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Diversity and Distribution of Agaricaceae in Western Part of India with Special Reference to Gujarat State Ajit M

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Diversity and Distribution of Agaricaceae in Western Part of India with Special Reference to Gujarat State Ajit M J. Indian bot. Soc. e-ISSN:2455-7218, ISSN:0019-4468 Vol. 96 (1 & 2) 2017 :119-135 DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF AGARICACEAE IN WESTERN PART OF INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GUJARAT STATE AJIT M. VASAVA, RINA D. KOYANI, RAVI S. PATEL AND KISHORE S. RAJPUT* 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 290002, India. *Email: [email protected] Date of online publication: 30th June 2017 Studies on lower groups have always been neglected in Gujarat; therefore, distribution and diversity of Agaricaceae in Gujarat state is investigated for the first time. Gujarat is known for its varying climates starting from moist deciduous forest (south Gujarat, a part of Western Ghat) to pure desert conditions (Great Rann of Kuchh). In spite of this, taxonomic exploration was carried out for the first time. The present study we reports 46 species from which four species are reported previously while rest of the 38 species are documented for the first time for the state. Highest numbers of species (39) are found in Agaricus while Macrolepiota, Cystoagaricus and Podaxis have single species each. Maximum diversity is observed in the districts like Dangs, Ahawa, Navsari, Narmada, Junagadh and Chhotaudepur while minimal diversity is observed in Rajkot, Kutchh and North Gujarat (Palanpur, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha). Among them Agaricus bisporus, A. blazei, A. campestris, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Coprinellus micaceus, Cystoagaricus trisulphuratus, Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus, Leucocoprinus brebissonii, Podaxis pistillaris are common while Macrolepiota procera is collected only from one locality. We expect much more species in Agaricaceae than reported in the present study and we suggest further studies to understand the diversity of Agaricaeae in the state. Key words: Agaricus, Chlorophyllum, Coprinus , Coprinellus, Leucoagaricus, Leucocoprinus, Macrofungus , Mushroom, Podaxis Gujarat state is located on the most western part In spite of such variations in climatic of India and bounded by the Arabian Sea at the conditions and forest types, fungal diversity of southwest and coordinated at 20°6' N 68° 10'E the state is poorly documented (Rajput et al. to 24° 42' N, 74° 28' E and possesses the largest 2015). In 1996, Gujarat Ecological seacoast among all the states (Tadvi 2013). The Commission documented the biodiversity of total geographical area of the state comprises state and released first list of 164 fungi. of land mass of 1,96,204 km2 (75,755 sq miles) Thereafter, few sporadic reports appeared on from which a little or less than 20 lakh hector of the fungal diversity of the state but majority of land is under forest cover which is unevenly them are either concentrated around the human distributed but the major concentration is pathogens (Gajjar et al. 2011, Bhavsar et al. found on the eastern hilly Saurashtra region. 2012, Nawal et al. 2012, Katara et al. 2013, The temperature of the state ranges from 1° C Panchal et al. 2013, Nasit et al. 2013) or on to 46° C. The extensive variation in plant pathogens (Arya et al. 2008; Maharshi geophysical and climatic conditions resulted and Thaker 2012, Nagdesi and Arya 2012a, b, into formation of different forest types. The 2013, Dhingani et al. 2013). When working on state has elevated and plane land in addition to wood decay and fungal diseases in forest trees, the desert at the northern part hence the rainfall we noticed that there is no much information on received in the state varies from region to fungi occurring in the Gujarat. Therefore, on region. Gujarat has four major types of forests the basis of our study and available literature, a viz. Tropical moist Deciduous Forest; Tropical checklist of 339 fungal species is documented Dry Deciduous Forest; Northern Tropical for the first time for the state (Rajput et al. Thorn Forest and Littoral and Swamp Forest 2015). Thus, the main aim of the present study (Champion and Seth 1968). Therefore, the is to enlist the diversity and distribution of state is gifted with great diversity of natural family Agaricaceae in Gujarat state, western ecosystems ranging from evergreen to moist India. deciduous and dry deciduous to semiarid or pure dessert conditions (Tadvi 2013). Received on January 10, 2017 www.indianbotsoc.org Accepted on February 25, 2017 Diversity and distribution of agaricaceae in Gujarat state 120 MATERIALS AND METHODS performed by using a Veriti® thermal cycler Sample collection: Extensive field studies were (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). carried out in 33 districts of Gujarat during The ITS region was amplified using the 2013-2014. Fruiting bodies of mushrooms primers ITS 1 and ITS 4 as described by White et al. (1990). The amplified products were growing in different forests, sub urban areas, T M agricultural field and secondary forests were purified using Purelink Quick PCR collected