United Nations Development Program

GLOBAL VILLAGE ENERGY PARTNERSHIP KENYAKENYA EnergyEnergy AtlasAtlas

AFRICA

Energy for Sustainable Development AFRICA Copyright © 2005 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Global Village Energy Partnership, Nairobi, Kenya.

Compiled and written by:

Stephen N. Mutimba Policy Division Energy for Sustainable Development Africa, Muringa Rd. Off Elgeyo Marakwet Rd., P.O Box 76406 - 00508 Nairobi Tel/Fax: 571027,577942,577978 Email: [email protected] www.esda.co.ke

Kenya Energy Atlas 2 Contents

Preface ...... 4 Geothermal power plants ...... 24 Acknowledgement ...... 4 Geothermal exploration and development ...... 25 Environmental and gender considerations...... 25 Chapter 1: Intoduction...... 5 Electricity: Gaps and recommendations ...... 26 Energy and Poverty: An Overview...... 5 Energy and the Kenyan economy ...... 7 Chapter 4: Petroleum ...... 27 Energy per Capita ...... 8 Oil exploration ...... 28 Consumption of major energy types by sector...... 8 Issues in petroleum ...... 28 Environmental and gender considerations...... 28 Chapter 2: Biomass Energy ...... 9 Source of biomass energy ...... 9 Chapter 5: Wind Energy Resources ...... 29 Biomass energy from closed forests and protected areas ...... 9 Installed capacity ...... 29 Biomass energy from savannah woodlands ...... 10 Wind potential...... 29 Biomass energy from agricultural crops ...... 11 Barriers to exploitation ...... 29 Biomass energy from open plantation...... 12 Environmental and gender considerations...... 30 Environmental and gender consideration biomass energy ...... 12 Modeern biomass ...... 14 Chapter 6: Solar Electricity ...... 32 Biomass: Gaps and recommendation ...... 15 Irradiance level ...... 32 Installed capacity ...... 32 Chapter 3: Grid Electricity ...... 16 PV Potential ...... 32 Institutional structure ...... 16 Barriers ...... 32 Proposed and existing generation stations and Environmental and gender considerations...... 32 dams along the Tana river...... 21 Turkwel power station ...... 22 Annex1 ...... 34 Mini-hydro power stations ...... 23 Key contacts...... 37 Electricity sector projects ...... 23 Abbreviations and acronyms ...... 46 Thermal power plants ...... 24 Terms of reference ...... 46

3 Kenya Energy Atlas Preface incidences. It also shows the level of development of energy resource base (for instance, in electricity, power supply lines, stations, dams, etc.) and The Kenya Energy Atlas (KEA) was commissioned by United Nations population distribution and poverty incidence. This information is important Development Programme (UNDP) on behalf of Global Village Energy Partnership to public planners and a useful guide to investors and development workers. (GVEP). Kenya Energy Atlas is intended for use by development workers, investors, The purpose of this Atlas is to assist government, private sector, civil society educationists, planners, students and any other individual or organization and other stakeholders to develop an ‘Energy Poverty Reduction Action Plan’ interested in energy and natural resources in Kenya. that will catalyze the achievement of the millenium development goals (MDG). Energy per se is not one of the MDGs, however its role in the achievement of This is a first edition of the Atlas. It is hoped that the Atlas will reviewed these goals is recognized and acknowledged. This Atlas is a crucial first step periodically and accordingly updated. in the fulfillment of the five energy development goals that have been proposed, (by World Bank and other multi-lateral organizations), to focus the poverty diagnosis and strategy development effort. These goals are: · Expand access to improved energy services Acknowledgement · Improve energy supply reliability We would like to acknowledge UN DEPHA for maps development, Daniel · Ensure fiscal sustainability associated with energy supply and use Theuri of ITDG for managing the project, Murefu Barasa for research on · Improve energy sector governance and regulation gender and environmental issues · Reduce health and environmental costs associated with energy supply and use. Mike Okendo Mabwa for design and layout Majority of Kenyans still rely on traditional fuels - firewood and charcoal). Last but not least GVEP through UNDP for supporting the project. Special Access to improved energy services (electricity, liquified petroleumgas thanks go to Chris Gakahu of UNDP for his personal interest and support. (lpg), wind and solar) is very low. Those supplied with electricity have to contend with frequent power outage, while lpg supply is not always This report was compiled and written by reliable. Wind and solar are not so developed due to the failure of past Stephen Mutimba government to invest in this resource. To address the above there is need for better governance of the energy sector. The enactment of a national energy Energy Policy & Biomass Division policy (sessional paper no 4, ministry of energy, 2004) is a first step in this direction.This sessional paper is comprehensive and takes into account the Energy for Sustainable Development Africa need to address traditional biomass energy, whose consumption is associated with indoor air pollution and environmental degradation. Energy for Sustainable Development Africa (ESDA) mission is to stimulate increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies in Eastern, Southern The Atlas shows at a first glance, the available energy resource base ()developed and the Horn of Africa. We build sustainable energy infrastructure through provision and undeveloped) in relation to Kenyan population density and poverty of technical, policy, training and management services. We have particular expertise in developing rural Africaπs access to sustainable modern energy services.

Kenya Energy Atlas 4 Chapter 1: Map 1: Kenya poverty incidence district level: Percent population below the rural poverty Line Introduction

Energy and poverty: rural electrification caused poverty An overview reduction on its own, this is is only true to an extent. The impact of nergy linkage to poverty improved energy services on reduction is more clearer E poverty outcomes such as health, when addressing the needs of education and income of poor poor people in three priority areas: people is greater when the energy opportunity (income and service is made available with capabilities), empowerment and other infrastructure services such security, (see illustration below). It as transport, communications and has been the belief of water services. Each infrastructure governments in sub-Saharan service complements the others. Africa that increasing access to Interventions that combine improved energy services through delivery of a range of infrastructure

Source: World Bank 2001: Energy & Poverty Reduction Source: CBS 2003 MOP and D; Geographic Dimensions of Well-being in Kenya

5 Kenya Energy Atlas Map 2:Existing power stations, current and proposed supply (including energy services) and irrespective of where they live, do lines social services should be not have access to modern energy encouraged. Improved energy services. Their primary source of services when combined with energy is traditional biomass - productive use leads to increased firewood and charcoal. This productivity, increased applies to both urban and rural productivity leads to increased population. income, and increased income results in the ability to pay for Map 1 shows the poverty increased energy services. incidence at District and Division Economic growth is strongly level in Kenya. If this maps is associated with increased use of examined together with map 2, it modern energy services ( World is apparent that areas with high Bank 2001, Energy and Poverty in poverty incidence have little or PRSP context).1 no existing power supply lines, power stations and proposed In Kenyan context, the link supply lines. Areas with high between energy and poverty is poverty incidence also happen to not very clear. However what is have poor infrastructurre - road, clear is that most poor people, water, health, telecommunication, etc.

Kenya Energy Atlas 6 Table 1: Per Capita GDP Relative to Per Capita Commercial Energy and the Kenyan per annum on average, however, this Energy Consumption for Selected Countries. growth plummeted in the subsequent economy years, averaging 4.1%, 2.5% and COUNTRY PER CAPITA GROSS PERCAPITA COMMERCIAL 1.3% per annum over the periods DOMESTIC PRODUCT ENERGY CONSUMPTION Petroleum and electricity are the (US $/CAPITA) (koe/capita) 1980-89, 1990-95 and 1996-2002, driver of modern sector of the Kenyan respectively.1 Among the factors that 1971 1994 2000 1971 1994 2000 economy while wood fuel provides contributed to this declining energy needs of the traditional sector Kenya 127 250 350 116 110 89.4 economic performance were the oil including rural and poor urban shocks of the early 1970s and 1980s, Egypt 211 720 1490 213 600 726 households. Other energy sources pursuit of weak macro-economic and include solar electricity, solar thermal structural policies and occasional South Africa 719 3,040 2600 1,993 2,146 2514 and wind power, much of which is droughts particularly in 2000, which untapped. Mauritius 246 3,150 225 387 was the worst since 1947. The economic policy challenge faced by Zimbabwe 264 500 440 443 438 -809 Nationally, wood-fuel and other the Government is to reverse this biomass account for 68% of the total downward trend and put the Malaysia 406 3,480 3380 435 1,699 2126 primary energy consumption, domestic economy on a recovery path followed by petroleum at 22%, South Korea 298 8260 9010 507 2,982 4119 at a reasonable pace to redress rising electricity at 9% and others at about poverty. Quality energy is very Singapore 1,088 22,500 22789 1,551 8,103 6120 1 %. Solar energy is also extensively essential in this respect used for drying. To alleviate poverty, Sub-Saharan 198 460 225 237 there is need to reverse the very low Currently the contribution of energy Africa and declining commercial energy sector to the overall tax revenue is consumption trend that the country High Income 3,066 23,420 4,407 5,066 about 20%, equivalent to 4% of GDP. Economies has experienced over the last three The sector provides direct and decades. Between 1974 and 1979, indirect employment to an estimated Source: World Bank Development Reports, 1994, 1996, 1997 & 2000 GDP grew at a reasonable rate of 5.2% 16,000 persons. Table 2 below show Table 2: Annual Energy Consumption in Households and Cottage Industry (Year 2000).

Firewood Charcoal Wood Wastes Farm Residue Electricity Kerosene LPG Total Demand (43.8%) (46.0%) (0.6%) (6.4%) (0.7%) (2.2%) (0.2%) (100%)

Rural Household 89.4% 46.2% 61.9% 99.5% 8% 53.1% 5.6% 80% Urban Household 2.3% 36.5% 38.1% 0.5% 61.8% 46.3% 66.7% 13% Cottage Industry 8.3% 17.3% 0% 0% 30.2% 0.7% 27.7% 7% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

1 Ministry of Energy 2004: Draft National Energy Policy

7 Kenya Energy Atlas Table 3: Total Energy Consumption for all Sectors in ‘000 Gigajoules(Yr 2000)2

Fuels Firewood Wood for Industrial Wood Farm Petroleum Electricity Total Category Charcoal Wood Wastes Residue

