanceof ice, the watertemperature was still above 0°C time in Kongsfjorden. and the air temperature between 3” and 4°C. This involuntary stop was a welcome one for the marine That evening, having extricated herself from the fog and the biologists, giving them achance to repair their nets and trawls, ice, Helgoland headed south (Rudiger,1898) and dropped anchor which had suffered some damage on the rocky bottoms. Once for a few hours offWaldengya. Next Kapitiin Rudiger took his the rain had stopped a partyalso made atrip by boat to the head ship southeast to the mouth of Rijpfjorden, where he mooredto of the fiord. This entailed an exciting journey through a steady the ice edge. It was a magnificent, SUMY day (Sunday,3 July), 208 I W. BARR and at noon thetemperature'in the shade climbed to 11.5"C, one also lying at anchor, along with an English yacht and several of the highest recorded on the entire trip. The scientists made a small Norwegian hunting and tourist vessels. On shore there productive plankton haul and also amused themselves with a was a hotel, operated by a Norwegian company and complete boattrip during whichthey gazed downthrough the calm, with a post office and a newspaper office, which produced a transparent water, watching the life on the seabed. In the interim trilingual newspaper, the most northerly in the world. Scien- members of the crew tried frying bacon out on the ice to attract tists, officers and crew membersenjoyed the chance to interact bears; the strategy was successful and a mother bear and her two with strangers for a change, while the zoologists cooperated cubs were shot close alongside the ship. Some of the scientists with Dr. Hartlaub, zoologist with the fisheries expedition, in also went seal hunting, and the results of their hunt providedthe doing some collecting (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). artist, Friese, with a subject for a painting. On 15 July Helgoland weighed anchor and headed south, Getting under way again, Helgoland rounded Kapp Platen bound for Kong Karls Land. But first a southeasterly gale forced but ran into heavy ice a little farther east. Duvefjorden and the her to run for shelter into Hornsund. Even here, however, she Karl XI1 0yane were quite inaccessible. A dredge was hauled wasmenaced by icebergs driving before the violent squalls and thenthe ship headed backwest. Off theCastrenoyane hunting blowing down from the mountains. This three-day sojourn in vessels had reported that Hinlopenstretet was completelyfree. ice Hornsund allowed extensive plankton collections to be made; It wasdecided to take advantage of this and run through thestrait the zoologists also found that the North Atlantic Drifthad to thesouth side of the archipelago to resume explorations there. carried a large variety of pelagic organisms into this cul-de-sac, Steaming at full speed around Storsteinhalvoya and past the especially medusae. mouthof Murchisonfjorden, Helgoland ransouth through The continuation of the voyage around Sorkapp and across the Hinlopenstret, finding it indeed free of ice. Off Kapp Torell, entrance of Storfjorden was made in heavy seas, while off the however, a barrier of close ice blocked the southern exit from Tusencbyane the situation was complicated by dense fog. Fortu- the strait, a white expanse of ice extending right to the horizon. nately, however, there was no sign of any ice. Coasting north While the trawler lay at anchor in the lee of Behmoya the along the east coast of Edgeoya, the scientists only fleetingly scientists made boat trips along the edge of the ice, collecting glimpsed the impressive ice cliffs of Kong Johansbreen through plankton. Some walrus were sighted and also a school of over the fog. Dropping the Ryke Yseoyane astern, Kapitan Rudiger 100 beluga. Quite heavy massesof ice, including both floes and next set a course for Kapp Hammerfest, the southern tip of icebergs, were drifting to and fro in the strait, endangering the Svenskoya. ship whereshe lay off Behmaya; hence it was prudently decided Finally on the morning of 23 July a small island was spotted, to retreat norththrough Hinlopenstretet. A strong northerly with a much larger land mass lying beyond it to the north. A gale, funnelling down the strait, was raisinga lively sea, and all party wentashore on the islet (named Helgoland Insel) to clarify on board werequite relieved when Kapitan Rudiger decided to the situation. Confusion arose from the fact that Helgoland had seek shelter in thelee of Foottaya in Lomfjorden. A dredge haul sailed right over the southern part of Svenskoya as it had been here produced rather discouraging results; the zoologists con- plotted on the mapby Kukenthal on the basis of his visit to the cluded that theimpoverished nature of the fauna was due to the area in 1889 (Kukenthal, 1890). The latter had been close to the constant rain of silt and sand from glaciers and icebergs. southeast coast of Svenskoya on four occasions between 24 June Putting to seaagain, Helgoland ran north pastthe spectacular and 12 August 1889, sometimes within 3-4 km of land, but ice cliffs of Valhalfonna. To everyone's surprise, since the nonetheless had made a serious mistake in plotting its position British chart showed only 22 fathoms, a sounding here produced and size. As it appears on his map, it is almost four times larger a depth of 450 m; the depths increased even more toward the and twice as long as it is in reality. north, reaching 480 m off Verlegenhuken. Two dredge hauls The Helgoland scientists quickly realized that the island on from thisdeep trench produced anabundant fauna, with echino- which they had landed lay in a large bay on the south side of a derms predominating. The plankton hauls indicated a flow of much larger island (which they named.Jena Insel), now known cold, arctic water atdepth, moving south through Hinlopenstretet as Kongsoya. Leaving Helgolandoya, the trawler now headed (identified