and packed in sterile polyethylene Purification kit (Cat# K310001) and purified bags for further laboratory investigation. Prior PCR products were sent for sequencing to to collection, morphological characteristic of Eurrofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd., f r u i t i n g b o d i e s w e r e r e c o r d e d a n d Bangalore. photographed in their natural habitat with The generated sequences were used for Cannon SLR 1200D digital camera. Collected BLAST search in the GenBank database mushroom specimens were identified on the (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) for the identification basis of their macroscopic and microscopic of species. Identification was done by 99% characters. base-pair match of the sequence obtained to the Isolation of fungal organism and microscopic closest available reference sequences. After studies: For microscopic study, free hand molecular identification, characteristics of the sections mounted in lectophenol cotton blue identified fungal species were compared with and observed under Leica DME 2000D. To the literature for further confirmation of the maintain the cultures of collected mushrooms identity of our isolate. for further studies, suitably trimmed fruiting bodies were surface sterilised by 0.1% RESULTS HgCl2for 40-45 seconds, washed thoroughly with distilled water followed by 70 % ethanol Forty six species belonging to eleven genera of for few seconds. Thereafter, these samples the Agaricaceae were collected during the were inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar survey in different geographical areas of the (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) media Gujarat. Maximal diversity was recorded from and incubated at 27oC. Pure cultures were Ahwa, Dangs, Dharmpur, Navsari, Narmada, established by serial transfer and stored at 4oC Junagadh and Chhotaudepur districts while in refrigerator. All collections studied are also arid regions such as Jessore, Kuchh, Taranga maintained at -20o C while rest of the specimens hills, Rajkot and Chotila region showed are maintained the Department of Botany, relatively poor diversity. From the collected Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao species, Agaricus possessed maximum number University of Baroda, Vadodara. After of species while only one species of each is morpho-taxonomic identification, wherever found in Macrolepiota Singer, Cystoagaricus doubt existed, such specimens were identified Singer and Podaxis Desv. The morphological by molecular methods. description of these species is as follows: Molecular Identification: Genomic DNA was 1) Agaricus augustus Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. extracted (only for some samples where (Upsaliae): 212 (1838) [1836-1838] identity was ambiguous) using Plant/Fungi Stipe 10-20 cm long, thick and enlarged at the DNA isolation kit (Sigma Cat# E5038) and base with partial veil also covered with brown manually employing the procedure described scales. Pileus 10-25 cm broad, convex by Plaza et al. (2004) from fresh fruiting bodies becoming flat at maturity, surface dry with of mushrooms. PCR was carried out using 1x yellow-brown to brown scales that are final concentration of Ready Mix™ Taq PCR concentrically arranged on the cap surface. Reaction Mix (Sigma) and, template DNA (50 Gills free, close or nearly crowded, pale at first ng/μl). Amplification of the DNA was AJIT M. VASAVA, RINA D. KOYANI, RAVI S. PATEL AND KISHORE S. RAJPUT 121 and become dark brown at maturity. Flesh finally brown with spore maturation. Stipe is white, not bruising turns yellow with KOH. solid but become hollow with maturation. Cheilocystidia subglobose to more or less Flesh tastes similar to green nuts and smells cylindrical; 30 x 10. Peleipellis cutis with like almond; turns yellow with KOH yellow-brown to brown scales. Basidiospores Cheilocystidia abundant; inflated; 9-15 µm. are brown in colour, smooth, ellipsoid with a Peleipellis cutis with pinkish brown scales. distinct apiculus; 7.5-10. x 5.5-6 µm. Basidispores brown, 5 x 4 µm and almost oval Habitat: Saprobic, on leaf litter and humus rich in shape. soil, growing alone or gregarious. Edibility: Habitat: Fruiting bodies grows singly or in Edible clusters on leaf litter in humus/compost rich Material examined: Gandhinagar, Dangs, soil. Edibility: Edible having medicinal Junagadh, collectors – Mr. AM Vasava, Dr. RD importance Koyani and Dr. KS Rajput, Code#: KSR0262 Material examined: Anaaval, Dangs, 2) Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach, Junagadh, Ratanmahal; Collectors: Dr. RD Mitt. Naturf. Ges. Luzern 15: 15 (1946) Koyani, Ms. HR Patel and Mr. AM Vasava, Code#: KSR0214 Pileus grey-white or brown to dirty white tint; hemispherical to convex or flat with the age, 6- 4) Agaricus bohusii Bon, Docums Mycol. 11 cm. Surface dry smooth or scaly. Gills are 13(no. 49): 56 (1983) crowded, free, narrow and pink in color which A large edible mushroom, pileus 5-15 cm becomes red brown at maturity. Stipe is white diameter, fruiting body initially hemispherical, more or less equal to slightly bulbous at base, subsequently becomes convex to flat-convex 2-10 cm long, 1-4 cm broad, white to brown, to umbonate, pale brown to dark brown in the scaly.
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