16 mtj/massage therapy journal fall 2014 Artwork by Giovanniby JosephE. |Photography Muscolino Rimasti |Artwork by Yanik ChauvinandJosephDeRuvo tation) of the foot in the transverse plane, and subtalar subtalar and plane, transverse the tation) in foot the of ro (effectively medial adduction involves subtalar also inversion. However, is supination of motion supination component largest the Similarly, plane. sagittal the in the foot of dorsiflexion subtalar and plane, transverse the rotation) foot in (effectively the of duction lateral ab involves subtalar also Pronation largest. the albeit However, pronation, of one component eversion only is eversion. as described pronation hear to common is it eversion. reason, plane For this frontal is pronation motions. triplanar as described often are supination and pronation planes, cardinal three all across occur tions mo plane however, motions; oblique these axial because uni are they therefore axis, one oblique around plane 1). (Figure cuboid) and calcaneus the between laterally joint calcaneocuboid the and navicular; and talus the between medially joint talonavicular the joints: two of composed actually is joint tarsal (the joint transverse tarsal transverse at the however, occur calcaneus; and also they talus the tween be joint subtalar at the primarily occur motions These between bones. the tarsal healthy motions of the foot that occur normal are supination and Pronation Overpronation The principle cardinal plane component motion of of motion component plane cardinal The principle one oblique in occur each supination and Pronation Body Mechanics Body EXPERT CONTENT - - - - - during walking, running, and jumping. The problem is The problem is jumping. and running, walking, during ground the striking when for absorption shock allows also arch the drop 3). to (Figure Pronating standing are we which upon ground the of contour the mold to to amount the necessary flatten and drop to arch the allow therefore would pronation of degree the varying nation, supi full of aposition uneven. From often was ground the flat, world paved and was much our of Before foot. above the directly is weight body our when midstance cycle gait during the during It occurs posture. healthy and anatural is foot the of structure arch the Dropping arch structure collapses. collapses. structure arch entire the a rule, as collapses, arches one these of any 2). (Figure Whenever heads metatarsal the across arch transverse the side; and toe little on the arch gitudinal lon lateral the arches; the of known best and largest the is side, which toe big on the arch longitudinal medial the arches: three of consists structure The arch drop. to plane. sagittal the in the foot of plantarflexion OVERPRONATION/FLAT FOOT Foot pronation causes the arch structure of the foot foot the of structure arch the Foot causes pronation - - 18 mtj/massage therapy journal fall 2014 structure of the foot Figure 2 foot flat as lay terms in it known drop, to is overpronates. words, other in pronates, excessively structure arch our when System andMuscleFunction. 2ed. Elsevier. the transverse arch. Muscolino, TheSkeletal JE. Kinesiology: medial longitudinal arch, the lateral longitudinal arch, and always flat/overly pronated, regardless of whether the whether of regardless flat/overlyalways pronated, is foot flat a rigid contrast, By collapses. structure arch the and excessively foot pronates the weight-bearing, upon but not when weight-bearing, healthy perfectly is arch client’s the types, two the of more common the is which foot, flat supple With foot. flat supple and foot flat rigid foot: overpronation/flat of types two There are arch). high excessively an words, other in foot, pinated an overlyfor term su the is cavus (pes for flat” “foot planus as pes known is it terms, tific Because overpronation causes the arch structure structure arch the causes overpronation Because causes the arch Foot pronation longitudinal The Arch ofthefoot structure iscomposed ofthe Lateral arch T ransverse arch to drop. to longitudina Medial arch , which is Latin Latin is , which l . In scien . In Figure 1 2ed. Elsevier. seen. Muscolino, TheSkeletal System JE. Kinesiology: andMuscleFunction. Calcaneus Hindf T alus oot Tr tarsal join - - ansv The subtalarjoint ofthefoot. The transverse tarsaljoint isalso Subtalar join erse 2010, Elsevier.) system: foundationsforphysical rehabilitation, ed2,St.Louis, a figureKinesiology ofthe inNeumann, musculoskeletalDA: the foot to moldto thecontour oftheground. (Modeledfrom terior and the extensor hallucis longus in the anterior anterior the in longus hallucis extensor the and terior an tibialis the They leg. are the in located bellies their have muscles – These foot the of (invertors) Supinators (Table groups 1): following the into divided be can arch the support to act that Muscles joint. tarsal) (and transverse subtalar the through passes body the of weight the when arch the support cannot that culature mus weak and/or ligaments by either lax caused is foot flat asupple ligaments, and musculature of pulls sue tis by soft determined is foot the of structure arch the Giventhat foot. flat supple of causes many There are 4). or not (Figure weight-bearing is client Figure 3 CAUSES t Navicular Midf t oot Varying thedegree ofsupination/pronation allows C uneif C uboid orms T arsometatarsal joints Fo refoot Metatarsal s joints M TP (metatarsophalangeal) Phalanges - - - www.amtamassage.org/mtj 19 THIGH/HIP JOINT THIGH/HIP Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius and minimus Gluteus Piriformis femoris Quadratus gemellus Superior and inferior and externus internus Obturator Sartorius (TFL) fasciae latae Tensor B

C FOOT/PLANTAR FASCIA FOOT/PLANTAR brevis digitorum Flexor Abductor hallucis Abductor minimi pedis digiti

Overpronation of the foot, of the foot, Overpronation A Figure 4 Figure also known as flat foot. A, Supple flat Supple flat foot. A, also known as flat The B, when not weight-bearing. foot weight- foot when same supple flat The foot. Note: C, Rigid flat bearing. of the medial longitudinal contour in each figure. highlighted is arch DC Courtesy Muscolino Joseph E. anterior Tibialis Extensorhallucis longus posterior Tibialis longus digitorum Flexor hallucis longus Flexor longus Fibularis LEG/SUBTALAR JOINT LEG/SUBTALAR