on the basis of its Bbundant diatoms), while the upper north for the south coast of Kongsoya but was severely hampered layers consisted of the waml waters of the North Atlantic Drift by drift ice, packed together by a strong east wind. From the (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). ship it was clear that Kongsoya consisted of high eastern and A brief stop was madein Wijdefjorden, where thelarder was western sections joined by a central lowland, whichmight replenished by a successful reindeer hunt, and another at easily be mistaken for a strait at a distance (Rudiger, 1898). Mosselbukta, where a party visited the housewhere A.E. In the early hours of 24 July a landing party went ashore to Nordenskiold and hisparty had wintered during their attempt at investigate this lowland; the scientists were met bya female bear the Pole in 1872-73 (Leslie, 1879; Kjellman, 1875). with two cubs. The mother and one cub were shot and the other Helgoland was now bound for and a rendez- cub captured. Hiking north across the lowland, whichthey vous withthe steamer Augusfe-Vikforiaof the -Amerika found to be very boggy and strewn with lakes and ponds, the Paketfahrt-Aktiengesellschaft.Running through - scientists foundsandpiper nests with fullyfledged young. Swing- fjorden and Sorgattet once again, she was delayed for a whole day ing west, they climbed to the top of the western basaltic plateau, off Amsterdamoya by a severe westerly gale and hence did not from which they gota fine view ofthe rest ofthe island. They also reach Adventfjorden until the evening of 10 July. The members spotted some more bears near the coast and shot three more on of the Helgoland expedition were amazed at the amount of the way back tothe boat; the dead animals were towed out to the activity at Adventfjorden. Apart from Augusre-Viktoriu, from ship. One of the scientists received avery bad scare when, having which, by pre-arrangement, Helgoland received both coal and wounded a female bear, he broke throughthe ice and lost rifle.his provisions, SMS Olga, carrying an expedition dispatched by the When the bear charged he had only a knife with which to protect Deutscher Seefisch-Verein (German Sea Fisheries Union), was himself and received a solid cuff before he managed to escape. THE HELGOLAND EXPEDITION TO SVALBARD I 209

Helgoland lay at anchor due to dense fog for the next few other gulls such as kittiwakes and glaucous gulls (Bent, 1921), days; scientists and hunters took advantage of the opportunity to and ofPike, who had found it nesting on Svenskaya the previous make trips ashore. The bear population was truly amazing: in year(L@venskiold,1963:268). A substantial number of eggs was one bay, Viktoriabukta, 14 bears were seen at one time. collected, along withspecimens of young gulls of varying ages. On 28 July the trawler got under way again, heading east The next objective was to explore Svenskaya. Steaming back along the south coast, but offTommerneset she was brought to a west along the north coast of Kongsaya, Helgoland swung south halt againby thick fog. Trawls and plankton nets were in regular through Rivalensundet anda party went ashore at Kapp Weissenfels operation, either from the trawler or from boats, withvery on Kongsaya. In an area of sand dunes in a generally peaty satisfying results. The extremely rough, rocky nature of the lowland on the east side of the island they found a bleached, seabed meantthat the bottom trawls were almost invariably bent intact skeleton of a very large bear, almost completely buried in and damaged when they surfaced, and the engineers were kept the drifting sand. Large numbers of waterfowl, including oldsquaws busy making repairs. (Clangula hyemalis), red-throated loons (Cavia stellata),eiders When the weather cleared Helgoland headed northeast toward (Somateria mollissima),brent geese (Brantu bernicla)and pink- Zemlya Frantsa Iosifa with a double aim in view: in part to footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus), were seen on or around locate the ice margin and in part to check the reports of two the island’s pools and lakes. Guillemots and gulls (including the islands seen in thisarea by Kaptein H. Johannessen and Kaptein occasional ivory gull) were nesting in the cracks and clefts of the Hemming Andreassen in the summer of 1884 (Kukenthal,1890). columnar basalt cliffs where the plateau forming the spine of the On the basis of his own observations in the summer of 1889, island reached the sea in the north and south. Kukenthal haddecided that these islands did not exist, and now Once Helgoland had steamed around Svenskaya and hadoccu- Helgoland’s foray to the northeast confirmed this. pied a dredging station in the middle of Rivalensundet, her After leaving the area of Kong Karls Land, Helgoland ran pioneer survey of Kong Karls Land was complete. Her marine across Andreassen in shiphis Rivalen near KappMohn, and Kapi- biologists had collected a wide range of planktonic and benthic tan Rudiger was able to question him about the islands he had organisms; her ornithologists had madea comprehensive survey reported (Rudiger, 1898). On thebasis of his answers and of his of the birds on all three major islands. Most importantly, Kapitan log for the periodin question, Rudiger was satisfied that AndreassenRudiger had compiled the first accurate map of the archipelago had been deceived by the low isthmus in the middle of Kongsaya despite a great deal of foggy weather and gales during the 11 as seen from the south into thinking that it was two islands (he days Helgoland spent in the area (Rudiger, 1898). The Swedish had beenunable to get close due to ice). But neither Andreassen, expedition under Nathorst also surveyed the archipelago that himself, nor Rudiger could explain how the “islands” had been summer, but the resultant map compiled by C.J.O. Kjellstrom so grossly exaggerated in size or displaced so far north andeast. and A. Hamberg