Rural Household 225,040 121,999 - 2,183 36,835 6,819 336 393,212 Urban Household 5,739 96,331 - 1,342 178 6,656 2,603 112,849 Cottages 20,900 45,774 - - - 401 1,273 68,349 Sub-total 251,680 264,104 - 3,525 37,013 13,876 4,212 574,409 Agriculture - - - - - 4,496 - 4,496 Transport - - - - - 45,678 - 45,678 Commerce - - 1,747 - - 60,910 5,622 68,280 Total 251,680 264,104 1,747 3,525 37,013 124,960 9,834 692,863 that firewood and charcoal are the high levels of per capita energy both energy consumption and GDP. and cottage industry. Biomass energy leading energy source for households consumption, even after taking into The average per capita commercial i.e. the first four named, accounts for and cottage industry. consideration efficient utilization to energy use in Sub-Saharan Africa rose almost 97 % of energy requirements realize the same level of output. by about 21% in the same period, while modern energy, i.e. the last while in the high income economies three named, accounts for only about Energy per capita Commercial energy consumption in consumption rose by 17% the fastest 3%. Kenya has for the last three decades increments in both per capita incomes Table 3 indicates total energy The level and intensity of commercial experienced a decline, due to weak and commercial consumptions were registered by the South East Asian consumption of various energy types energy use in a country is a key and sluggish economic performance, indicator of economic growth and countries of Malaysia, South Korea and in terms of thousand gigajoules for as can be discerned from Table 1. This all the major sectors. Agriculture, development. It has been observed Singapore, a reflection of their is in stark contrast with the growth booming economies. Transport and commerce sectors rely that countries with low per capita in commercial energy consumption in mainly on modern energy. When consumption of commercial energy countries, which have witnessed these sectors are taken into account, register correspondingly low per Consumption of major good economic performance such as energy types by sector biomass energy share is overall lower capita gross domestic product (GDP). Egypt and South Africa both of which at 83% while petroleum products The converse is also true with are Kenya’s trading partners in Table 2 below indicates relative account for 17%, mainly in countries enjoying higher per capita Eastern and Southern Africa. These consumption of the ‘major energy transportation and commerce sectors. incomes usually recording relatively two countries registered growth in types and shares of the households

2 MOE 2002: Study On Kenya’s Energy Demand, Supply And Policy Strategy For Households, Small Scale Industries And Service Establishments

Kenya Energy Atlas 8 Chapter 2 Map 3: Biomas from closed woody trees Biomass energy

enya’s pre-dominant energy Biomass energy from Ksource is biomass. Biomass closed forests and energy, that is firewood, charcoal and agricultural wastes contributes protected areas up to 70 per cent of Kenya’s final Closed forests, also known as high energy demand and provides for forest are highly restricted areas. more than 90 per cent of rural These forests and protected areas household energy needs, about i.e. National Parks and Game one third in the form of charcoal Reserves are a source of biomass and the rest from firewood. It is energy. Main closed forests are estimated that 80% of urban found in high potential areas with households’ wood-fuel demand is a very high population density. The met by charcoal. main ones include the Mt. Kenya Forest, Aberdare forest, Mau forest, Despite this heavy reliance on Kakamega forest, Arabuko Sokoke firewood and charcoal, the and Cherangani Hills. Charcoal production of charcoal so far burning and/or firewood collection remains illegal while the is restricted from these forests, consumption is legal. Even so however illegal charcoal burning charcoal trade, though ‘illegal’ is and firewood collection still estimated to have a turnover of 3 happens in these forests. Maps 3 KES 32 billion annually. and 4 show main closed forests and protected areas respectively. Sources of biomass Because of the restrictive nature of energy these eco zones, the estimated Biomass energy is sourced from accessible biomass energy has closed forest, woodland, bushland, been assigned a factor of 5%. wooded grassland, and grassland. Though restricted, neighboring Others include protected areas, open communities depend on these and plantation forest, rangelands forests for firewood and charcoal. and rain-fed agriculture.

3 ESDA 2005: National Charcoal Surveys of Kenya – In Print

9 Kenya Energy Atlas Map 4: Biomass energy from protected areas Biomass energy from accessibility factor of 30%. Most savannah woodlands woody vegetation can be found in The total area of savannah the semi arid and arid lands. woodland is 37.6 million hectares4 Savannah woodlands are the Accessible Biomas Factor primary source of fire wood for Not all biomass is accessble for fuel inhabitant and charcoal for urban wood or charcoal. Only a certain household. Past and recent surveys percentage of the potential wood have shown that between 45 to volume is accessible for wood energy. MoE study 2000 has 59% of savannah charcoal is assigned accesibility factors as produced from the savannah follows: Closed forest 5%, woodlands. Districts in the Woodlands, Bush, Wooded savannah which produce bulk grassland 30% and Grassland 10% charcoal include Narok, Kitui, these factors can be multiplied with tables of annual biomass yields to Machakos, Mwingi, Kajiado etc. obtain their final tables of Woodland, bushlands, and accessible sustainable yield (in m3) wooded grasslands have been by district for each vegetation type assigned a biomass energy

4 Forest Deparment 2005

Kenya Energy Atlas 10 Table 4: Farm Residue Consumption in Urban and Rural Map 5: Biomass energy from savannah woodlands Areas (Year 2000)

Rural Areas Urban areas

HPZX MPZ LPZ Rural High Medium Low Urban Mean Income income income Mean

House 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.9 hold size

Farm residue 2002 1985 1994 1998 0 1022 1825 1373 consumption (kg/hse/yr.)

Per capita 442 449 413 435 0 246 480 351 consumption (kg/yr.)

Percentage 38 24 15 29 0 0.9 0.5 0.5 using Farm residue (%)

Key: HPZ - High Potential Zones; MPZ - Medium Potential Zone; LPZ- Low Potential Zone

Biomass energy from population density and suffer agricultural crops frequent shortage of conventional Crop residue and dung are the fuel-wood use this fuel. dominant by-products from Farm residue is mainly used for primary agricultural production cooking (97%), water heating which are occasionally used as (46%), ironing (5.5%), lighting domestic fuel. Crop waste include (3.3%) and others (1.2%) . Most leaves, stalks, cobs etc. which are farmers are aware that farm lighter, burn fast and have low residues when not used for energy heat energy content. are important for nutrient recycling for soil fertility maintenance. Nearly Past studies have indicated that all types of crops have material that 21% of households use agricultural may be used to provide energy, the waste. More people (38% most common being maize cobs households) in the high agro- (15%), maize stalks (9%), tea ecological zones which have a high pruning (3%) and sorghum stalks

11 Kenya Energy Atlas Map 6: Biomass energy from agricultural crops (1%). Table 4 indicates that the carbon replenishment, associated overall per capita annual loss in crop production and the consumption in rural areas is 435 cumulative effects on national food kg (1,998 kg per household). For security. urban households, consumption was 351 kg/person/year (1,373 kg/ Biomass energy from household). open plantation Despite the low calorific value, There is over 160,000 hectares of especially of non-woody sources, government owned open farm residue comprise an plantation in Kenya. These are important fuel in areas suffering mainly exotic tree species for pulp fuel wood scarcity especially for and timber. Very little firewood and poor households. Burning of the charcoal is obtained from these commodity to provide domestic plantations. Like closed forests the energy however has a critical accessible biomass energy is about opportunity cost in terms of lost soil 5%.

Environmental and gender consideration in biomass energy Biomass energy at the household produces air pollutants, including level is mainly used for cooking carbon monoxide, nitrogen and heating, activities mostly oxides, and particulates such as associated with women. Women soot and ash. The amount of are not only the principal end pollution emitted per unit of users but also the ones that energy generated varies widely harvest, collect or buy, these fuel. by technology, with wood- Biomass energy use is the burning stoves and open cooking leading cause of indoor air places (e.g. three stone meko) pollution in developing countries generally the worst offenders. where women and small children Modern wood stoves pollute are far more affected than any much less than traditional, open other members of society. fireplaces for the simple reason that they are more efficient. In Indoor and open air pollution well aerated cooking places, the The combustion of biomass emissions are released into the

Kenya Energy Atlas 12 Map 7: Biomass energy from open plantation broader atmosphere but in as the amount required to closed places like Maasai replenish the plants grown to manyattas, most of it is trapped produce the biomass. Thus, in a thus causing indoor pollution. sustainable fuel cycle, there Indoor air pollution can have a would be no net emissions of severe impact on health. The carbon dioxide in essence. biggest health impact known is Furthermore, if biomass came on children in the form of acute from renewable and sustainable respiratory infections. sources in the first place, the net contribution to global warming In Kenya the use of biomass would be zero. derived fuels, methanol and ethanol, as vehicle fuels is yet Similarly, if biomass wastes such to be realized. However, such a as crop residues or municipal move would substantially reduce solid wastes are used for energy, some types of pollution from there should be few or no net automobiles. Both methanol and greenhouse gas emissions. ethanol evaporate more slowly There would even be a slight than gasoline, thus helping to greenhouse benefit in some reduce emissions of volatile cases, since, when landfill organic compounds (VOCs), wastes are not burned, the which react with heat and potent greenhouse gas methane sunlight to generate ground- may be released by anaerobic level ozone (a component of decay. smog). Implications on agriculture Greenhouse gases and forestry A major benefit of substituting One encouraging side effect of biomass for fossil fuels is that, if growing trees and other plants done in a sustainable fashion, it for energy is that it could benefit would greatly reduce emissions soil quality and farm economies. of greenhouses gases. This is Energy crops (trees and shrubs) most practical in the tea and could provide a steady tobacco processing sectors. The supplemental income for farmers amount of carbon dioxide during drier seasons, this is released when biomass is being done in charcoal burned is very nearly the same producing zones of the country

13 Kenya Energy Atlas can be used to generate electricity in from fossil fuels. At the average albeit unsustainably in most cases. management of forest resources and a cost effective way. In Kenya, this specific consumption of 0.22 tonnes Moreover, energy crops could be thus reducing poaching. But it could situation exists especially in the sugar of oil per MWh, this is an annual used to stabilize cropland or also provide an green light to exploit industry where steam is raised from saving of US$ 90 million of foreign rangeland prone to erosion and forests in an unsustainable fashion. bagasse, a waste product of the cane exchange. flooding. Trees would be grown for Unfortunately, government forests milling process. The steam is used in several years before being have not always been soundly the sugar making process, and some Power Alcohol harvested, and their roots and leaf managed, and many people view of it is used to generate power for Power alcohol was introduced in litter could help stabilize the soil. with alarm the prospect of the internal requirements of the Kenya, as a fuel blend for gasoline The planting of coppicing, or self- increased wood cutting for factories. Currently, a total capacity in 1983. However, due to regenerating varieties would anything, let alone energy. of 36.5MW is installed in the six sugar management and pricing problems minimize the need for disruptive factories that are operational. its use was discontinued in 1993. tilling and planting. The growing of Destruction of forests, Unexploited potential also exist in the This fuel blend had a volume energy crops is not a new catchment areas and wet lands wood (sawmill) and paper industries. composition of 65% super petrol, phenomenon, only that it is yet to Unsustainable harvesting of The total amount of crop residue 10% alcohol, 25% ordinary or regular be acknowledged by the biomass from sensitive ecosystems produced in the country has been petrol. The octane number of the government and streamlined. has devastating ripple effects estimated at 2.7 million tonnes blend was 93. including soil degradation and (Ministry of Energy, 2000). The more Increasing the amount of forest erosion, destruction of wildlife significant of these include rice husks, Biodiesel wood harvested for energy could habitation, disruption of the water maize cobs, coffee residues and spent Bio diesel is currently not in use in have both positive and negative cycle, damage to existing carbon grain from brewing and other Kenya. The potential for its effects. On one hand, it could sinks as well as reduced aesthetic processes. Where economic production, however, exists from provide an incentive for community value of the environment. quantities exist, most of these locally grown trees and crops. There residues are already finding is need for research and development appropriate use. on the potential for the exploitation of this option. Kenya can also borrow The total value of the annual bagasse from experiences from countries that Modern Biomass been modernized to generate production in Kenya is estimated at have had success on the gaseous fuel for cooking and heating 1,760,000 tonnes (2002), a gross implementation of this technology. Modern biomass energy includes bio- and electricity in Kenya. The two equivalent of some 400,000 tonnes fuels (ethanol & bio-diesel), Biogas, modern biomass energy technology of petroleum oil (net 323,000 tonnes). Biogas Briquettes, etc. Biomass energy has include: At current fuel prices, this is worth Biogas is a clean-burning methane- the potential to be “modernized” and some US$194 million annually. With rich gas produced through anaerobic converted efficiently and cost- Cogeneration appropriate investment, this can be digestion (bacterial action in the competitively into more convenient Potential for cogeneration exists in used to generate steam and electricity absence of air) of organic feedstocks form such as gases, liquids or industries and operations where to power the sugar factories and (crop residues, animal dung). There electricity. Most of these technologies steam is generated for process export up to 550 GWh of electricity are over 1100 biogas plants in are commercially available to day. requirements, and either excess to the national grid. This could operation in Kenya. Most biogas Agricultural and livestock waste have steam or feedstock is available that displace energy currently produced systems found in Kenya are between

