Jim Jarmusch Som En American Independent, Dead Man Som En Acid Western

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Jim Jarmusch Som En American Independent, Dead Man Som En Acid Western Växjö Universitet Victor Santinell Institutionen för Humaniora FM3003 C-uppsats i Filmvetenskap VT-2008 Handledare: Olof Hedling Jim Jarmusch som en American independent, Dead Man som en Acid Western - en studie av hur film kategoriseras 1 Innehållsförteckning Abstract…………………………………………………………………………3 Inledning…………………………………………………………………….…..4 Bakgrund………………………………………………………….…6 Syfte………………………………………………………………… 6 Frågeställning……………………………………………………… ..7 Metod……………………………………………………………… ..7 Avgränsning………………………………………………………… 8 Litteratur…………………………………………………………… .8 Teoretiska Utgångspunkter Från Avant-Garde till Independent………………………………...10 Independent Cinema……………………………………………….12 Dead Man………………………………………………………… .17 Acid Western……………………………………………………… 20 Sammanfattande Diskussion………………………………………22 Källförteckning Litteratur………………………………………………………… ...24 Primära Filmkällor…………………………………………………24 Övriga Filmer……………………………………………………… 25 Internetresurser……………………………………………… ..……26 2 ABSTRACT Denna uppsats kretsar kring hur vi kategoriserar film. Den valda utgångspunkten för studien är filmen Dead Man (1995), regisserad av filmskaparen Jim Jarmusch. Enligt exempelvis den amerikanske filmkritikern Jonathan Rosenbaum, är Jim Jarmusch en av de mest intressanta och hyllade independentregissörerna.1 Denna omständighet är en ytterligare drivkraft bakom denna uppsats. Målet med uppsatsen är att undersöka några aspekter som är avgörande för hur film kategoriseras samt varför en del produktioner definieras som så kallade independentfilmer.2 I undersökningen har intervjuer med filmens regissör, tagna från boken Jim Jarmusch: Interviews, fungerat som vägledande för analysen.3 Uppsatsen är därför utav kvalitativ karaktär vad gäller metodiken; den strävar efter att förhoppningsvis fördjupa läsarens förståelse angående hur film kategoriseras. Genom att gå från det generella till det mer specifika har jag för avsikt att komma in på mer djupgående resonemang. Ett resultat jag kommit fram till är att den franska nya vågen, la nouvelle vague,4 med dess auteurfilmer starkt bidrog till utvecklingen av amerikansk oberoende film, så kallad independent cinema. Vidare subkatagoriserar jag filmen Dead Man som en acid western av orsaker som framgår i analysen. Nyckelord: Dead Man, Jim Jarmusch, Independent. 1 Jonathan Rosenbaum, Dead Man, (London: BFI, 2000), s. 11. Rosenbaum är en känd kritiker som exempelvis varit verksam vid The Chicago Reader. 2 Se Jonas Mekas, “Independence for independents”, Contemporary American Independent Film: from the margins to the mainstream, (red. Holmlund & Justin Wyatt), (New York: Routledge, 2005), s. 35 ff. 3 Ludvig Hertzberg (red.), Jim Jarmusch: Interviews, (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001). 4 Se David Bordwell & Kristin Thompson, Film Art: an introduction (8:e uppl.) (Boston et al: McGraw-Hill, 2008), s 461ff. 3 INLEDNING Termen independent kan ses som ett bruksbegrepp för att exempelvis kategorisera en till synes annorlunda eller svårförståelig film. Enligt den amerikanska filmforskaren Chris Holmlund i boken Contemporary American Independent Film: From the margins to the mainstream förknippas termen allt för ofta med estetisk experimentering av vissa filmkritiker.5 Indiefilmernas popularitet, menar Holmlund, råder det ingen tveksamhet över. Däremot har förhastade definitioner av termen oundvikligen resulterat i heta debatter.6 I introduktionen till boken American Independent Cinema: A Sight and Sound reader gör den engelske filmforskaren Jim Hillier en återblick mot 1980-talet och hyllar independentfilmer oerhört.7 Författaren hävdar även att dessa filmer kanske varit den estetiskt viktigaste delen av den totala amerikanska filmproduktionen under senare år. Hilliers uttalande lyder: Looking back from 2000, the landscape of US cinema since the 1980s would be significantly poorer without what has become known – loosely but meaningfully – as American independent cinema. Many people, myself included, would go further and argue that it is to this American independent cinema that we own most of what is enduringly valuable in US cinema as a whole during this period.8 En av de independentregissörer som odlade ett starkt personligt uttryck och samtidigt lyckades slå publiken med häpnad, delvis tack vare sina banbrytande och okonventionella metoder, är independentregissören Jim Jarmusch. Jarmusch är filmskaparen bakom bland annat filmen Dead Man vilken är ett central studieobjekt för denna uppsats. Jim Jarmusch, som föddes i staden Akron i Ohio, argumenterar i en intervju med Jonathan Rosenbaum från år 1994 att den film som förmodligen rörde honom mest samt fick honom intresserad av film som ung var Arthur Ripleys Thunder Road (1958) med Robert Mitchum.9 Han berättar att det typiska utbudet 5 Chris Holmlund, “Introduction”, Contemporary American Independent Film: from the margins to the mainstream, (red. Holmlund & Justin Wyatt), (New York: Routledge, 2005), s. 2. 