presents the coasts of Abelaya as a vague As Helgoland ran northeast from Kongsaya rapidly increasing dotted line (Nathorst, 1899). Rudiger’s map is not only more depths indicated that a deep channel ran between Svalbard and accurate but also predates the Swedish map by a year. Both Zemlya Frantsa Iosifa, although, since the ship was brought to a maps are certainly a vast improvement on Kukenthal’s map of a halt by ice some 65 km northeast of Kongsaya, this hunch could decade earlier; most importantly, they both show Svenskaya in not be fully confirmed. In fact a major trough does extend its true position and size, only about one-quarter the size shown between Kong Karls Land and Kvitaya. on Kukenthal’s map (1889). Over the next few days Helgolund slowly made her way, with On 5 August Helgoland finally left Kong Karls Land and frequent stops, westward along the north coast of Kongsaya. Kapitiin Rudiger set a course for Kapp Mohn, the southeast Numerous trips were made ashore to study the flora, fauna and comer of Nordaustlandet. As the trawler approached the cape, geology. Swinging south through Rivalensundet, the trawler as mentioned earlier, she encountered the Norwegian hunting stopped at Kapp Altmann, where a cairn was built and a mes- vessel Rivalen, and Rudiger was able to glean a great deal of sage deposited to commemorate the first circumnavigation of information about ice conditions from her captain, Andreassen. Kongsaya. At the previous anchorage on the south side of Kong- The plannow was to push north along the east coast of saya the Germans had found two Norwegian hunting vessels at Nordaustlandet. For almost two days Helgoland steamed along anchor. They had already killed 9 bears, which along with the the impressive front of the Austfonna, the most extensive con- 27 shot by Helgoland’s sportsmen, provide some indication of tinuous ice cliffs of the European Arctic, some 50-60 m high and the abundance of bears around this archipelago. When a walrus completely unbroken by any rockoutcrops or nunataks. Numer- surfaced nearby the Germans were treated to the interesting ous icebergs were seen being calved and the abundance of spectacle of the Norwegians hunting the animal from a boat with drifting icebergs provoked some tense moments, especially rifles, harpoon and lance. since fog persisted for much of the time. At one point Helgoland On 2 August Helgoland sailed around Abelaya, the most came close to running at full speed into the ice cliff itself, the easterly of the Kong Karls Land group, and a party went ashore danger being averted only by a sharp turn as the cliff loomed out (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900). They found it to be a generally of the fog ahead. barren, low heap of rock, the vegetation consisting only of On 7 August the trawler dropped anchor off the east side of mosses andlichens. But to the delight of the ornithologists, they StorOya, whichKapitan Rudiger determined to be located some found an extensive nesting colony of ivory gulls (Pagophila 37 km farther north than indicated on the British Admiralty eburneu), the nests scattered on level ground amid those of terns chart. The southern, higher half of the island was entirely and eiders. The only previous definitive reports of this species covered by an ice cap, but the northeastern half consisted of a nesting on Svalbard were those of Johanessen, who had observed low, desolate rock plain sprinkled with lakes and ponds. The this gull similarly nesting on open, low-lying land on Storaya in ornithologists were surprised to find nests of almost all the low 1887, of Malmgren (of the Swedish expedition of 1861), who island nesting species they hadfound farther south. Red-throated had reported itnesting on cliffs in Murchisonfjorden along with loons (Cavia stellata) were numerous on the freshwater lakes 210 I W. BARR and pools, many of them accompanied by young. Vast crowds 21"E in a depth of 140 m. The bottom fauna was typical of all the of arctic terns (Sternaparadisaea)were still nesting onthe beach other stations occupied thus far to the north of Svalbard. There- ridges. Most exciting of all was the sighting of numbers of after, however, the depths steadily increased to 650 m and then Sabine's gulls (Xema sabinei) mingling with the terns. Romer 1000 m. The edge of the pack ice was reached at 81'32'N and Schaudinn (1900:30) described it as "a small, elegant gull (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900; Rudiger, 1898), but no bottom with a blue-grey back, black wingtips and black head, which could be reached with 1130 m of sounding wire (which was all had completely adopted the behaviour and manner of flying of that remained aas result of repeated breakages). ClearlyHelgoland the terns. " The weather was very foggy and as a result the was nowover the continental slope, and this was reflected in the ornithologists were unable to locate any nests of the Sabine's nature of the bottomfauna, most of the species being new to the gull, but two females that were shot had eggs in their oviducts. German scientists. The type species of this deep-sea fauna were This was the first indication that the bird probably nested on sponges, especially Tetraxonier and Hexactinellidae. The bot- Svalbard (Lavenskiold, 1963:256). tom wascovered with a dense mat of sponge needles, colonized With the approval of the scientists, and on thebasis of by giant foraminifera with thick, fine ooze filling the gaps in the Andreassen's report that open water extended from the west to mesh. There was a similar marked change in the plankton just north of the Karl XI1 0yane, Kapitan Rudiger decided to collected: high arctic diatoms and such high arctic species as the attempt the circumnavigation of Nordaustlandet. It was quite a siphonophores Diphyes arctica and Krohnia hamata predomi- risky undertaking since if Helgolund, whose iron hull was not nated here. By now there was no trace of