Kenya Energy Atlas 14 4-16m3 and 3m3 of gas, which is considered sufficient to meet the Biomass: Gaps and Recommendation cooking and lighting needs of a family of 5 persons. Hence the mean daily Though biomass energy supplies biomass use the production, transportation consumption of biogas works out to most of the final delivered energy, and sale of sustainable charcoal • Map the existing biomass be 0.6 m3, which translates to an it has not been given due resources • Encourage companies to annual per capita of 219 m3 of biogas. recognition by past governments. • Set the standards for ‘sustainable’ organize tree planting in farms with the enactment of sessional purpose as a fuel-wood crop Despite its potential benefits, the paper number 4, 2004, the or ‘green charcoal’ or fuelwood penetration rate of biogas technology government has shown that it is • Monitor the standards and ensure • Encourage sustainable fuel- is still very low. The main problems willing to tackle problems smooth flow of charcoal wood lots in rangelands for are poor design, high initial capital associated with biomass energy. charcoal production costs, high maintenance costs and The starting point would be, like • Raise revenue from the taxation • Encourage efficiency of weak technical support. Other other energy subsectors, to of sustainable charcoal to help promote further sustainable production and use problems include poor management, establish an institution that will deal production and usage awareness and acceptability. Lack of solely with biomass energ. Such • Promote demand side adequate water supplies of water, an institution’s mandate could be: Other recommendations management:- Better stoves, which is normally added in a ratio of • Facilitate the collation of data Better kilns and fuel between one and three parts water , Issue policy guidelines on include: substitution with other form e.g. to one part feedstock, has also been firewood, charcoal and modern LPG an impediment. • Set clear regulatory guidelines on

.

15 Kenya Energy Atlas Chapter 3: Electricity

n 2003 Kenya generated 1090 MW households have access to electricity. The average household consumption cooking and other purposes. Higher Iof electricity and imported about 20 Less than half the people living in is 694 kwh with rural areas using 544 income urban households consume MW. The main sources of electricity urban centers (46%) have access to kwh and urban 844 kwh (See table the greatest amount of electricity production are hydro-power, electricity, and only 3.8% households 6). The difference is due to the (1,352 kwh), and the poorest, the least geothermal, and oil sources. Hydro is in the rural areas have electricity. The multiple uses of electricity in urban (606 kwh). Electricity consumption in the leading source, with an installed limited access is mainly due to the areas. In rural areas, people use the rural areas is highest in the low capacity of 677.3MW, which is 57.8 high up-front costs of expanding the electricity mainly for lighting while potential areas (672 kwh) and lowest per cen. Table 5 below show the national grid and when accessible, the urban households also use it for in the high potential zone (511 Kwh). proportionate contribution of each relatively high wiring costs retail source. Nationally, 15% of Kenyan prices.5 Institutional Structure Table 5: Existing System Generation Installed and Effective Restructuring of Kenya’s power and develops all public power Capacity 2003 sector started in 1997 with guidance electricity generating facilities. It of the electric power act (EPA, 1997) sells electricity in bulk to KPLC. Generation Installed Effective As % of total and separated the functions of ● Independent Power Producers Source Capacity Capacity installed generation from those of (IPPs) build, own and operate MW MW capacity transmission and distribution. Under power stations and sell the these reforms, the roles of key power in bulk to KPLC. 1 Hydro, KenGen 677.0 640.8 55.2 players in the power sector are as follows: ● Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) 2 Hydro Import 20.0 0.0 1.6 reviews electricity tariffs and ● Kenya Power and Lighting enforces safety and environmental 3 Geothermal, KenGen 109.0 109.0 8.9 Company (KPLC), owns all regulations in the power sector as transmission and distribution well as safeguarding the interests 4 Geothermal, IPP 12.0 12.0 1.0 assets, buys electricity in bulk of electricity consumers. from generating companies for 5 Wind, KenGen 0.4 0.4 0.0 transmission, distribution and ● The Ministry of Energy formulates policy on the energy 6 Thermal, KenGen 227.9 169.5 18.6 retail to customers. sector, in addition to ● The Kenya Electricity Generating administering the Rural 7 Thermal IPPs 174.0 174.0 14.2 Company (KenGen) manages Electrification Scheme. 8 Isolated Stations 5.1 4.6 0.4

Total 1,225.4 1,110.3 100.0 5 MOE 2002: Study On Kenya’s Energy Demand, Supply And Policy Strategy For Households, Small Scale Industries And Service Establishments Source: KPLC 2004

Kenya Energy Atlas 16 Per capita consumption is averagely 216 kwh and 115 kwh for the urban Map 8: Existing power stations, supply lines and proposed and rural households. supply lines Table 6: Electricity Consumption in Urban and Rural Areas (Year 2000)

Rural Areas Urban Areas

HPZ MPZ LPZ Rural High Med Low Urban average Income Income income average

House 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.9 hold size

Electricity 511 541 672 544 1352 931 606 844 consumption (kwh/hse/yr.)

Per capita 106 121 140 115 338 217 162 217 consumption (kwh/yr.)

Percentage 4.2 5.3 1.8 3.8 89 83 26 45.7 using Electricity (%)

Key HPZ - High Potential Zone MPZ - Medium Potential Zone LPZ - Low Potential Zone

17 Kenya Energy Atlas Maps 9 and 10 below show a link between electricity, distribution, supply, consumption and poverty poverty incidences distribution in Kenya respectively Map 9: Map of proposed and existing electricity Map 10: (Page 22) Map showing poverty incidence supply lines

Source: CBS 2003 MOP and D; Geographic Dimensions of Well-being in Kenya

Kenya Energy Atlas 18 Map 11: Map showing southern half of Kenya where there Map 12: Map showing poverty incidence in the southern is higher concentration of electricity supply lines half of Kenya

Source: CBS 2003 MOP and D; Geographic Dimensions of Well-being in Kenya

19 Kenya Energy Atlas Map 13: Map showing northern half of Kenya where there Map 14: Map showing northrn half of Kenya where there is low concentration of electricity supply lines is high incidence of poverty

Source: CBS 2003 MOP and D; Geographic Dimensions of Well-being in Kenya

Kenya Energy Atlas 20 Proposed and existing MASINGA POWER STATION Map 15: Existing and proposed generation stations generation stations and Has an installed capacity of 40 dams along the Tana MW, and the year of River Search commissioning was 1981. Two vertical Kaplan turbines drive two generators capable of generating Kenya’s hydropower stations have 40MW of power. Power generated a total installed capacity of is transmitted to Kamburu power 677.3MW. The power stations station for transmission to Nairobi. comprise the Seven Forks hydro In addition to the 40MW produced stations, the Mini hydro stations by this station, Masinga serves as and Turkwel Power Station. a crucial reservoir, which has a capacity of 1.56 billion cubic SEVEN FORKS HYDRO meters of water. This reservoir is STATIONS are situated along the used for water regulation lower part of the Tana River. They throughout the year. The dam comprise: occupies a surface area of 120Km2.

• Masinga Power Station, KAMBURU POWER STATION • Kamburu Power Station, Has an installed capacity of • Gitaru Power Station, 94.2MW and the year of • Kindaruma Power Station commissioning was 1974. • Kiambere Power Station. Kamburu is the first underground power station in the complex. The five stations have an installed Electric power from Kamburu is capacity of 543.2MW. Water has conveyed to Nairobi via two 220KV been cascaded from one station to transmission lines from a primary the next, taking advantage of the 132KV substation. Water is head created by each dam to conveyed to Gitaru Power Station produce power. To provide via a 2.9Km tailrace tunnel. adequate flow during the dry periods, water is stored at Masinga GITARU POWER STATION Reservoir and released during the Has an installed capacity of 225 dry season. MW, the Commissioning date was 1978 (145mw) and 1999 (80mw) Two other sites along the river, Gitaru is the biggest power station Mutonga and Grand Falls are yet in Kenya in terms of installed to be developed capacity. The power produced is transmitted to Kamburu 132KV

21 Kenya Energy Atlas Map 16: Power supply stations substation via two 132KV circuits. The discharge from Gitaru Station Turkwel Power is conveyed through a 5KM tailrace tunnel which empties into Station Kindaruma reservoir. This station, is situated in West Pokot near the Kenya- Uganda KINDARUMA POWER border. It has an installed STATION capacity 106 MW and was Has an installed capacity of 44MW, commissioned in 1991. Its the commissioning date was 1968. storage lake is 6500ha. with Kindaruma is the first station to be a capacity of 1.6 billion cubic constructed in the Seven Forks metres. Complex. Power from Kindaruma is transmitted directly to Nairobi via Turkwel power station has a 132KV line or to Kamburu 132KV consistently generated up to substation. The water is then 106MW, which is passed down to Kiambere - the approximately 20% of the latest development in the complex. national electricity supply. The station has a thin, double cambered arch dam with a KIAMBERE POWER STATION maximum height of 150M. The Has an installed capacity of headrace and penstock are 5.5 144MW, the year of commissioning Km long with a diameter of was1988. The reservoir capacity is 4.7M. The tailrace tunnel is 585 Million M3. As it is currently 1.5KM long. The underground the last dam on the Tana, the power station is 250M deep machines run mostly as base load and houses the following: Two hence the large power output. The 53.7 MW vertical Francis underground powerhouse is turbines. Two 11 kV, 58 MVA situated 4Km away from the saddle generators Control command dam where the intake structure is by programmable logic located. The water conveyance is computer by a 6m diameter headrace tunnel.