6 Holmlund, s. 2. 7 Jim Hillier, “Introduction”, American Independent Cinema: a sight and sound reader, (red. Jim Hillier), (London: British Film Institute, 2001), s. ix. 8 Hillier, s. 9. 9 Jonathan Rosenbaum, “Regis Filmmaker’s Dialogue“, Jim Jarmusch: Interviews, s. 111. 4 Akron erbjöd på den tiden var filmer som Attack of the Crabmonsters (1957), och att hans mamma brukade släppa av honom vid den lokala biografen varje lördag för att se dessa.10 Som tonåring fick han dock tillgång till ett större utbud av film då en så kallad arthousebiograf öppnade i Akron. Detta innebar att Jarmusch, som han beskriver det, fick möjlighet att se europeiska sexfilmer på vardagarna samt ett program på fredagskvällarna som kallades Underground Cinema. Genom falska ID-handlingar öppnades en helt ny värld för den unge cinefilen.11 Just den här typen av film väckte hans passion. Detta resulterade i att han vid 17 års ålder bestämde sig för att bredda sina vyer och flytta till New York. Några år senare skulle den unge Jarmusch vara en av förgrundsfigurerna för den moderna amerikanska independentfilmen. I boken Jim Jarmusch: Interviews bekantas man med regissören och hans skämtsamma karaktär märks oundvikligen i somliga intervjuer. I exempelvis intervjun Mystery Man med fransmannen Luc Sante 1989 frågar Sante Jarmusch: L.S: What’s the worst review you’ve ever gotten? J.J: I think it was some Parisian right-wing newspaper that published one that said: “The French intelligentsia’s praise for Jarmusch reminds one of deaf, dumb, and blind parents applauding their retarded child.” And it even went on to say, “Jarmusch is thirty-three years old, the same age as Christ at the time of his death. One can only hope for the same for him. L.S: That’s unbelievable. It’s like physical assault. J.J: Yeah, but it’s my favourite review.12 10 Ibid. 11 En individ med film som huvudintresse. En ”filmnörd”. 12 Luc Sante, “Mystery Man“, Jim Jarmusch: Interviews, s. 92f. 5 BAKGRUND Förmågan att uttrycka sig med hjälp av rörlig bild är något som har fascinerat mig långt innan jag bestämde mig för att studera film. Det är ingen tillfällighet att den rörliga bilden som konstform dominerar dagens samhälle och att dess omvälvande bildspråk oundvikligen lämnar oförglömliga intryck på oss som åskådare och betraktare. Regissören Jim Jarmusch har uppskattats av både publik såväl som kritiker för sina verk genom åren. Under en längre tid har jag historiskt samt teoretiskt velat fördjupa mig, i ett av Jarmuschs verk, nämligen filmen Dead Man. Filmen såg jag för första gången under en vistelse i Frankrike. Det som berörde mig mest var regissörens förmåga att fokusera sig på att fullända karaktärerna till det yttersta så att filmens handling nästan saknade betydelse. SYFTE Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka faktorer det är som gör att vi kategoriserar filmen Dead Man som en independentproduktion. Jag vill också beröra de aspekter av filmens stil som är typiska och som är betydelsefulla för kategoriseringen av denna independentfilm som en acid western eftersom jag, men också Jonathan Rosenbaum, menar att det är en sådan film Dead Man är. (not till när Rosnbaum talar om acid western) Syftet är av beskrivande och förståelseinriktad karaktär. För att vidga förståelsen kommer regissörens tidigare såväl som senare verk att beaktas. Frågeställningarna kommer att beröra aspekter som kan användas för att typisera eller kategorisera den moderna amerikanska independentfilmen. Som stöd för undersökningen kommer jag att använda mig av teoretiska texter samt intervjuer med Jarmusch. Ett ytterligare stöd för att svara på frågorna är att anknyta till den utvalde filmskaparens bakgrund som jag kommer att behandla för att på ett bättre sätt klargöra varför hans filmer faller inom en viss kategori. Vidare kommer jag att gå in på olika typer av mottagande av filmen eftersom jag anser att det ger ytterligare en intressant aspekt för att förstå bland annat filmens metaforik. Denna metaforik är kopplad till filmens stil vilket jag även kommer att lägga fokus vid under uppsatsens gång. 6 FRÅGESTÄLLNING Min huvudsakliga frågeställning berör vilka attribut som gör filmen Dead Man till en amerikansk independentfilm. Via huvudfrågeställningen kommer jag sedan in på ett antal subfrågor som behandlar olika aspekter av filmens konstruktion. Förhoppningsvis kommer en diskussion i anslutning till dessa frågor att möjliggöra en djupare förståelse. Undersökningen av termen independentfilm och dess innebörd är väsentlig. Därför känns det viktigt att undersöka vilken den huvudsakliga och avgörande faktorn som avgränsar och konstituerar en produktion som en independent
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