North Atlantic Drift heavily ice strengthened, were subjected to any significant ice water; at the most northerly station (81"32'N, 20"53'E) on 11 pressures she would inevitably be crushed. Having weighedthe August the surface water temperature was -0.8"C, the air odds at 10 p.m. on 7 August, Rudiger pointed the ship's bows temperature -1.2"C and thespecific gravity of the water 1.0275. north, steaming through broken ice. There was generally a fair Over a period of two days Helgoland cruised westward along number of leads and polynyas but attimes Helgoland had to ram the edge of the pack from 2 1'21 'E to 18"50'E, during which time her way through ice barriers. The constant groaning, shrieking four dredge stations and four plankton stations were occupied, and creaking of the floes against the iron hull made sleep three of the four in each case being in depths of lo00 mor greater. impossible, and most of the scientists spent the night on deck, To the north stretched an unbroken expanse of multi-year pack enjoying a unique experience. Unfortunately dense fog greatly ice. By now, however, the trawler's coal reserves were dwindl- complicated Kapith Rudiger's task for most of the passage ing rapidly, and on 12 August she was forced to turn south. The through thiszone of pack ice. Suddenly at 9 a.m. a slight lifting scientists still wanted to make further investigations in Olga- of the fog revealed that a large stretch of water lay beyond a stretetbetweenEdgeayaandKongKarlsLand,andsinceHinlopen- fairly massive ice barrier, while a swell on the water indicated stretet was icefree this was the route Kapitan Rudiger selected. that this wasthe start of the open sea (Rudiger, 1898). Helgoland For a little variety it wasdecided to run through Bjarnsundet cautiously pushed her way through the ice barrier, and whentwo between Wilhelmaya and the mainland of Spitsbergen, since, as Tromsd huntingvessels loomed out of the fog shortly afterward far as was known, no vessel haddone so previously (Romer and they were able to confirm that there was no further ice to the Schaudinn, 1900). As she ran through the straitHelgoland expe- west. Shortly afterward the fog dispersed completely, revealing rienced in rapid succession some of the finest and some of the the Karl XI1 0yane to the southwest. foulest weather of the entire cruise. The day started with superb Helgoland had thus completed the first anticlockwise circum- warm sunshine and magnificent views of the mountains and navigation of Nordaustlandet. The feat had previously been glaciers on either side of the strait, but as the trawler emerged achieved from west to east by Kaptein Carlsen in his brig Jan from the south end of Bjarnsundet a thick blizzard with an icy Mayen in 1863, but in following that route he was able to take wind obscured all distant views. A dredging station was occu- full advantage of prevailing winds, currents and ice drift. And to pied in the strait and the scientists were coated with ice as they give the Swedish expedition of 1898 its due, Dr. Nathorst's wrestled with the dredge and began organizing and classifying expedition ship Antarctic also completed a counterclockwise the abundant haul the dredge had brought up; indeed it was one circumnavigation of Svalbard that summer and indeedcalled at of the largest andmost varied hauls obtained anywhere in the Karl XI1 0yane on 20 August, less than two weeks after Svalbard waters. As a contribution to the charting of Hinlopen- Helgolund steamed by them (Nathorst, 1899). stretet, Kapitan Rudiger was able to determine that Roonaya, On the evening of the 8th Helgoland crossed the 8 1st parallel, marked on the earlier charts, did not exist (Rudiger, 1898). and here to celebrate the occasion a dredging station was occu- As the trawler emerged from Bjarnsundet through the tangle of pied in a depth of 195 m. The aim now wasto push northto locate islands and skerries anda liberal scattering of icebergs, conditions the great depths reported by Nansen during Frum's drift across were far from pleasant; after the blizzard had blown itself out it this area in 1896 - i.e., to penetrate beyond the edge of the was followedby a dense fog that reduced visibility almost to zero. continental shelf and into the deep waters of the Central Arctic With a northeast gale rising, Kapitb Rudiger ran south to the Basin. But in this Helgolund was foiled by deteriorating weath- entrance to Heleysundet (between Barentseya and Spitsbergen) er; at 81'6'N she turned and, with a gale steadily increasing, ran and took shelterin the lee of a small island at its eastern entrance, back south and and tookshelter in a small bay on the north side which he named Kiikenthal Insel.The ornithologists madea survey of MartensBya, one of the Sjueyane. During the two days which of the bird species nesting on the basalt cliffs of the east end of the ship spent here a party went ashore and managed to shoot a the island. Intrigued by Heleysundet's reputation for fierce tidal reindeer, undoubtedly one of the most northerly of itsspecies in currents, Romer, Schaudinn and two seamen rowed through the the world (Romer and Schaudinn, 1900; Rudiger, 1898). north arm of the strait in a small boat.The boat was thrown around By 10 August the storm had abated and Helgolund put to sea in lively fashion by eddies and vortices, but they were certainly again, steering due north; she crossed the 81st parallel again, not as alarming as had beenreported. A hunting party went ashore still in open water, and occupied a dredging station at 81"N, on the north shore (Spitsbergen) and killed a number of reindeer. THE HELGOLAND EXPEDITION TO SVALBARD I 211