Source: KENGEN 2003

Kenya Energy Atlas 22 Mini-Hydro Power Stations Map 17: Dams: Existing and under construction KenGen runs seven mini hydro stations located in various parts of the country. All these stations were built before independence (between 1920s and 1950s) and are still in service. These are as follows; STATION, LOCATION, INST. CAPACITY YEAR OF COMMISS. Tana Upper Tana 14.4 MW Machines 1&2 – 1940, Machines 5&6 – 1953 Mesco Maragua 0.38 MW 1919 Ndula Thika 2 MW 1924 Sagana Upper Tana 1.5 MW 1952 Gogo Migori 2 MW 1952 Sosiani Sosiani 0.4 MW 1955 Wanjii Maragua 7.4 MW 1955 Electricity Sector Projects 1. Sondu Muriu Hydro Power Japan Bank for International Project (SMHPP) Corporation (JBIC) and KenGen are funding the project. The power The Sondu Miriu Hydropower Project station is scheduled for is one of the two major least cost commissioning by the year 2006. projects currently being The contractor is on site and civil implemented by the Kenya works is almost complete. Electricity Generating Company Ltd (KenGen). The implementation of 2. Other projects under SMHPP started in March 1999. Significant progress has been consideration achieved in civil works. The other There are a number of projects one is Olkaria II, Geothermal Power under consideration for Project. implementation in the future. These include: This is a 60MW hydro power • 20 MW Sondu/Miriu additional station in the least cost power plan programme. The tender for Civil Works has been awarded to • Raising of Masinga dam Konoike Construction JV. Konoike • Wellhead generation 10 MW is undertaking the project jointly project with Viedekke Heavy Construction • Combined cycle 70 MW project Company of Norway and Murray &Roberts Contractors International • Olkaria IV Geothermal Power of South Africa. The consultant of project the project is Nippon Koei Company of Japan. SOURCE: KENGEN 2003

23 Kenya Energy Atlas Thermal Power Plants Geothermal Power Plants (Are plants that brun fossil fuel and coal for electricity generation) Geothermal Phenomena Geothermal Exploration in the DIESEL PLANTS although to start the engines, Geothermal energy is the natural heat Kenyan Rift distillate fuel is used. stored in rocks and water within the Geothermal investigations in the Rift KIPEVU THERMAL STATION earth’s crust. This energy is extracted Valley started in 1956. Between 1970 Kipevu thermal power station, one GAS TURBINES by drilling wells to tap hot water and and 1972, investigations were carried out of the projects in the Least Cost Two gas turbines have been steam at high pressures and at depths at Olkaria, Lake Bogoria and in the Eburru Development Plan was installed at Kipevu with a total shallow enough to be economically area. Further work, which produced commissioned in 1955 with two installed capacity of 63 MW. justifiable. The steam is led through positive results were carried out on the steam units. In 1961, a third unit was pipes to drive electricity generators two exploratory wells drilled at Olkaria Gas turbine 1 using turbines. in the fifties. Serious drilling started in installed. The station expanded Was Commissioned in 1987 and has gradually with four more units 1973 and by 1975, four more wells had an installed capacity of 31MW. The Geothermal Station been drilled in the area. Today over 95 coming up between 1964 and 1976. generator has a capacity of 39200 Currently, five units have been Kenya was the first African country to wells have been drilled for exploration, KVA at 11000 volts and 2058 amps. tap geothermal energy for electric production, monitoring and re-injection retired due to aging leaving machine 3 phase 50Hz rotating at 3000 rpm. number six and seven in operation. power generation. This energy is being with depths varying from between 180 Gas Turbine 2 tapped at Olkaria1, south of Lake and 2,600 meters below the earth’s Machine No. 6 Was Commissioned in 1999 and has Naivasha. Three 15MW steam turbines surface. Of these, 89 wells are in the Has installed capacity of 30 MW, an installed capacity of 32 MW. The and corresponding generators are Olkaria area while the remaining six are Commissioned in 1972. generator has a capacity of 40662 being used to generate a total of 45 in the Eburru Field. KVA at 11000 Volts and 2129 amps. MW of electricity. The first unit was The generator has a rating of 3700 3 phase 50Hz rotating at 3000 rpm. commissioned in June 1981 followed Olkaria II now under construction is KVA at 1100KV, 50Hz by the second and third units in located in the Olkaria North East Field Nairobi South Fiat Gas Turbine November 1982 and March 1985 where 33 wells have been drilled. Of Machine No. 7 Was commissioned in 1972 and has respectively. these, 20 wells will be connected to the Has installed capacity of 33 MW, an installed capacity of 13.5 MW. plant for steam supply and the rest will Commissioned in 1976. The project is located in the Olkaria be used for re-injection and reservoir The generator has a capacity of Garissa Power Station East Field where 33 geothermal wells monitoring. This plant will have two 41200 KVA at 11000V and 2020 This is an isolated diesel power have been drilled. Twenty-nine of turbines, each with a capacity of 32 MW amps, 50 Hz 3 phase station feeding electricity to Garissa these wells have been connected to town in North Eastern Kenya. The the power plant for steam supply. This Power for the Future KIPEVU I DIESEL PLANT station has three machines with an plant has continued to operate as base Studies have shown that generation of Has installed capacity of 73MW, Was installed capacity of 2.4 MW load generation, with availability electricity from geothermal sources is the commissioned in November 1999 factors of over 98 %. least cost energy. Power from geothermal Kipevu station has 6 diesel engines Lamu Power Station will therefore cater for an increasingly and embedded generators each Lamu is another isolated diesel plant A second 64 MW power station to be larger proportion of the country’s power rated at 12.5 Megawatts nominal and with four diesel generators with an owned by KenGen is under needs in the years ahead. Another 576 four fuel oil tanks, two of them heavy installed capacity of 1.5 MW. It feeds implementation. A third 48 MW plant MW of additional geothermal energy is fuel with a storage capacity of 9,000 Lamu Island. to be owned by an Independent Power planned by the year 2017. This will million cubic meters each. The plant Producer is also under implementation. represent about 25% of Kenya’s power is designed to run on heavy fuel SOURCE: KENGEN 2003 requirement projected at 2349 MW.

Kenya Energy Atlas 24 Geothermal Exploration and Development Environmental and Gender Considerations Brief History borehole discharged hot water at more Exploration for geothermal resources in than 95oC. Kenyan grid electricity is sourced greenhouse gases, especially Kenya began in 1956 and gained from various types of generation methane generated by decaying momentum in the 1960’s. From 1967, Other high potential areas earmarked stations including large hydros, residues in reservoirs. the United Nations Development for further exploration include, among mini-hydros, micro-hydros, Programme (UNDP) in collaboration others, Silali, Emurauangogolak, Paka, geothermal plants and thermal Geothermal stations Korosi, Barrier volcanoes and Arus- with the then East African Power and power plants. Environmental Various geothermal sites differ in Lake Bogoria. Lighting Company Ltd, conducted impacts of any power generation many respects, but seem raise a geological and geophysical surveys in plant are site specific and are common set of environmental the area between Olkaria and Lake THIRD UNIT FOR OLKARIA II POWER dependent on the size and type of STATION issues. Air and water pollution are Bogoria. The studies identified Olkaria the plant. The actual environmental the two leading concerns, along as the most prospective area. Two Plans are underway to add a third unit impacts of power generation stations with the safe disposal of hazardous exploratory wells were drilled at of 35 MW to the 70 MW Olkaria II especially hydro-stations, have been waste and land subsidence. Since Olkaria. More wells were drilled in the Geothermal Power Plant. This will bring the resettlement of families, affecting these resources geothermal 1970’s, leading to the construction of the total output from the station to 105 mostly children and women. In sites resources are utilized at a centralised the first geothermal power station in MW. This emanated from the execess that disrupt water availability, like location, reducing their Africa between 1981 and 1985. stem available in both Olkaria II and Olkaria I geothermal fields. Olkaria I geothermal and some hydro stations, environmental impacts to an steam field has capacity to generate women who are in-charge of acceptable level should be relatively Current Projects 70 MW but the power plant is fetching water are mostly affected. easy. generating 45 MW only, leaving an A reduction in clean water supply EXPLORATION excess of 25 MW. Olkaria II steam field may also lead to hygiene related Exploration for geothermal energy in Steam generated from these plants has capacity of about 98 MW while the disease. the high potential areas of the Kenya contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plant only utilizes 70 MW, leaving a Rift are now ongoing. KenGen has often creating a “rotten egg” smell, balance of 28 MW. The World Bank has Large, mini and micro hydro as well as ammonia, methane, and conducted surface scientific studies in already approved the funding for the power stations Suswa, Longonot, and Eburru and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is project. A consultant will update the Large scale projects may disturb local expected to make up about 10 Menengai. Six exploratory wells were numerical simulation study of Olkaria I drilled at Eburru. ecosystems, reduce biological percent of the gases trapped in geothermal field and carry out similar diversity, modify water quality and brines. Scrubbers (devices for study for the Olkaria II geothermal field. adjust the area’s micro-climate, removing impurities from gas) More exploration work is now ongoing The results of this study are expected cause geological realignment and reduce air emissions but produce a in the Lake Baringo area. The surface to confirm that there is sufficient steam vector-borne as well as water-borne watery sludge high in sulfur and exploration work around Lake Baringo, to sustain production at the anticipated despite the fact that the area is not expanded generation capacity of 150 diseases. Mini and micro-hydo vanadium, a heavy metal that can associated with volcanic centers, was MW for another 30 years. systems have relatively modest and be toxic in high concentrations. prompted by a strange phenomenon localised effects on the environment. Additional sludge is generated when in March 2004, when a shallow (80m) Source KENGEN 2003 Hydopower dams also emits some hydrothermal steam is condensed.

25 Kenya Energy Atlas This sludge is generally high in silica are contributors to atmospheric Electricity: Gaps and Recommendations compounds, chlorides, arsenic, pollution causing negative impacts Need for a new energy policy to create the right framework for the mercury, nickel, and other toxic including smog, poor visibility and private sector, industry, donors and communities to invest in the heavy metals. One costly method of acid rain. electricity sector. A new energy policy needs to include: waste disposal involves drying it as thoroughly as possible then Significant noise levels can result • A vision for developing the power energy producers from KPLC sector and increasing access to disposing it into a certified hazardous from operation of the turbines and • A review of the current tariff waste dump site. the transformers causing noise modern forms of energy for Kenyans structure and the cost of electricity pollution. to consumers, so as to remove Most geothermal power plants will • Realistic but ambitious targets to inbuilt subsidies for petroleum require a large amount of water for Oil spills could occur during the aim for in terms of % increases in based generation access and sustainable energy cooling or other purposes. In places shipping, unloading and transfer of generation in Kenya • Strengthening the autonomy of where water is in short supply, this the fuel to on-site storage. This is the Electricity Regulatory Board need could raise conflicts with other exacerbated in the absence of • The encouragement of decentralized energy • Diversify generation through the users for water resources. This may regular inspection and maintenance technologies in Kenya through encouragement decentralized cause social conflict, especially in of equipment. changing the legal framework, energy systems technologies marginal communities whose main improving and setting up the • Encourage the development of livelihood is dependent on crop Water used through the cooling necessary institutions and biomass (e.g. bagasse), small scale agriculture and livestock rearing. In system may affect the area onto providing active support hydro and wind projects to situations where this fact is not which it is disposed causing thermal • The removal of legal and contribute to the grid considered, reduction in water pollution. Stations at the coast may regulatory barriers facing • Restructure REP to allow availability will mainly affect women, affect the marine ecosystem if this decentralized energy systems and communities to choose the form who are in most cases charged with warm water is released into it. In renewables in particular of energy they want besides electrification by the grid the responsibility of ensuring addition, some trace chemicals may • Review the Electric Power Act constant supply of the commodity. be discharged along the cooling 1997 so as to include, • Allow communities and the private water. Wastewater and hazardous simplification and changes in sector to submit power proposals the license conditions regarding to the newly restructured REP for Thermal power stations waste could originate from power production, supply and investment in renewable Combustion of the oil during plant maintenance of the equipments and distribution, so as to take into technologies operation would result in emissions general up keep. This waste could account decentralized systems of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, consist primarily of spent lubricants, • Use a revitalised REP to lever • A review of the monopoly on further funding from donors, the carbon monoxide and carbon used rags and spent clean-up supply and distribution that is private sector and communities dioxide and suspended particulate solvents. held by KPLC and is holding back matter into the atmosphere. These small scale producers from • A new national energy policy -- generating and supplying sessional paper number 4 has electricity locally, been enacted by parliament and it addresses, most, if not all the • Review of the power purchase above issues agreement process, so as to ensure fair prices for sustainable

