United Nations Development Program GLOBAL VILLAGE ENERGY PARTNERSHIP KENYAKENYA EnergyEnergy AtlasAtlas AFRICA Energy for Sustainable Development AFRICA Copyright © 2005 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Global Village Energy Partnership, Nairobi, Kenya. Compiled and written by: Stephen N. Mutimba Policy Division Energy for Sustainable Development Africa, Muringa Rd. Off Elgeyo Marakwet Rd., P.O Box 76406 - 00508 Nairobi Tel/Fax: 571027,577942,577978 Email: [email protected] www.esda.co.ke Kenya Energy Atlas 2 Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... 4 Geothermal power plants .......................................................................24 Acknowledgement ..................................................................................... 4 Geothermal exploration and development .........................................25 Environmental and gender considerations.........................................25 Chapter 1: Intoduction............................................................................... 5 Electricity: Gaps and recommendations ..............................................26 Energy and Poverty: An Overview.......................................................... 5 Energy and the Kenyan economy .......................................................... 7 Chapter 4: Petroleum ...............................................................................27 Energy per Capita ....................................................................................... 8 Oil exploration ...........................................................................................28 Consumption of major energy types by sector.................................... 8 Issues in petroleum ..................................................................................28 Environmental and gender considerations.........................................28 Chapter 2: Biomass Energy ...................................................................... 9 Source of biomass energy ........................................................................ 9 Chapter 5: Wind Energy Resources .....................................................29 Biomass energy from closed forests and protected areas ................ 9 Installed capacity ......................................................................................29 Biomass energy from savannah woodlands ...................................... 10 Wind potential...........................................................................................29 Biomass energy from agricultural crops .............................................. 11 Barriers to exploitation ............................................................................29 Biomass energy from open plantation................................................. 12 Environmental and gender considerations.........................................30 Environmental and gender consideration biomass energy ............ 12 Modeern biomass ..................................................................................... 14 Chapter 6: Solar Electricity .....................................................................32 Biomass: Gaps and recommendation ................................................... 15 Irradiance level ..........................................................................................32 Installed capacity ......................................................................................32 Chapter 3: Grid Electricity ......................................................................16 PV Potential ................................................................................................32 Institutional structure .............................................................................. 16 Barriers ........................................................................................................32 Proposed and existing generation stations and Environmental and gender considerations.........................................32 dams along the Tana river...................................................................... 21 Turkwel power station ............................................................................22 Annex1 ........................................................................................................34 Mini-hydro power stations .....................................................................23 Key contacts............................................................................................... 37 Electricity sector projects ........................................................................23 Abbreviations and acronyms .................................................................46 Thermal power plants .............................................................................24 Terms of reference ....................................................................................46 3 Kenya Energy Atlas Preface incidences. It also shows the level of development of energy resource base (for instance, in electricity, power supply lines, stations, dams, etc.) and The Kenya Energy Atlas (KEA) was commissioned by United Nations population distribution and poverty incidence. This information is important Development Programme (UNDP) on behalf of Global Village Energy Partnership to public planners and a useful guide to investors and development workers. (GVEP). Kenya Energy Atlas is intended for use by development workers, investors, The purpose of this Atlas is to assist government, private sector, civil society educationists, planners, students and any other individual or organization and other stakeholders to develop an ‘Energy Poverty Reduction Action Plan’ interested in energy and natural resources in Kenya. that will catalyze the achievement of the millenium development goals (MDG). Energy per se is not one of the MDGs, however its role in the achievement of This is a first edition of the Atlas. It is hoped that the Atlas will reviewed these goals is recognized and acknowledged. This Atlas is a crucial first step periodically and accordingly updated. in the fulfillment of the five energy development goals that have been proposed, (by World Bank and other multi-lateral organizations), to focus the poverty diagnosis and strategy development effort. These goals are: · Expand access to improved energy services Acknowledgement · Improve energy supply reliability We would like to acknowledge UN DEPHA for maps development, Daniel · Ensure fiscal sustainability associated with energy supply and use Theuri of ITDG for managing the project, Murefu Barasa for research on · Improve energy sector governance and regulation gender and environmental issues · Reduce health and environmental costs associated with energy supply and use. Mike Okendo Mabwa for design and layout Majority of Kenyans still rely on traditional fuels - firewood and charcoal). Last but not least GVEP through UNDP for supporting the project. Special Access to improved energy services (electricity, liquified petroleumgas thanks go to Chris Gakahu of UNDP for his personal interest and support. (lpg), wind and solar) is very low. Those supplied with electricity have to contend with frequent power outage, while lpg supply is not always This report was compiled and written by reliable. Wind and solar are not so developed due to the failure of past Stephen Mutimba government to invest in this resource. To address the above there is need for better governance of the energy sector. The enactment of a national energy Energy Policy & Biomass Division policy (sessional paper no 4, ministry of energy, 2004) is a first step in this direction.This sessional paper is comprehensive and takes into account the Energy for Sustainable Development Africa need to address traditional biomass energy, whose consumption is associated with indoor air pollution and environmental degradation. Energy for Sustainable Development Africa (ESDA) mission is to stimulate increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies in Eastern, Southern The Atlas shows at a first glance, the available energy resource base ()developed and the Horn of Africa. We build sustainable energy infrastructure through provision and undeveloped) in relation to Kenyan population density and poverty of technical, policy, training and management services. We have particular expertise in developing rural Africaπs access to sustainable modern energy services. Kenya Energy Atlas 4 Chapter 1: Map 1: Kenya poverty incidence district level: Percent population below the rural poverty Line Introduction Energy and poverty: rural electrification caused poverty An overview reduction on its own, this is is only true to an extent. The impact of nergy linkage to poverty improved energy services on reduction is more clearer E poverty outcomes such as health, when addressing the needs of education and income of poor poor people in three priority areas: people is greater when the energy opportunity (income and service is made available with capabilities), empowerment and other infrastructure services such security, (see illustration below). It as transport, communications and has been the belief of water services. Each infrastructure governments in sub-Saharan service complements the others. Africa that increasing access to Interventions that combine improved energy services through delivery of a range of infrastructure