On the morning of 17 August Helgoland next ran into the Zaliv. The scientists dredged and made plankton haulsin shel- eastern entrance of Freemansundet, where the marine biologists tered bays and straits in the vicinity of an abandoned whaling again wanted to sample the bottom fauna and the plankton. A station. They found an extremely variednearshore bottom fauna dredge station was occupied off Kapp Leein the middle of the but an almost total absenceof plankton. This paucity of plank- strait in a depth of 38 m and thenHelgoland headed backeast, ton wasobserved along theentire Murman coast and the scientists with the intention of running south past theIseayane. Ryke A belt linked the non-appearance the of usual herring shoals to this lack ofheavy pack ice north of that island group caused some of plankton. concern and almost forced Kapith Rüdiger to run through The nextstop was at the new Russian navalport of Yekaterin- Freemansundet, but Helgolandmanaged to push her way through skaya Gavan’ (now Polyarnoye) on a side inlet off Kol’skiy the ice;new ice was already startingto form between thefloes. Zaliv. The decisionto establish the port had been taken only the A landing was madeon the RykeIsedyane, where an ornithologi- previous summer, and the German scientists were intrigued to cal survey wascarried out; then Helgoland pressed on south. At observe the phenomenonof an “instant” town of prefabricated midnight on 19 August as the trawler passed KappStonebreen, houses and buildings underconstruction. The bulk of the popu- the sun just touched the northern horizonfor a moment. lation had still not arrived and the erection of the houses had After runningclose past the eastside of Hopen, the trawler’s outstripped the progress of street construction. Of particular next stop was the Spitzbergen Bank, renowned for its good interesttothemarinebiologists wasProfessorN.M. Knipovich’s fishing. Dredging in a depth of 65 m, the marine biologists newly established scientific station on whichthe Murmanskaya brought up a vast haulof sea cucumbers (Cucumariafrondosa), nauchno-promyslovaya ekspeditsiya (Murman scientific-com- with a few large cod among them. Since the barometer was mercial expedition) was based (Pinkhenson, 1962). dropping alarmingly and bad weather was loomingto the south, To their great delight, Romer and Schaudinn and their col- Helgoland quickly got underway again; dense fog soon envel- leagues discovered that the deputy director of the new station oped the ship as the wind strengthened and theseas rose. was the zoologist Dr. L.L. Breitfuss, who had trained at the On the morningof 22 August the Norwegiancoast came into Berliner Zoologische Institut. He gave them a warm welcome sight, just east of Nordkapp. Wind and current hadset the ship and acted as their guide on their local collecting trips. 120 km to the east; as a result she was 10 hours late in reaching Accompanied by Breitfuss, the German scientists next made Tromsa. a two-day visitto the relict Mogil’noye Ozero on OstrovKildin. But even this was not the end of the expedition. A second The lake has clearly been cut off from the sea due to glacio- cruise inthe Barents Sea and alongthe coasts of Novaya Zemlya isostatic uplift, and the Germanscientists wanted to investigate had been planned from the start, but since the Svalbard cruise the ecology of thelake. Using one of Helgoland’s heavy whale- had been considerablyextended in order to take advantageof the boats plus a boat borrowed from a local farmedfisherman, the remarkably favourable ice conditions, it was now necessary for scientists surveyed the lake and carried out detailed measure- the secondcruise to be considerablycurtailed. Helgoland put to ments of salinity and temperature as well as biological investi- sea againfrom Tromsd on2 September (Romer andSchaudinn, gations. Surface layers to a depth of 5 m were almost fresh but 1900). The weather was extremely stormy, with very heavy the salinityof the bottomlayers was almost precisely thatof sea seas, and thescientists quickly realized that dredging and plank-water (c. 35%0).An abundant freshwater fauna was found in the ton samplingin theopen waters ofthe Barents Sea would be out surface layer but the saline bottom layer contained only an of the question. Instead the expedition members contented them-impoverished fauna. selves with a coastwise cruise to Arkhangel’sk (Fig. 4) with Having taken Dr. Breitfuss back to Yekaterinskaya Gavan’, stops at a number of points along theway. Helgoland next ran backeast to Arkhangel’sk. After encounter- The first of these was at Yeredika (Port Vladimir), a very ing someof the roughest seas of the entire cruise in the shallow sheltered little fishing harbourjust west ofthe mouth of Kol’skiy waters of the White Sea, the scientists were glad to spend a pleasant, relaxed stay at Arkhangel’sk, where they were the guests of the German pastorHerr. F. Bock. On her homeward voyage Helgoland stopped to make several dredge hauls in superb sunshine in the White Sea, then returned to Germany with brief stops at Vadsa, Hammerfest and Tromsa. The achievements of this relatively short expedition are enor- mously impressive. Taking advantage of relatively good ice conditions, but at the same time hampered by persistent fogs and some severe storms, Kapith Rüdiger hadtaken his little vessel on a comprehensive tour of the Svalbard archipelago. In so doing he had achieved thefirst counterclockwisecifcumnaviga- tion of Nordaustlandet. In terms of true exploration he had produced the first accurate map of KongKarls Land, correcting in particular the previous distorted representation of Svenskaya on earlier charts, and depicting Abeldya for the first time. Farther north, on the basis of his surveys the position of Storaya was moved north by some 37 km. With regard to marine biology, the expedition scientists had occupied 51 dredging stations and 82 plankton stations in a FIG. 4. Map of northern Scandinavia and the White Sea, showing area of dense network aroundthe entire archipelago. The result was a operation of Helgoland‘s second cruise in 1898. vast rangeof specimensof arctic plankton andbenthic fauna that 212 I W. BARR demonstrated the significance of the North Atlantic Drift in CHYDENIUS, K. 1865. Svenska expeditionen till Spetsbergen &r 1861 under these waters. Particularly impressive were the stations occupied ledning af Otto Torell. [The Swedish Expeditionto Svalbard in 1861, led by Otto Torell.] Stockholm: P. Norstedt. 