Table 1 Musculature that supports that 1 Musculature the arch Table

20 mtj/massage therapy journal fall 2014 Iliotibial band(ITB) Ex Lateral malleolusoffibula F T Ex ibularis longus ibialis anterior tensor digitoru tensor hallucislongus Head offibula F F ibularis brevis ibularis ter P atella longus m A tius Manual: TheSkeletal MusclesoftheHumanBody, 3ed. Elsevier. viewoftheplantar foot. Superficial Deep viewoftheposterior pelvis.D, Muscolino, TheMuscularSystem JE. Kinesiology: Figure 5 the lateral compartment (see Figure 5A). (see Figure compartment lateral the of longus above) mentioned (already fibularis the and compartment anterior the of anterior tibialis the are They a stirrup. like foot the of arch/underside the port sup they because named are leg, the in located also are does not allow rotation, the tibia medially rotates with with rotates medially tibia the rotation, not allow does joint (talocrural) ankle the Because talus. the of tation ro medial in results and calcaneus, distal the upon lus ta proximal the of reverse action aclosed-chain is This well. moves as move, to talus the therefore free not fully is joint subtalar the of calcaneus the ground, on the ed plant is foot the because pronates, foot weight-bearing the When rotating. medially from prevent thigh the to it acts because arch the supports indirectly group Lateral rotators of the thigh at hipthigh joint the the of rotators Lateral Intrinsic musculature plantar “Stirrup Muscles” 5B). 5A and ment (Figures compart deep posterior the of muscles longus hallucis flexor and longus, digitorum flexor posterior, tibialis group Harry and Dick Tom, the and compartment; lucis, and abductor digiti minimi pedis. pedis. minimi digiti abductor and lucis, hal abductor brevis, 5C). flexordigitorum the They are (see arch the Figure support help they to fascia, plantar the supporting By fascia. plantar the into attachments have musculature plantar intrinsic the of Layer Igroup Fl ex Soleus ex Superior andinf P medial head Gastr Muscles that support the arch. A, Superficial viewoftheanterior leg. thearch. A,Superficial Deep viewoftheposterior leg.B, Muscles that support C, es anserinetendon or digitorumlongus tensor retinacula Sa Quadric ocnemius rt orius eps f erior emoris —The stirrup muscles, whose bellies bellies whose muscles, —The stirrup ar P te opliteal condyle ry f emoral Medial and v ein digitorum B posterior malleolus hallucis longus longus Fl Fl T of tibia Medial ibialis ex ex or or —Muscles of Plantar Plantar of —Muscles Fl longus of fibula Lateral malleolus ex Sciatic ner T ner fibular C Head offibula or digitorum ibial ner ommon Fl longus hallucis posterior T ve ibialis ex or ve ve 3rd and4thdorsal L umbricals pedis Fl interossei pedis longus tendons ex or digitorum C Fl interosseus 3rd plantar ex Abduc minimi pedis Fl or digitorum minimi pedis ex or digiti tor digiti —This —This brevis ------: the spring ligament, the intertransverse metatarsal metatarsal intertransverse the ligament, spring the ligaments, plantar short and long the are notable Most arch. the support to helps foot the of side plantar the structure. arch the support to musculature supinator the for it more difficult side, making on that pronation into foot the pull longus), can which digitorum tensor and ex musculature (evertor) (fibularis musculature pronator tight is overpronation to contributor Another (TFL), sartorius. the and latae fasciae tensor muscles, gluteal the are joint hip the of Abductors collapse. arch promoting talus, and leg the therefore and thigh, the of rotation medial in result joint), to knee (abduction at tends the leg which the of force valgus agenu causes this adduction, into fall can thigh the weak, is musculature this If foot. the of arch the for maintaining important be also can culature (Figure 5D) sartorius. externus), the and and internus obturator and gemellus, inferior and superior femoris, quadratus (piriformis, group rotator lateral deep the musculature, gluteal posterior the includes musculature rotation eral lat joint Hip femur/tibia/talus. the of rotation medial brake/prevent to by acting arch the support can ture muscula rotation lateral Therefore, joint hip tibia. the with rotates medially femur the rotation, not allow does also joint knee extended the because and talus; the Most all fascial ligamentous tissue that is located on located is that tissue ligamentous fascial all Most mus abductor joint hip that mentioned be It should Calcaneus longus tendon Fl Ta ex longus tendon Fl lus or hallucis ex tendon T ibialis posterio or digitorum Navicula Abdu Fl interossei pedis 1st and2nddorsal longus tendon Fl ex ct ex Ad or hallucisbrevis or hallucis or hallucis r duct r or hallucis Iliotibial band(ITB) Gluteus maximus A dduc Va T stus lateralis ensor fasciae Biceps f Gluteus medius (deep tofascia) tor magnus Plantaris emoris latae Iliac crest D Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sa Gracilis rt orius Gluteus medius Sacr C T P and v Shor L P ommon fibularner ibial ner Va opliteal ar Superior gemellus ong head irif Obturator internus Inf otuberous ligamen Sciatic ner stus lateralis Greater trochanterof Ad Ischial tuberosit ormis Quadr - - - - t head ein erior gemellus duc ve atus f tor magnus te ry ve Biceps f emoris ve y emoris t fe mu r 吀漀 栀愀瘀攀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀 瀀氀攀琀攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀Ⰰ 猀甀戀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀漀 䐀椀最椀琀愀氀 䌀伀䴀吀⸀

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