Kenya Energy Atlas 26 Map 18: LPG and petrol station distribution Chapter 4: Petroleum

enya has no known oil or gas (oil exploration). Kreserves. The Kenyan government is encouraging foreign With over 40% of its foreign interest in oil exploration. There is exchange earnings spent on a modest upstream oil industry imported crude oil and refined petroleum products, the Kenyan downstream oil industry (petrol stations) is therefore an important sector of the country’s economy.

In 1994, Kenya deregulated its oil industry. Oil consumption in Kenya for 1998 has been estimated at 54,000 barrels per day, with refined products also being exported to neighbouring land- locked countries. Kenya spends over 40% of its foreign exchange earnings on importing crude oil and other petroleum products. Following the increase in world prices for oil, prices in Kenya rose about 25% in the latter part of 1999. A situation which was exacerbated by the weakening exchange rate.

The leading marketing company in Kenya is the Shell/BP Alliance with over 30% of the market share. The other companies involved are, Mobil, Caltex, Total, Agip, Engen, Kobil / Kenya Oil Company (KENOL) and the state-owned National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK).

27 Kenya Energy Atlas Kenya has three lube oil blending no commercial oil discoveries have plants in the Mombasa area. All the been made. fuels marketing companies also Environmental and gender considerations market lubricants and Kenya exports Issues in petroleum lubricants to its neighbouring land- Extraction, transportation and use of serious concern is the combustion oil has environmental impacts, of fossil fuels which contributes locked countries as well as catering Gaps although advances in extraction noxious emissions to the for its own domestic market. • Un-coordinated regulatory technologies and international atmosphere, and releases carbon approach. Kenya has one refinery, the Mombasa shipping safety measures have dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas. refinery, with a nameplate capacity • Lack of enforcement of existing reduced these impacts significantly. These emissions are a main of 90,000 barrels per day. Since its Laws & regulations. Upon extraction, exploration work contributors to the global warming commission the refinery has not can cause disruption of ecosystems phenomenon, cause photochemical operated at full capacity. • Inadequate Laws, Standards & and damage marine and terrestial smog and acid rain. regulations . habitats. During transportation, the greatest concerns have been raised The use of kerosene for lighting and There are storage facilities throughout • Lack of clear policy & direction on by past oil spills which have caused cooking in Kenya is also a source of the country and these are adequate key issues. for both crude and finished products. massive damage to coastal indoor air pollution. Emissions from Distribution infrastructure consists of • Lack of a supportive & enabling habitations and marine wildlife. stoves affect mostly women and road, rail and pipeline systems. Kenya environment. Localised transportation done by infants who are at the care of their Pipeline Company (KPC) manages and Leading to : lorries are also vulnerable to mothers. This is simply because owns the existing Mombasa-Nairobi - Product Dumping. accidents which could lead to cooking is perceived as part of the pipeline, which is in very poor - Product Adulteration. explosions or fires as oil is highly woman’s role. condition. There is a second pipeline - Illegal, sub-standard fuel sites. flammable. However, the most that extends from Eldoret to Kisumu in the west of the country Recommendations Set up a Petroleum Implementation Oil exploration team answerable to Minister with the The National Oil Company of Kenya “revoked” powers & adequately funded (NOCK) has made 17 blocks available to clean up. for petroleum rights negotiations. The blocks are in the East African Rift Amend current Petroleum Act to ensure System, the Anza Graben, the return of funding clause. Mandera Basin, and the Lamu Embayment. The blocks are mainly Institutionalization of the Bio-code Fuel onshore with the exception of the marking program as a legal Southern Lamu Embayment which requirement payable by all. Decide offers both onshore and offshore state of Refinery:- modernize or blocks. Kenya has no production as shutdown

Kenya Energy Atlas 28 Chapter 5: Map 19: Mean wind speed Wind energy resources

enya’s wind resource is wind pumps. To date installations K determined from wind speed are in the range of 300-350. data from meteorological stations. The Department has 35 stations LO DW# A R spread all over the country. Wind potential Wind energy is more cost effective Information gathered is not than PV for both grid connected # adequate to give detailed and isolated systems. MA RS A BIT resolutions due to sparse station network.Wind speeds of >5 m/s Wind power installations cost 3.5 indicate very good resource. times less per Watt than PV installations and operate for 12-16 Installed capacity hours at good sites as opposed to 5-6hrs for PV systems. Use of wind turbines or wind pumps in Kenya is marginal. Kenya has about 10-13 good sites # KIS UMU with wind speeds of >7m/s, this The current installed capacity of could translate to a potential # GARISSA wind turbines is 750kW; 150kW 100MW of grid-connected of which are small isolated wind electricity from medium-large turbines and 600kW of medium wind turbines (estimating 10MW # NAIROBI grid connected wind turbines 2 at wind farms for excellent sites and Wind speed (m/s) Ngong Hills and 1 in Marsabit. 5MW for good sites). 1.2 - 2.3 There are plans to connect an 2.3 - 3.4 additional 10-15MW to the grid in 3.4 - 4.6 N the next 2-3 years. An average of Barriers to exploitation 4.6 - 5.7 80-100 small wind turbines 5.7 - 6.9 • Site selection: Wind potential 6.9 - 8 (400W) have been installed to assessments are site specific 8 - 9.2 date, often as part of a Photovoltaic and time consuming. This 9.2 - 10.3 # VO I

(PV)-Wind hybrid system with means that wind energy 10.3 - 11.6 Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator battery storage. developments require a large No Data The wind resource map was created by the Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources # initial investment for careful for Development for the Ministry of Energy MOMBASA Wind pumps are more common wind prospecting.Good Source of Information: Kenya Metrological than wind turbines, 2 local equipment and quality work is Department, RCMRD companies manufacture and install needed, which is expensive. 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Kilometers

29 Kenya Energy Atlas • Updated wind resource map • Low Awareness: Most Map 20: Maximum wind speed for Kenya: MoE has made owners of wind systems have some progress in this area. had some previous experience Suppliers of wind turbines or knowledge and the majority often have to rely on of wind turbine installations meteorological data and are done by the user. customers’ observations to determine whether a site is • Distance from transmission viable. Such information is lines: Areas in the North that LO DW# A R misleading and often leads to have the highest potential for installation of poorly wind energy generation are performing or non-performing too far from the nearest tr # MA RS A BI T systems.

# KISUMU

# GARISSA

# NAIROBI Wind speed (m/s) 4.2 - 6.2 6.2 - 8.2 8.2 - 10.2 10.2 - 12.2 N 12.2 - 14.2 14.2 - 16.2 16.2 - 18.2

18.2 - 20.2 # VO I Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator 20.2 - 22.3 The wind resource map was created by the No Data Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development for the Ministry of Energy # MOMBASA Source of Information: Kenya Metrological Department, RCMRD

100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Kilometers

Kenya Energy Atlas 30 Map 21: Wind pumps and wind mills

Wind pumps are used for pumping water to people, their livestock and crops, but it is also exciting to pump water for elephants in the famous Tsavo National Park: Source Mike Harries

31 Kenya Energy Atlas Environmental and gender considerations Besides providing electricity, be in areas without man made or wind turbines have been used for naturalm barriers and therefore pumping water and in Kenya quite visible hence considered as such small scale mills are more unsightly by some people. common than the larger versions. Perhaps the most notorious is the In most social groupings, women noise generated by the rotation. are in charge of ensuring that the Wind turbines produce families receive adequate aerodynamic noise, from air amounts of water be it for passing over the blades and domestic or agricultural use. In mechanical noise from moving dry marginalized areas, this could parts. In addition, electromagnetic translate into trekking for hours signals may be scattered causing in search of this commodity. Such interference to communicate wind mills strategically placed, systems. Therefore, military have the potential of reducing zones, airports, sea ports and these burdens of women and other areas with intense freeing up their time to used for electromagnetic signalling should other productive activities. be avoided. Bird safety is also reduced as they may collide with Wind plants have very low the rotating blades. Migratory emissions on a life cycle basis. species are often at a higher risk However, wind turbines have to than resident species.