480 p. at 81’30’N in depths exceeding IO00 m, which thus provided CONWAY, W.M. 1897. The first crossing of Spitzbergen etc. London: Dent. the first examples of the benthic fauna from the continental 371 p. slope of the Arctic Basin. -. 1898. With ski and sledge over arctic glaciers. London: Dent. 240 p. The ornithologists were equally successful, collecting large DE GEER, G.J. 1896. Report of the Swedish Geological Expedition to Isfjor- den, Spitsbergen in the summer,of 1896. Ymer 16(4):259-266. numbers of skins, embryos and eggs of arctic birds. Probably DUNER, N.C., andNORDENSKIOLD, N.A.E. 1865. AnteckningartillSpets- the mostexciting discoveries were thoseof ivory gulls(Pagophila bergensgeografi. [Notes on thegeography of Spitsbergen.] Stockholm: eburnea) nesting onthe tundra of Abelaya and of Sabine’s gulls P. Norstedt. 15 p. (Xemasabini) mingling with arctic terns on Storaya. This was the EKHOLM, N.G. 1887. Observations faites au Cap Thordsen, Spitzberg par first indication that Sabine’s gull probably nested on Svalbard. I’expCdition sukdoise. [Observations made atKapThordsen, Spitsbergen, by the Swedish expedition.] Stockholm: 1’AcadCmie Royale des Sciences de The hunters were also remarkably successful. They shot 40 Suhde. 55 p. polar bears andbrought 4 cubs back alive; they also killed about KJELLMAN, F.R. 1875. SvenskaPolar-expeditionen ir 1872-1873 under 48 seals of various species, over 50 reindeer and some arctic ledning af A.E. Nordenskiold. [The Swedish Expedition,1872-73, under the foxes (Rudiger, 1898). command of A.E. Nordenskiold.] Stockholm: P. Norstedt. 352 p. KOLDEWEY,K. 1871. Dieerste deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition im Jake Perhaps the most impressive outcome of the expedition was 1868. [The First German North Pole Expedition in 1868.1 Gotha: Justus the series of publications that emerged from it. To quote Romer Perthes(PetermannsGeographischeMittheilungen,Erganzungsheft28). 56 p. and Schaudinn (19OO:4): KUKENTHAL, W. 1890. Report on the voyage organized by the Geographical Society of Bremen to East Spitzbergen in 1889. Petermanns Geographische When we were able to gain an overviewof the range and valueof Mittheilungen 36:61-75. the material we had collected during the peaceful winter activity LESLIE, A. 1879. The arctic voyages of Adolf Erik Nordenskiold1858-1879. of unpacking and sorting, the decision slowly matured that we London: Macmillan. 447 p. should place the analysis of the results of the cruise in a wider LBVENSKIOLD, H.L. 1963. Avifauna svalbardensis with a discussionon the framework and, if possible, to makeit the basisfor the develop- geographical distribution of the birds in Spitsbergen and adjacent islands. ment of an overview, previously lacking, of the arctic fauna. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter, No. 129. 460 p. MARMIER, X. 1844-47. Voyages de la Commission Scientifique du Nord, en Hence Romer andSchaudinn made the following requests of Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg, et aux Feroe, pendant les annCes the various experts who analyzed the specimens they had brought 1838, 1839 et 1840, sur la corvette La Recherche. Relations du voyage. back from the Arctic: that they produce an inventory of all the [Voyages of the Scientific Commissionon the Northto Scandinavia, Lapland, previously known arctic species of the group they were han- Svalbard and the Faeroes in 1838, 1839 and 1840 aboard the corvette La Recherche. Accounts of the voyages.] Paris: A. Bertrand. 374,458 p. dling; that theycompare the forms from different arctic regions; NATHORST, A.G. 1899. The Swedish Arctic Expedition of1898. Geographi- and that they compare the arctic with the Antarctic forms. cal Journal 1,4:51-76, 155-176. The outcome was their extremely impressive six-volume NORDENSKIOLD, G. 1892. Redogorelse for den Svenska expeditionen till compendium entitled Fauna Arcrica, which represents a remark- Spetsbergen 1890. [Report of the Swedish Expedition to Svalbard 1890.1 Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 17(Pt. 2)(3). 93 p. ably complete assemblage of the knowledge of the fauna of the PARRY, W.E. 1828. Narrative of an attemptto reach the North Pole, in boats arctic regions at the time (see Appendix for details of contents). fitted for the purpose, and attached to His Majesty’s shipHecla, in the year Probably because it waspublished in Germanand, one suspects, MDCCCXXVII, under the command of Captain William Edward Parry. in a relatively limited edition, this work is probably not as well London: John Murray. 229 p. known as it should bein the English-speaking world. At a more PETTERSEN, K. 1889. Kong Karls Land in the East Spitzbergen Sea. Ymer 9~64-67. general level the same remarks also apply to the expedition that PHIPPS, C.J. 1774. Avoyage towards the North Pole undertaken atHis gave rise to thisvaluable compendium of zoological data. In the Majesty’s command. London: Nourse. 253 p. light of its contributions to the mapping of the Svalbard archi- PINKHENSON, D.M. 1962. Problema Severnogo Morskogo Puti v epokhu pelago and to our knowledge of both the islands and the sur- kapitalizma. Istoriya otkrytiya i osvoyeniya Severnogo Morskogo Puti. Tom 11. [Problems of the Northern Sea Route during the capitalist period. The rounding seas, the Helgoland expedition deserves a more prom- history of the discovery and exploitation of the Northern Sea Route. Vol. 11.1 inent place in the history of arctic exploration and science. Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Morskoy Transport.” 