Wind turbines supplying clean energy in Ngong Hills

Kenya Energy Atlas 33 Chapter 6: institutional systems and the Solar heaters, driers and range could be higher than 4 MW. cookers There has been a consistent Solar electricity • An estimated 120,000 rural demand for solar water heaters households in Kenya have solar (SWH) among institutional and home systems Irradiance level converted into electricity due to the commercial groups (i.e. hotels and conversion efficiency of PV modules. hospitals) over the past 15 years.. • Annual PV sales in Kenya are Solar energy is the largest single At least eight companies offer solar between 25,000-30,000 PV energy commodity available in Kenya. Stand-alone PV systems represent the water heating systems. Solar drying modules It has been estimated that on average least-cost option for electrifying is widely used for coffee, pyrethrum Kenya receives 4-6 kW/m≤/day.1 This homes in many rural areas especially and other agricultural commodities. • In 2002, total PV sales were translates to approximately 1.54 billion the sparsely populated arid and semi- On-farm drying of mangos for sale estimated to have been 750 kWp. Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (TOE). Solar arid lands. is being done in several areas and energy is proving to be very popular has potential as a small-scale • Total PV sales have grown by and appears to be an attractive option, industry. A number of NGOs and ”Solar home systems” (SHSs) are 170% in 8yrs, even without especially in remote and rural areas churches have attempted to practical for providing small amounts government intervention or where the national electricity grid is introduce solar cooking to rural of electricity to households beyond policies to promote the uptake of not accessible. A substantial use of groups in various parts of the distribution networks. The systems PV technology. solar heating is used in Kenya more typically consist of a 10 – 50 Watt country. Although there is yet to so in the hospitality sector. However, be any demonstrated sustainable peak (Wp) PV module and a battery PV potential this source of energy has not been sometimes coupled with a charge success, there is an active interest fully utilised due to a number of factors among many NGOs and end-users. controller, wiring, lights, and 120,000 rural households in Kenya including:- relative cost of systems, connections to small appliances (such have SHS, In comparison the REF, Barriers lack of standards and poor consumer as a radio, television, or mobile which has been in effect for 29 years education. The following are phones). and costs all electricity consumers 5% • High up-front system costs descriptions of the solar market and of the value of their monthly electricity technologies in Kenya. ((Kahiga, T.D. Other PV applications include water consumption (currently an estimated • High import taxes on SHS (2000), ‘An Insight to Energy Situation pumping, telecommunications and 16 million US$ annually), is components and kerosene in Kenya - A Ministry of Energy cathodic protection for pipelines, responsible for 70,000 connections. subsidies Perspective, February) power supply to off-grid non- With access to loans and fee-for- • Lack of clarity regarding commercial establishments and off- service arrangements, estimates electricity grid extension plans, Kenya has high insolation rates with grid small commercial establishments suggest that the SHS market could which makes consumers and an average of 5 peak sunshine hours reach up to 50% or more of businesses uncertain about (The equivalent number of hours per Installed capacity unelectrified rural homes whether to invest in SHSs day when solar irradiance averages 1,000 W/m2). • Kenya has one of the most active Grid connected PV systems covering • Lack of SHS businesses with commercial PV system market in an area of 15-20km2 (3% of the trained staff operating in rural The amount of energy ranges from the developing world, with an Nairobi area) could provide 3801GWh areas 700kWh in mountainous regions to installed PV capacity is in the of electrical energy a year, equivalent • Lack of reliable knowledge 2650kWh in arid and semi-arid range of 4 MW. The average size to the total grid electricity sales for about the technology regions per year; most of the country of a solar home system is 25 Kenya in 2002-2003. The costs, lies in the 1750-1900kWh range. Only watts (25w multiply by 120000 however, are prohibitive. • Capital constraints for SHS 10-14% of this energy can be systems gives 3 MW) add businesses;

Kenya Energy Atlas 32 Environmental and gender consideration Since solar power systems generate no air pollution during operation, the primary environmental, health, and safety issues involve how they are manufactured, installed, and ultimately disposed of. Materials used in some solar systems can create health and safety hazards for workers and anyone else coming into contact with them. In particular, the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells often requires hazardous materials such as arsenic and cadmium. This being the case, Kenya is mostly covered since little manufacturing of these systems are done locally although some companies do local assembly.

In households, solar systems are used for powering domestic electronics like television sets, lights and radios. Operation of these is predominantly the preserve of men.

Battery disposal system is not provided by suppliers. Some suppliers have come up with batteries, lead acid recycling system, though it is not very effective.

PV Installation in the rural area

33 Kenya Energy Atlas Annex 1.

TABLE 1. KENYA’S POPULATION DISTIRIBUTION AND POVERTY INCIDENCE

PROVINCE DISTRICT 1POPN 1999 2 PROJECTED 6 POVERTY INCIDENCE: 7 POVERTY INCIDENCE: AREA (Sq. Km) POPN 2004 ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF RURAL INDIVIDUALS OF URBAN INDIVIDUALS B BELOW POVERTY LINE ELOW POVERTY LINE

CENTRAL Nyeri 661,156 678,654 30 51 3,356 Maragua 387,969 397,471 37 14 868 Thika 645,713 662,802 35 39 1,960 Kiambu 744,010 801,601 22 48 1,324 Kirinyaga 457,105 486,891 36 60 1,478 Nyandarua 479,902 552,118 34 56 3,304 Murang’a 348,304 339,001 30 58 930 TOTAL 3,724,159 4,012,433 31 46 NAIROBI Makadara 197,434 N/a N/a 59 20.1 Kibera 286,739 N/a N/a 41 223 Central 234,942 N/a N/a 45 10.6 Kasarani 338,925 N/a N/a 48 85.7 Embakasi 434,884 N/a N/a 42 208.3 Pumwani 202,211 N/a N/a 46 11.7 Westlands 207,610 N/a N/a 32 97.6 Dagoretti 240,509 N/a N/a 46 38.7 TOTAL 2,143,254 2,656,997 N/a 44 NORTH-EASTERN Garissa 392,510 478,699 N/a N/a 44,952 Mandera 250,372 305,350 N/a N/a 26,474 Wajir 319,261 451,543 N/a N/a 56,698 TOTAL 962,143 1,358,301 N/a N/a WESTERN Lugari 215,920 260,448 61 N/a 670 Mt. Elgon 135,033 149,496 53 N/a 944 Kakamega 603,422 727,863 63 N/a 1,395 Bungoma 876,491 1,063,180 57 N/a 2,069 Busia 370,608 432,498 67 N/a 1,124 Vihiga 498,883 581,594 58 N/a 563 Teso 181,491 206,874 48 N /a 559 Butere/Mumias 476,928 532,128 61 N/a 939 TOTAL 3,358,776 3,816,448 60 N/a

Kenya Energy Atlas 34 PROVINCE DISTRICT 1POPN 1999 2 PROJECTED 6 POVERTY INCIDENCE: 7 POVERTY INCIDENCE: AREA (Sq. Km) POPN 2004 ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF RURAL INDIVIDUALS OF URBAN INDIVIDUALS B BELOW POVERTY LINE ELOW POVERTY LINE

COAST Kilifi 544,303 627,388 72 57 4,779 Mombasa 665,018 787,280 N/a 44 230 Taita Taveta 246,671 264,676 58 53 17,128 Kwale 496,133 558,051 63 60 8,295 Lamu 72,686 81,253 53 45 6,167 Tana River District 180,901 212,018 N/a 64 38,466 Malindi 281,552 329,983 65 53 7,751 TOTAL 2,487,264 2,866,931 61 48 NYANZA Nyando 299,930 349,419 61 N/a 1,168 Gucha 460,939 520,429 61 N/a 661 Migori 514,897 591,350 48 N/a 2,005 Homa Bay 288,540 326,534 71 N/a 1,160 Kisii Central 491,786 537,372 62 N/a 649 Kisumu 504,359 551,110 63 N/a 919 Kuria 151,887 180,047 79 N/a 581 Rachuonyo 307,126 336,691 71 N/a 945 Siaya 480,184 493,298 64 N/a 1,520 Suba 155,666 177,787 67 N/a 1,055 Bondo 238,780 257,922 71 N/a 987 North Kisii (Nyamira) 299,930 546,051 69 N/a 1,168 TOTAL 4,392,196 4,857,210 64 N/a RIFT-VALLEY West Pokot 308,773 355,639 53 N/a 9,064 Nakuru 1,187,039 1,385,794 39 N/a 7,242 Uasin Gishu 622,705 726,885 43 N/a 3,328 Baringo 265,978 299,649 46 N/a 8,646 Kajiado 406,054 499,314 44 N/a 21,903 Trans Nzoia 575,662 686,430 48 N/a 2,487 Bomet 382,794 432,880 53 N/a 1,882 Keiyo 143,865 163,717 39 N/a 1,439 Kericho 468,493 521,663 49 N/a 2,111 Koibatek 138,163 165,218 44 N/a 2,306 Laikipia 322,187 385,278 39 N/a 9,229 Marakwet 140,629 158,090 43 N/a 1,588 Nandi 578,751 660,054 50 N/a 2,899 Narok 365,750 426,638 52 N/a 15,098 Samburu 143,547 162,651 46 N/a 21,127 Trans Mara 170,591 187,882 59 N/a 2,846 Turkana 450,860 502,445 62 N/a 68,388 Buret 316,882 357,290 50 N/a 955 TOTAL 6,987,036 8,169,849 48 N/a

35 Kenya Energy Atlas PROVINCE DISTRICT 1POPN 1999 2 PROJECTED 6 POVERTY INCIDENCE: 7 POVERTY INCIDENCE: AREA (Sq. Km) POPN 2004 ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF RURAL INDIVIDUALS OF URBAN INDIVIDUALS B BELOW POVERTY LINE ELOW POVERTY LINE

EASTERN Mbeere 170,953 189,539 63 33 2,093 Mwingi 303,828 337,233 63 60 10,030 Meru North 604,050 689,463 53 45 3,942 Makueni 771,545 872,427 62 7,966 Embu 278,196 299,759 57 47 729 Isiolo 100,861 118,222 52 41 25,698 Kitui 515,422 568,663 70 39 20,402 Machakos 906,644 1,025,190 60 60 6,281 Marsabit 121,478 137,362 53 31 61,296 Meru Central 498,880 553,119 43 61 2,982 Moyale 53,479 59,293 71 5 9,390 Tharaka 100,992 115,272 63 N/a 1,570 Nithi (Meru South) 205,451 214,597 59 36 1,093

TOTAL 4,631,779 5,070,098 58 49

Kenya Energy Atlas 36 Key Contacts

Organization and Contact Description of organization

Abalekwa Development Organization NGO P.O. Box 293, Butere, Kenya 056 20430

Adept Pacesetters Ltd Solar and Wind Energy Installation Cargen Hse, Harambeee Ave P O Box 55672, Nairobi, Kenya 00200 254 20 315117, 315116

African Centre for Technology Studies ACTS is an international policy research organization based in Nairobi, Kenya. The Centre’s mission is to enlarge the range ICRAF Complex, Untied Nations Avenue, Gigiri of policy choices for Africa’s sustainable development. Its activities focus on implementation of technology policy-related PO Box 45917-00100, Nairobi, Kenya provisions of Agenda 21 and the conventions of biological diversity, climate change and desertification. Tel: 254-2-524711 Fax: 254-2-524701 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] www.acts.or.ke

African Energy Policy Research Network / Foundation for AFREPREN is involved in Energy and Policy Research in Africa Woodstove Dissemination Elgeyo Marakwet Close, Kilimani PO Box 30979, 00100 GPO, Nairobi Tel: +254-20-566 032/571467/573 714/560 403 Fax: +254-2-561 464/566 231/374 0 524 Email: [email protected], [email protected] www.afrepren.org

AGIP KENYA LIMITED Multinational Oil Company Waiyaki Way P.O. Box 20400, NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-4445599 Fax: +254-20-4441150, 4448181

Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) Eldoret Region Promotion and dissemination of improved stoves, biogas and tree planting. P.O. Box 6495, Eldoret, Kenya. Tel: 254-053-624483 Email: [email protected]

Agroforestry Project Training community members on domestic energy conservation and stove production P.O. Box 2006 30200 Kitale Kenya Tel: +254 -54 -20139/30283 Mobile: 0733 675984 Fax: 254 54 31076 Email: [email protected]

37 Kenya Energy Atlas Organization and Contact Description of organization

Bob’s Harries Engineering Ltd Wind Engineers, installes and project developers Karamaini Estate P.O. Box 40 Thika, 01000, Kenya Tel: 254-6724236 or 24237

Aqua-Domita Ltd. Consultancy, project development and implementation in hydo and solar engineering. PO Box 28297-00200, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-0722 830 409 Emmail: [email protected] www.microhydropower.net/directory/consultants.php

BOC Kenya Limited Multinational Company Kitui Road, Off Kampala Road, Industrial Area P.O. Box 18010 Enterprise Road Tel: +254-20-531381-8 Fax: +254-20-350165/553382 Email: [email protected] www.boc.co.ke

Caltex Oil (Kenya) Ltd. Multinational Oil Company Caltex Plaza Limuru Road P O Box 30061, Nairobi Tel: (254-2) 218-666 Fax: (254-2) 340-939

Center for Environment and Renewable Energy CERES was founded in 1997 to popularize and lobby for environmentally sound technologies (EST’s) including renewable purvi House, wing A, Third Floor energy technologies (RETs). It has a mission to advocate and lobby for incentives to encourage development and dissemination PO Box 11432-00100, GPO, 254, Nairobi, Kenya of cost-efficient environmentally sound technologies including renewable technologies. Tel: 254 02-4441549 Email: [email protected]

Chardust Manufacture charcoal briquettes and water heaters that use briquettes P.O. Box 24371, Karen 00502 Tel: +254 (0)20 884436/7 or 882375 Fax: +254 (0)20 884436/7 or 882375 Email: [email protected]

Chesville Ltd Consultancy P.O. BOX 28831, Nairobi, KENYA Tel: +254 - 020 - 561512/3 Fax: +254-O20 561512/3

Chloride Exide Kenya Limited Chloride Exide is the regional BP Solar distributor, and is Kenya’s leading supplier of solar panels, automotive batteries, Off Dunga Road, Industrial Area deep-cycle batteries, lighting, wind generators, inverters, charge controllers and water pumping. P.O Box 14242, Nairobi Kenya Tel: +254-20-532211/48/49/51 Fax: +254-20-532043 Email: [email protected]

Christian Intermediate Technology Centre Promotion, construction and provision of extension services for: Biogas plants, fuel saving stoves ideal for homes and P.O. Box 891, Kapsabet, Kenya institutions. Provision of credit facilities for renewable energy technologies. Tel: +254-53 52451/52418 Fax: +254 53 52451 Email: [email protected]

Kenya Energy Atlas 38 Organization and Contact Desciption of organization

Climate Network Africa CNA facilitates communication among policy-makers, scientists, researchers, development agencies, and NGOs in order to increase PO Box 76479, Nairobi participation in national and international policy negotiations related to global warming. Wood Avenue Court, Wood Avenue, Kilimani Tel: +254-2-564040 Fax: +254-2-573 Email: [email protected] http://lion.meteo.go.ke/can

Community Mangement Training Services East Africa Creating awareness on the importance of renewable energy technologies including stoves, biogas and solar and their usage, P.O. BOX 292, 00206, supporting women groups to come up with energy saving stoves that can also serve as as a source of income. Buying stoves from Kiseerian, Nairobi, Kenya women groups. Conducting stove demonstration, training and promotion; conducting stoves demonstrations, training and promotion; Tel: +254 20 892284 encouraging groups to plant trees and use dry pieces of wood. Email: [email protected]

Dalbit Petroleum Ltd. Dalbit procures and markets petroleum products in the domestic market as well as to export to the neighbouring countries in the Mandera Rd, Kileleshwa great lakes region in Africa. P.O. Box 1931-00200 Nairobi Tel: +254-20-4347433/53/3353

Davis and Shirtliff ltd Engineering and plumping P.O. Box 41762, Nairobi, Kenya Tel:+254-020-558335 Fax: +254-020-557617

EcoGen Consultancy Mandera Rd, Kileleshwa P.O. Box 1931-00200 Nairobi Tel: +254-20-4347453 Mobile: +254-0721 242 375

Electricity regulatory Board The Electricity Regulatory Board regulates the generation, transmission, distribution, supply and use of electric power in Kenya. Intergrity House, First Floor P.O. Box 42681,00100 NAIROBI, Tel: +254-02-2717627/31/75 Fax: +254-02-2717603 Email: [email protected]

ELF OIL KENYA LIMITED Multinational Oil Company P.O. Box 2012, KNH, NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-2721303 Fax: +254-20-2721612

ENERGIA - Kenya Focal Point ENERGIA is an international network of women whose goal is to engender and empower women, through the promotion of PO Box 39493, 254, Nairobi, Kenya information exchange, research, advocacy and action aimed at strengthening the role of women in sustainable energy development. Tel: +254-20-02 713540 Fax: +254 02 710083 Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

Energy for Sustainable Development Africa ESDA is a consulting firm working in the energy sector in Africa with particular emphasis on renewable energy, rural and Muringa Road , Off Ngong Road household energy, energy emphasis and carbon management through the clean development mechanism (CDM). We help in PO Box 76406, 254, Nairobi, Kenya building local sustainable energy infrastructure through providing technical, policy, training and management expertise in Tel: +254-20-571027/575902 Eastern, Southern and the horn of Africa. Fax: +254-20-571027/575902 Email: [email protected] www.esd.co.uk

39 Kenya Energy Atlas Organization and Contact Description of organization

Engen Kenya Ltd. Victoria Towers, 4th Floor Kilimanjaro Avenue Oil Company P.O. Box 10278 00100 Nairobi Tel: +254-20-2729195/2724414 Fax: +254-20-2715209 Email: [email protected] www.engenke.com

Environment Liaison Centre International ELCI is an international non-governmental, non-profit organization, that strengthens communication and co-operation between Muringa Road off Ngong Road NGOs and civil society, provides liaison between NGOs and the UNEP, building the capacities of environmental NGOs in PO Box 72461, Nairobi developing countries, and encouraging the advisory role of NGOs through the international environmental conventions and Tel: +254-2-576119 / 114 Fax: +254-2-576125 / 154 organs of the United Nations. Email: [email protected] or @ecli.org www.elci.org

First Rank Consultants First Rank Consultants are involved in appropriate technology and community development consultancy by providing such PO Box 70057, 254, Nairobi services as technical advice, project design, project evaluation, education and training in areas of renewable energy, waste Tel: +254-20-722 744518 Fax: +254-20-822140 management, information technology and income generation. Email: [email protected]

Forest Action Network FAN brings together CBOs, researchers, foresters, policy makers, and social scientist to enable them to participate actively in the Magiwa Estate, HSE 34, Mbangathi Road, sustainable management of natural resources and address arising conflicts. This is done through relation building workshops, off Mbangathi way, Nairobi training, thematic meetings, exchange visits, farmer-initiated research and extension, relevant case studies and publications. PO Box 21428. 254, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-891035/1907 Email: [email protected] www.fanworld.org

FUELEX OIL KENYA LIMITED Oil Company Laxcon Hse, 3rd Floor, Limuru Road P.O. Box 18755, NAIROBI Email: [email protected]

Gender Sensitive Initiatives Encouraging communities to share information on the use of energy and energy saving technologies No. 7 Jabavu Village, Jabavu Road PO Box 28115, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-02-2714975/712058 Fax: +254-20-2711435 Email: [email protected] http://www.arcc.or.ke/gln/gsi.html

GS Consult GS Consult is a small consultancy firm strongly involved in renewable energy both for urban and rural areas, and developing PO Box 72387, Nairobi, Kenya proposals for this. Tel: +254-20-890732/755 Fax: +254-20-890755 Email: [email protected]

Help Self Help Centre Tree planting purvi House, wing A, Third Floor Tel: +254-20-4448166

Kenya Energy Atlas 40 Organization and Contact Description of organization

Industrial Ecology Institute The Industrial Ecology Institute (IEI) is a not-for-profit organisation established in Kenya to support the small and medium-scale P.O. Box 10749 enterprises (SME) sector pursue sustainable production practices through research and capacity building. The Institute also Tel: xxxx serves as an information and technology transfer agency established to promote the principles and best practices of industrial Email: [email protected] ecology in the country.

Intermediate Technology Development Group - ITDG is inspired by a vision of a world free of poverty and injustice in which technology is used to the benefit of all. ITDG’s Eastern Africa mission is to eradicate poverty in developing countries, by demonstrating results, sharing knowledge and influencing others. AAYMCA Building, Along State House Crescent, ITDG-EA has five technology strategies - agriculture and pastoralism; small-scale manufacturing; transport; urban livelihoods Off State House Avenue and shelter; and energy. PO Box 39493 - 00623, Kenya, Nairobi Tel: +254 2 2710083 Emmail: [email protected] or [email protected] www.itdg.org

Kakamega Environmental Education Programme Promoting, selling and installing energy efficient cooking stoves, training on stove prosuction, installation of solar; training in P.O. Box 2731, Kakamega, Kenya stove production, promotion of wider use of environmentally sensitive power source, construction and use of solar drying Tel: +254-722-619150 technolgies for efficient preparation and storage of food. Email: [email protected]

Kenital (K) ltd KENITAL provides alternative power solutions in the East African region i.e. Solar, Wind and Power Backup Systems. Ngong Road, 200 metres from the Kenyatta National Hospital Roundabout P.O. Box 19764 - 00202 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 2715960 Fax: +254 733 641574 (Cell) Email: [email protected] www.kenital.com

Kenol- Kenya Oil Co. Ltd Kenol and Kobil markets white and black oils, lubricants, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other specialized petroleum-related ICEA Bldg Kenyatta Ave products. Tel: +254-20-214809/10

Kenya Electricity Generating Company Limited Generation of electricity Stima Plaza, Phase III Kolobot Road P. O. Box 47936 NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-3666000/3741190 www.kengen.co.ke

Kenya Institute of Organic Farming Training institute in organic farming and Biogas P.O. Box 34972, 00100 Tel: +254-20-67 52466 Mobile: 733817240 Email: [email protected]

Kenya National Academy of Sciences Research and Consultancy Income Tax House, Ngong Road Tel: +254-20-2721345 Fax: +254-20-2721138

41 Kenya Energy Atlas Organization and Contact Description of organization

KENYA OIL Co. LTD Oil Company P.O. Box 30322, NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-214809/10 Fax: +254-20-221613, 230767

KENYA PETROLEUM REFINERIES LIMITED Refinery P.O. Box 90401, MOMBASA Tel: +254-011-433511/582 Fax: +254-011-220619

KENYA PIPELINE COMPANY Petroleum Distribution P.O. Box 73442, NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-335666 Fax: +254-20-246691

KENYA SHELL LIMITED/BP KENYA Petroleum, chemical marketing, research and refining activities throughout the world. P.O. Box 43561, NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-229222 Fax: +22254-20-216953/330124

Kenyatta University, Appropriate Technology Center The Appropriate Technology Centre is an education and research centre based at Kenyatta University. It offers education and Kenyatta University, Thika Road, Nairobi training up to Ph.D. level in the following areas: Renewable energy technology; water and Sanitation; Technology in agriculture; PO Box 43844, 254, Nairobi, Kenya Housing technology; Entrepreneurship development; Information technology. Tel: +254 -20-810901 Ext. 342

Maralal Clayworks Promoting and marketing energy saving jikos,; training other organisations and individuals on stove production; feasibility P.O. Box 723, Nyahururu or studies on microhydro P.O. Box 85 Maralal Mobile: +254-0722 471466 Email: [email protected]

Meru Drylands Farming Promotion and installation of stove liners; capacity building of staff nad women group leaders in stove installation and use of P.O. Box 2001 Meru, Kenya other energy devices; identification of new energy saving technologies, which could be used by farmers in the region Tel: +254 64 2406/31183 Email: [email protected]

Meru, Mbeere, Embu and Tharaka Women Managers NGO Network P.O. Box 604 Chuka Tel+254-166-30550 Mobile:+254 -733 878403 Email: Kespar2salpha.co.ke

Ministry of agriculture and Rural Development Government P.O. BOX 30028, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-2719013

Ministry of Energy This is a Government organisation charged with the responsibility of formulating energy policy. The government has three P.O. Box 30582, Nairobi, Kenya departments namely, Geothermal, Electric Power and Renewable Energy. These are involved in the promotion of improved stoves and kilns, biogas, solar, wind, and mini and micro hydro energy technologies. They are also involved in renewable energy mapping and auditing.These programmes are carried out at their Energy and Agro-forestry centres all over the country.