766 p. ROMER, F., and SCHAUDINN, F. 1900. Introduction, plan of the project and account of the voyage. In: Romer, F., and Schaudinn, F., eds. Fauna ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes, auf Grund der Ergebnisse der I thank Keith Bigelow and Aofia Wolinski, of the Department of Deutschen Expedition in das Nordliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898. Band I. Geography, University of Sasljdtchewan, for drafting the maps that [Fauna Arctica. A synopsis of arctic animal life with particular reference to accompany the article. I am als4 very grateful to Stewart Houston for the Svalbard area, basedon the results ofthe German Expedition to the Arctic his assistance with some of the bmithological details. Ocean in 1898. Vol. I.] Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer. 3-84. RUDIGER, H. 1898. General account of the progress of the expedition to the European aboard the steamer “Helgoland.” Gesellschaft fur RE+RENCES Erdkunde zu Berlin, Verhandlungen 25(8/9):430-448. SVENSKA SALLSKAPET FOR ANTROPOLOGI OCH GEOGRAFI. 1930. BARR, W. 1985. The expeditions of the First International Polar Year. 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Life histories of North American gulls and terns (Order [The Swedish expeditionsto Svalbard and Bjern0ya in1861,1864 and 1868, Longipennes). New York Dodd, Mead and Co. 345 p. led by 0.Torell and A.E. Nordenskiold.] Jena: Costenoble. 518 p. THE HELGOLAND EXPEDITION TO SVALBARD I 213

VOYAGE DE “LA MANCHE” A L’PLE JAN-MAYEN ET AU SPITZBERG KUKENTHAL, W. 1900. Die Wale. [The whales.] Vol. 1:179-234. (JUILLET-AOUT 1892). [Voyage of LaMnnche to Jan Mayen and Svalbard LINDER, F. 1932. Die Branchiopoden des arktischen Gebietes. [Branchiopoda (July-August 1892).]1894. Paris: E. Leroux. 268 p. ofarctic theregion.] Vol. 6:182-204.

LINSTOW.~ ~ ~ 0.von. 1900. DieNematoden. lTheNematodes.lVol.1: 117-132. LOHMAN,’H. 1900.DieAppendicularien. ‘[Appendicularia.j Vol.1:363-378. APPENDIX. COMPLETE CONTENTSOF FA UNA ARCTICA LUDWIG, H. 1900. Arktische und subarktische Holothurien. [Arctic and sub- arctic holothurians.] Vol. 1:133-178. ABRIKOSOV, G. 1933. Die Bryozoen. I1 Teil. Die Susswasserbryozoen des -. 1900. Arktische Seesterne. [Arctic starfishes.] Vol. 1:445-502. arktischen Gebietes. [Bryozoa, Part2. The freshwater bryozoansof the arctic MAAS, 0. 1906. Diearktischen Medusen (ausschliesslich der Polypo- regions.] Vol. 6:383-388. medusen). [Arctic Medusae (except Polypomedusae).] Vol.4:479-526. APSTEIN, C. 1910. Das Vorkommen von Salpem in den arktischen Gebieten. MAY, E. 1932. Die Odonaten des arktischen Gebietes. [Odonata of the arctic [The Occurrence of salpas in the arctic regions.]Vol. 55-12, region.] Vol. 6:175-182. ARNDT, W. 1931. Die Susswasserschwhme des arktischen Gebietes. [The MAY,W. 1900. Diearktische, subarktische und subantarktischeAlcyona- freshwater sponges of the arctic regions.] Vol. 6:33-40. ceenfauna. [Arctic,subarcticandsubantarcticAlcyonaceae.]Vol.1:379-408. -. 193 1. Die Copeognathen des arktischen Gebietes. [Copeognathaof the MEUERE, J.C. de. Die Dipteren der arktischen Inseln. [Diptera of the arctic arctic region.] Vol. 659-66. islands.] Vol. 513-72. -and Grieg, J.A. 1933. Die Brachiopoden des arktischen Gebietes. [The MEISENHEIMER, J. 1905. Die arktischen Pteropoden. [Arctic pteropods.] brachiopods of the arctic region.] Vol. 6:477-488. Vol. 447-430. ATTEMS, C. 1903. Myriopoden. [Myriopoda.] Vol. 3:3-54. MEYER, A. 1931. Die Acanthocephalen des arktischen Gebietes. [Acantho- AUGENER, H. 1928. Die Polychaten von Spitzbergen. [The polychaetes of cephala of the arctic region.] Vol. 6:9-20. Svalbard.1 Vol. 5547-834. MOBIUS, K. 1901. Die arktischen und subantarktischen Pantopoden. [Arctic BIDENKAP, 0. 1900. Die Bryozoen. I Teil. Die Bryozoen von Spitzbergen and subarctic pantopods.] Vol.2:35-64. und Konig Karls Land. [Bryozoa, Part1. The bryozoa of Svalbard and Kong MRAZEK, A.1902. ArktischeCopepoden. [Arcticcopepods.] Vol.2:499-528. Kark Land.] Vol. 1:503-540. MULLER, G.W. 1931. Die Ostracoden des arktischen Gebietes. [Ostracodaof BIRSTEIN, J. 1933. Dieterrestrischen und Siisswasser-Isopoden der ark- the arctic region.] Vol. 6:21-32. tischen Gebietes. [Land and freshwater isopoda of the arctic region.] Vol. ODHNER, T. 1905. Die Trematoden des arktischen Gebietes. [Trematodesof 6:471-476. the arctic region.] Vol. 4:289-372. BORG, F. 1933. Die Bryozoen.111 Teil. Die marinen Bryozoen (Stenolaemata OKLAND, F. 1933. Die Thysanuren, Entotrophen and Proturen des arktischen und Gymnolaemata)des arktischen Gebietes. [Bryozoans, 3. Part The marine Gebietes. [Thysanura, Entognatha and Protura of the arctic region.] Vol. bryozoans (Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata) of the arctic region.] Vol. 6~389-390. 6:515-551. PAGENSTECHER, A.1902. Die arktischekpidopterenfauna.[Arctic Lepido- BREDDIN, G. 1902. DieHemipteen und Siphunculaten des arktischen . potera.] Vol. 2:197-400. Gebietes. [HemipteraandSiphunculataofthearcticregions.]Vol.2:529-560. PAX, F. 1932. Die Antipatharien und Madreporarien des arktischen Gebietes. BREITFUSS, L.L. 1932. Die Kalkschwammfauna des arktischen Gebietes. [Antipatharia and Madreporiaria of the arctic region.] Vol. 6:267-280. [The calcareous spongesof the arctic region.] Vol.6:235-252. POHLE, H. 1932. Die Saugetiere des arktischen Gebietes. [Mammals of the BROCH, H.1910. Die Hydroiden der arktischen Meere. [Hydroidsof the arctic arctic region.] Vol. 6:67-80. seas.] Vol. 5:127-248. POPPIUS, B. 1910. Die Coleoptera des arktischen Gebietes. [Coleoptera of the -. 1929. Oktokorallen der Arktis. [The Alcyonaria of the Arctic.] Vol.5: arctic region.] Vol. 5:289-447. 1043-1052. RAMME, W. 1928. Die Orthopteren des arktischen Gebietes. [Orthoptera of BURGER, 0. 1903. Die Nemertinen. [Nemertea.] Vol. 355-64. the arctic region.] Vol. 5:639-646. CARLGREN, 0.1932. Die Ceriantharien, Zoantharien und Aktenarien des REMANE, A.1932. Die Rotatorien, Gastrotrichen, Kinorrhynchen und Archi- arktkchenGebietes. [Ceriantharia, Zoanthariaand Actinaria.] 6:253-266.Vol. anneliden derMs. [Rotatoria, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha and Archiaannelida DERYUGIN, K.M. 1928. Der Reliktensee Mogilnoje (Insel Kildin im Barents- of the Arctic.] Vol. 6:93-114. Meer). [The relict lake, Ozero Mogil’noye (Ostrov Kildin in the Barents RICHTER, W. 1928. Die Thysanopteren des arktischen Gebietes. [The Thysa- Sea).] Vol. 5:491-560. noptera of the arctic region.] Vol. 5:835-850. DODERLEIN, L. 1905. Arktische Seeigel. [Arctic sea urchins.] Vol. 4:373- RICHTERS, F. 1904. ArktischeTardigraden. [Arctic Tardigrada.] Vol.3:493- 394. 508. -. 1905. Arktische Crinoiden. [Arctic crinoids.] Vol. 4:395-406. RITTER-ZAHONY,R. v. 1910. DieChaetognathen. [Chaetognaths.] Vol. DOFLEIN, F. 1900. Die Dekapodenkrebse der arktischen Meere. [The decapod 5~249-288. crustaceans of the arctic seas.] Vol. 1:313-362. ROMER, F. 1901. Die Siphonophoren. [Siphonophora.] Vol.2:169-184. EHRENBAUM, E. 1901. Die Fische. [The fishes.] Vol. 2:65-168. -. 1903. Die Ctenophoren. [Ctenophora.] Vol. 3:65-90. FISCHER, W. 1928. Die Sipunculiden, Priapulidenund Echiuriden der Arktis. -and SCHAUDINN, F. 1900. Einleitung, Plan des Werkes und Reise- [Sipunculida, Priapulida and Echiuridaof the Arctic.] Vol. 5:451-490. bericht. [Introduction, plan ofwork and narrative of the voyage.] Vol. FRIESE, H. 1902. Die arktische Hymenopteren, mit Ausschluss der Tenthred- 1:3-84. iniden. [Arctic Hymenoptera, except Tenthredin~dae.] Vol.2:439-498. SCHAFFER, C. 1900. Die arktischen und subarktischen Collembola. [Arctic GRAN, H.H. 1903. Die Diatomen der arktischen Meere. [The diatomsof arctic and subarctic Collembola.] Vol. 1:235-258. seas.] Vol. 3509-554. SCHALOW,H. 1905. DieVogel der Arktis. [Birds ofthe Arctic.]Vol. GRIEG, J.A. 1900. Die Ophiuriden der Arktis. [Ophiuridsof the Arctic.] Vol. 4~79-288. 1~259-286. SCHAUDINN, F. 1901. Die Tardigraden. [Tardigrada.] Vol. 2:185-196. GRIMPE, G. 1933. Die Cephalopoden des arktischen Gebietes. [The Cephal- SCHELLENBERG, A. 1932. DieLeptostrakendesarktischenGebietes.[Lepto- opoda of the arctic region.] Vol. 6:489-514. straca of the arctic region.] Vol. 6:205-206. GURYANOVA, E. 1933. Die marinen Isopoden des arktischen Gebietes. [The SCHULZE, F.E. 1900. Die Hexactinelliden. [Hexactinellida.] Vol.1:85-108. marine isopods of the arctic region.] Vol. 6:391-470. SCHULZE, P. 1931. Hydridae des arktischen Gebietes. [Hydridaeof the arctic HARTMEYER, R. 1903. DieAscidien der Arktis. [The Ascidiens ofthe region.] Vol. 655-58. Arctic.] Vol. 3:91-412. SPREHN, C. 1928. Die Pentastomiden des arktischen Gebietes. [Pentastomida HENTSCHEL, E. 1929. Die Kiesel- und Hornschwiimme des nordlichen Eis- of the arctic region.] Vol. 5851-854. meers. [The siliceous and horny spongesthe ofArctic Ocean.] Vol.5857-1042. STEINBOCK, 0. 1932. Die Turbellarien des arktischen Gebietes. [Turbellaria JORDAN, K. 1923. Die aus der arktischen Zone bekannten Flohe. [The fleas of the arctic region.] Vol.6:295-342. known from the Arctic.] Vol. 6:115-118. STEINER, G. 1932. Die arktischen Mermithiden, Gordioden und Nectonema- KIAER, H. 1902. Die arktische Tenthrediniden. [Arctic Tenthredinidae.]Vol. toiden.[Arctic Mennithidae, Gordioidaeand Nectonematoidea.] Vol. 2:401-438. 61159-1174. KOWARZIK, R. 1929. Der Moschusochs und seine Rassen usw. [The muskox STEPHENSEN, K. 1932. The Tanaidacea and Amphipodaof the Arctic. Vol. and its races etc.] Vol. 5:87-126. 6:343-378. KRUMBACH, T. 1932. Kamptozoa und Brachiotrema des arktischenGebietes. STITZ, H. 1928. Die Neuropteren des arktischen Gebietes. [The Neuropteraof [Kamptozoa and Branchiotremaof the arctic region.] Vol.6:81-92. the arctic region.] Vol. 5:633-638. 214 I W.BARR

-and RAMME, W. 1928. Nachtrag dem Neuroptern- und Orthoptern- ULMER, G. 1932. DieTrichopteren, Ephemeropten und Plectoperen des Abschnitt. [Supplement to the Neuroptera and Orthoptera sections.] Vol. arktischen Gebietes. [Trichoptera, Ephemoptera and Plecopteraof the arctic 51855-856. region.] Vol. 6:207-266. STRAND, E. 1906. Die arktische Araneae, Opiliones und Chernetes. [Arctic ULRICH, W. 1929. Die nordlichste Verbreitung der Strepsipteren (Facher- Araneae, Opiliones and Chernetes. ] Vol. 4:431-478. fugler). [The most northern distribution of Strepsiptera (the Stylopids, or STUMMER-TRAUNFELS, R.V. 1910. Arktische Myzostomen usw. [Arctic twisted-wing insects).] Vol. 5:1053-1060. myzostomes, etc.],,Vol. 5:73-86. VIETS, K. 1931. Hydracarinen der Fauna arctica. [Hydracerina of the Fauna THIEL, M.E. 1932.Ubersicht iiber die Hydromedusen der Arktis. [Summaryof arctica.] Vol. 6:l-8. arctic Hydromedusae.] Vol. 6:119-158. WELTNER, W. 1900. Die Cirrepedien der Arktis. [Cirrepeds of the Arctic.] THIELE, J. 1900. Proneomeniu rhulensis nov. spec. Vol. 1:109-116. Vol. 1:287-312. -. 1928. Arktische Loricaten, Gastropoden, Scaphopoden und Bivalven. WERNER, F. 1906. Die nordlichsten Reptilien und Batrachier. [Farthest north [Arctic Loricata, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda and bivalves.] Vol. 5561-632. reptiles and batrachians.] Vol. 4527-544. -. 1932. Die Solenogastres des arktischen Gebietes. [Solenogastresof the WIEDEMANN, E. 1932. Die Egelder Arktis. [The leechesof the Arctic.] Vol. arctic region.] Vol. 6:379-382. 6: 227-234. TRAGARDH, I. 1905. Monographie der arktischen Akariden. [Monograph of ZIMMER, C. 1900. Die arktischen Cumaceen. [Arctic Cumacea.] Vol. 1:409- arctic Acinara.] Vol. 4:l-78. 444. UDE, H. Die arktischen Enchytraiden und Lumbriciden sowie die geogra- -. 1904. Die arktischen Schizopoden. [Arctic schizopods.] Vol. 3:413- phische Verbreitung dieser Familien. [Arctic Enchytraeidae and Lumbricidae 492. and their geographic distribution.] Vol. 2: 1-34. ZSCHOKKE,F. 1903.DiearktischenCestoden. [Arcticcestodes.] Vol. 3:l-32. -. 193 1. Die Oligochatender Arktis und ihre geographische Verbreitung. ZUNKER, M.1932. Die Mallophagen des arktischen Gebietes. [Mallophagaof [Oligochaetaof the Arctic and theirgeographic distribution.] Vol.6:411-454. the arctic region.] Vol. 5:281-294.