Kenya Energy Atlas 42 Organization and Contact Description of organization

MOBIL OIL KENYA LIMITED Multinational Oil Company P.O. Box 64900, NAIROBI Tel: +254-20-767842/250292 Fax: +254-20-221881

National Oil Company Kenya Oil Company Kapiti Road, off Mombasa Road P.O. Box 58567-00200 Tel: +254-20-608070

Off-Grid Energy Alternative Technologies Research on small cheap wind turbines capable of powering 3, 10 watts light; to organise groups to buy small solar systems Off Nairobi-Naivasha Roa, through a revolving fund; to have the best installations, network and also market systems in a positive way. Mai Mahiu Trading Centre 22 Building P.O. Box 1970, Naivasha Tel: +254 -50-30526 Mobile: +2554-733 737549 Email: [email protected]

Penroche Development Services Ltd. Conducting energy reviews and assessments; promoting energy conservation; conducting training on energy technologies 35 Loiyangalani Drive, Lavington and conservation P.O. Box 42994, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 -20-570783 Email: [email protected]

Petroleum Institute East Africa The PIEA’s mission is to provide a forum for expertise and excellence in the oil industry in the East African region with the aim Loita Street, Sasini House - 3rd Floor of promoting professionalism and free enterprise in petroleum business supported by the highest business and operating P.O. Box 16540 Tel: +254-20-249081/313046 standards, adherence to Environment, Health and Safety ideals Email: Gwachira @petroleum.co.ke www.petroleum.co.ke

Presbyterian Church of East Africa Lay Training Centre Training of members on alternative energy technologies including, solar and biogas technologies,· Extracting of vegetable oil for use in engines, Manufacturing fireless cookers and solar water heaters

PVMTI The PVMTI project in Kenya demonstrates how financial institutions can partner up with PV dealers to grow the SHS market by establishing networks in high potential areas through the installation and maintenance of quality PV systems.

QueConsult ltd Renewable Energy Consultants Tel: 4347374 Email: [email protected]

Renewable Energy Technology Assistance Programme RETAP is an NGO involved in promoting wide scale use of energy cooking stoves in public and private institutions, with the aim P.O. Box 28201, Nairobi, Kenya of making fuel wood sustainable and environmentally friendly Tel: +254 -20-535997/8 Fax: +254—20-537946 Email: [email protected]

Resource Oriented Development Initiatives Building Capacity of CBO and Penal institutions in low cost sustainable agriculture using resource oriented development P.O. Box 824, Eldoret approaches for the benefit of the poor smallholder farmers, poor prisoners and ex prisoner Tel: +254 -53-55038

43 Kenya Energy Atlas Organization and Contact Description of organization

Resource Projects Kenya To influence energy investment policy towards sustainable development paths while emphasizing the efforts to exploit renewable IUCN Centre, Off Langata Road. energy resources. P.O. Box 59411, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: +254-20-890595 Fax: +254-20-890592

Rural Technology Enterprises Promotion of renewable energy technology Shauri Moyo.Young Traders Building, Off Lusaka Rd., Opposite City Stadium P.O. Box 28201, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 2 535997/8 or 557946 Fax: +254 2 540447 or 217381

Solagen (K) ltd Photovoltaic systems, solar garden lights, solar water heating systems, solar water pumping systems, emergency backup The Mall Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya batteries, DC to AC power inverters, electric fencing . P.O. BOX 45679, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-2 441160/1 Fax: +254-2 444182

Solar Cookers International Solar cookers is an educational non profit making organisation formed in 1987. it is based in Sacremento, CA, USA and has P.O. BOX 51190 00200 regional office in Nairobi, which manages and coordinates field projects in two refugee camps namely Kakuma in Kenya and Tel: +254 20 4347144 Email: [email protected] Aisha inEthiopia. it also runs a project with non refugees in Zimbabwe www.solarcooking.org

Solar Energy Network Solarnet is committed to widespread adoption and use of renewable energy resources.through information sharing, broader Muringa Road, Off Ngong Road networking, training, standards development, and technical programme support to community groups, policy advice to PO Box 76406-0058, Nairobi, Kenya governmental and inter-governmental agencies. Tel: +254-2-572656 / 565027 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] www.solarnet-ea.org

Sustainable Community Development Services SCODE is a Kenyan based community development organisation registered as a national NGO in 1996. SCODEseeks to improve the quality along Nakuru-sabukia-Nyahururu rd, of life of marginalised members of society, through building their capacity. This is achieved through training extension and information opposite Break point inn. networking in sustainable land use management, renewable energy management and other innovative environment friendly approaches P.O. Box 13177 Nakuru Kenya to natural resource management.

The Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd KPLC owns and operates the national transmission and distribution grid, and is responsible for the scheduling and dispatch of Stima Plaza, Kolobot Rd. electricity to more than 600,000 customers throughout Kenya P.O. Box 30099, Nairobi Tel: +254-2-243366 Fax: +254-2-751278

Thuiya enterprises Biomas energy consultancy Ralph Bunche Road P.O. 5200 NBI 00100 Tel: +254-20-2710203 Email: [email protected]

TOTAL KENYA LIMITED It is a marketer of fuels and lubricants with a retail network. Key fuels products include gasoline, diesel, illuminating kerosene P.O. Box 30736, NAIROBI and LP gas. Lubricants include automotive oils, industrial oils and greases. Tel +254-20-212300 Fax: +2544-20-212178, 215943

Kenya Energy Atlas 44 Organization and Contact Description of organization

Universal Youth Group To ensure that every home installs modern energy saving stoves, and uses abundantly wasted energy of solar and wind as P.O. BOX 48 Emuhaya well as hydo-electric power. Tel: +254 -57-51373 Mobile: 733270831

Solar Electro Solar Electro is built on 15 years of experience in development cooperation related to rural electrification. We have the required www.solarelectro.com experience to understand the complexity of development issues and we have the necessary qualification to offer practical and workable solutions.

Solar Innovation Ltd Exclusive Importers, Suppliers and Distributors of high quality solar products from Solar Fabrik Germany for East Africa . P.O. Box 85078-80100 Mombasa, Kenya Services provided include assessments and systems design that is usually provided free of charge, installations, plumbing, Tel: +254 -41-470108/9 Mobile: +254-720-994 500 electrical wiring and after sales services. Fax: 254 (0) 41 470108 Email: [email protected] www.solar-innovation.com

Sollatek Electronics (Kenya) Ltd. Suppliers and distibutors of electronics components and equipment Sollatek Service Center, Malindi Road, (opposite Bamburi Cement ), Mombasa, Kenya P.O. Box 34246 . Mombasa . Kenya Tel: +254 -11-486250 /1/2/3 Fax: 254 -11-486259 Email: [email protected]

IT Power The IT Power group has four capabilities built around its core expertise in renewable energy engineering and supporting Tel: +254-20-4452594/7 sustainable development: renewable energy consulting and ventures, Climate change policy building international development, Email: [email protected] Supporting the Millennium Development Goals and Business consulting.

WINROCK Kenya Proven, cost-competitive technology for grid and off-grid applications Market development for clean energy services and surplus electricity System management and maintenance training for individuals and organizations National policy analysis and guidance Private investment and commercial partnerships Risk reduction analysis and financing strategies for new businesses Innovations in climate change technologies

Kamfor Company Limited Research and consultancy P.O. Box 61297, Nairobi Tel: +254-20-210731/225227 Fax: +254-20-225829

Semi Arid Lands Training And Livestock Improvement Manufacture of briquettes Centres of Kenya. (S.A.L.T L.I.C.K) P.O. Box 301, Isiolo, Kenya Tel: +2554-20-165 2350 Fax: +254-20-165 2414

Siongiroi Community Development Organization Rural improved stoves Siongiroi division, Bomet district. P.O. Box 24 Chebunyo Tel: +254 -361-20443/20828 Fax: +254 -361-21042 c/o William Shelule

Sunshine Solutions To assist local individuals and organizations to design, assemble and provide appropriate and affordable PV solar-electric P.O. Box 76406, Nairobi, Kenya. systems to satisfy people’s small and simple power needs. Email: [email protected]

45 Kenya Energy Atlas Abbreviations and acronyms Terms of reference EPA Electric Power Act ERB Electricity Regulatory Board Introduction ESDA Energy for Sustainable Development Africa GDP Gross Domestic Product The main Output of the project is “Production of a comprehensive energy baseline data”. To achieve this, ESDA was mandated to perform the GNP Gross National Product following activities: GEF Global Environment Facility HPZ High Potential Zones • Compile and assess information on current and potential sources and IPP Independent Power Producers supplies of energy. JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation • Present the information in a map format, showing the current situation with KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company an overlay indication the potential for the different regions. KES Kenya Shillings Kg Kilogrammes • Outline trends and requirements/needs. KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company • Highlight information gaps (for sources and for requirements) and make LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas recommendations. LPZ Low Potential Zones • Highlight potential for renewable energy technologies. MPZ Medium Potential Zones • Identify barriers to increased access and provide recommendations. MW Mega Watts • Present final information in CD-ROM format and uploaded on a web-site NOCK National Oil Corporation of Kenya PV Photo voltaic In order to link poverty to energy supplies, a map showing latest population REF Rural Electrification Fund distribution, with a poverty lay out and current status of energy supply REP Rural Electrification Programme including petroleum station outlets, will form part of the introduction SHS Solar Home Systems SMHPP Sondu Miriu Hydo Power Project In addition: ToE Tonnes of Oil Equivalent UNDP United Nations Development Programme • For each energy sector, undertake (read ‘identify’) a baseline survey of all UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme actors and initiatives in the energy field and present on the same CD-ROM. VOC Volatile Organic Compounds Other information include: • Providing an energy market overview, including key information on public private players for all energy forms, tariff policies, supply options, • Providing information on demand patterns, delivery mechanisms, regulatory situations, incorporating gender and environmental considerations for all information

Kenya Energy Atlas 46