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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the UNIVERSITY OP OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE This dissertation has been 65-12,999 microfilmed exactly as received MONAHAN, Jr., Forrest Dewey, 1928- TRADE GOODS ON THE PRAIRIE, THE KIOWA TRIBE AND WHITE TRADE GOODS, 1794-1875. The University of Œlahoma, Ki,D,, 1965 History, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE UNIVERSITY OP OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE TRADE GOODS ON THE PRAIRIE, THE KIOWA TRIBE AND WHITE TRADE GOODS, 1794-1875 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY lU partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY FORREST D: MONAHAN, JR. Norman, Oklahoma 1965 TRADE GOODS ON THE PRAIRIE, THE KIOWA TRIBE AND WHITE TRADE GOODS, 1794-1875 APPROVED BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENT Many people have aided the preparation of this work. Foremost among them is Dr. Donald J. Berthrong, who with patience, fortitude, and foresight, has directed this dis­ sertation from the beginning. Dr. Gilbert C. Fite has taken time from a busy schedule to give encouragement and construc­ tive criticism. Dr. Arrell M. Gibson has also made useful suggestions. I owe thanks to the other members of the com­ mittee who have read and commented on the paper. A historian would be lost without the aid of archi­ vists amd librarians, and I owe a heavy debt to many who have guided me through the complexities of the records. At the National Archives the personnel of the Indian Records divi­ sion, Dr. Carmelita Ryan, Mr. Roy L. Wilgus, and Mr. L. Evans Walker, were especially helpful. Mrs. Sara D. Jackson, Mr. Milton K. Chamberlain, and Mr. Raymond Ciarrochi aided the search in the ^imiy Records division. Dr. Myra Ellen Jenkins courteously helped me in the State Records Center of New Mexico. I must also acknowledge the help of Mrs. Relia Looney of the Oklahoma Historical Society and of Mrs. Ernst A. Stadler of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Several persons in the University of Oklahoma Library gave assistance. Mrs. Alice M. Timmons and Mrs. Sandra D. Ill Stewart found many useful items in the Library's Phillips Collection, Mr. Jack D. Haley was helpful in the Manuscripts Division, and Miss Opal Carr was an always capable guide in the mysteries of published Government documents. I also owe thanks to Mr. Scott Tonemah for his hospitality and many useful suggestions, to Mrs. Josephine A. Soukup for her encouragement, and to Mrs. Anita Sciance who efficiently typed the final copy. iv . TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. KIOWA SOCIETY ................................. 1 II. NORTHERN T R A D E ................................. 38 III. THE KIOWAS AND NEW MEXI C O ....................... 55 IV. ABORIGINAL TRADE IN THE SOUTH P L A I N S ............84 V. KIOWA AND ANGLO-AMERICAN T R A D E ................ 119 VI. THE KIOWAS AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, RELATIONS TO 1859 ............................. l66 VII. 1859-1874, GOODS FROM EVERY W H E R E ............. 210 VIII. C O N C L U S I O N .................................... 277 APPENDIX........................... 286 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................... 309 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE F O O T N O T E S ................... 319 TRADE GOODS ON THE PRAIRIE, THE KIOWA TRIBE AND WHITE TRADE GOODS, 1794-1875 CHAPTER I KIOWA SOCIETY In the nineteenth century North American Indians made their last stand for independence against hordes of onrushing Whites. For bravery, endurance, and cunning in this struggle no tribe surpassed the Kiowas. For over seven decades this small group held its vast and rich country against numerous peoples, both White and Indian, who wanted its land. This is the story of an element which enabled them to so tellingly fight. Trade was an important part of their activities. It brought them a richer life, added to their firepower and made these fierce people more feared as enemies and courted as allies. The Kiowas were a tribal people who came in increasing contact with culture of European origin. For a long period of time after Whites first touched the shores of the New World they had no physical contact with the Kiowas. Elements of European culture preceded the Whites themselves and intro­ duced changes in the Indian way of life. These operated at 1 2 first to give the Indians wider choices. Some things brought more color, as beads and cloth; others brought more conven­ ience, as metal pots and arrowheads. At least one, the horse, brought changes which were profound.^ The present study concerns the means and conditions by which these Indians obtained articles of White manufacture. A principal element of contact and a fundamental to Plains nomadism was the horse. The Kiowas originally may have ac­ quired the horse either by trade or by war with other Indians. 2 In the period discussed by this paper they raided for horses. Consequently, the obtaining of horses is outside the scope of this study. They then traded the animals to other peoples. From this viewpoint the horse will be studied, as one part of the trading activities of the Indians. The pattern of trade reflected and reacted upon their culture. Since they were hunting and pastoral people, their principal products were those of the hunt and of the pasture- lands. By the early nineteenth century they had adapted them­ selves to intensive use of the Plains' largest and most numer­ ous animal, the bu f f a l o . ^ The horse permitted the maximum ^Prank R. Secoy, Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains; American Ethnological Society, Monographs, XXI (Locust Valley, N. Y., J. J. Augustin, 1953), 20-29, bl-6 9 , 78-8 5 . Cited hereinafter as Secoy, Changing Military Patterns See also Bernard Mishkin, Rank and Warfare Among the Plains Indians; American Ethnological Society; Monographs, ÏTÏ (New York, J. J. Augustin, 1940), 5-8, 25-3^7 5T-&3. Cited hereinafter as Mishkin, Rank and Warfare. ^Mishkin, Rank and Warfare, 28, 37-38. 3lbid., 2 5 . 3 use of the buffalo, and together these animals were the economic base of the Kiowas' nomadic life. The buffalo or American bison^ roamed over the Great Plains in countless numbers. Members of the Long Expedition in 1819-1820 observed on the Platte River "immense herds of bisons, blacking the whole surface of the Country through which we passed.Later, near the Arkansas Bend, buffalo were so many as to be commonplace for they^ . occurred in vast and almost continuous herds. This constant procession of bulls, cows, and calves of various sizes grew so familiar to us at length, as no longer to divert our view from the contemplation of other objects. The buffalo range extended westward into the Rocky Mountains, northward into Canada, and southward into Mexico.? They pastured as far east as the Atlantic coastal plain be- Q yond the Allegheny Mountains, but in the early nineteenth century they were exterminated east of the Mississippi 4 The buffalo of the North American Plains is ac­ tually a bison. But popular usage calls it buffalo; and the writer in this paper uses the terms bison and buffalo inter­ changeably. Martin S. Garretson, The American Bison (New York, New York Zoological Society, 1938), 9* S^ee also Frank Q. Roe, The North American Buffalo (Toronto, University of Toronto,. 1951), $-4. ^Scephen H. Long, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg bo the Rocky Mountains . in the Years 18I9 and * 20. Edwin James, ed., 2 vols. (Philadelphia, H. C. Carey and I. Lea, I82 3 ), I, 472. Cited hereinafter as Long, Account of an Expedition. ^Ibid., 204. ?Garretson, The American Bison, 15• Compare Roe, The North American Buffalo, 204. ®Roe, The North American Buffalo, 204. See also 231, 242-243, and 245. Q River. Their greatest herds were In the grasslands of the Great Plains; those In the eastern woodlands were as strag- 10 glers from the main herd. Their numbers cannot be known because estimates varied widely. One authority says that In 11 aboriginal times there were near 6o million of them. For the Kiowas these limitless herds were principal sources of food and shelter. Buffalo meat was a year-round staple. Thomas Battey, a Quaker teacher, commented on the Indians’ many uses of the animal: 12 When her lord has killed a buffalo the woman’s work be­ gins. She has to skin It, the meat to secure and all to pack upon ponies or mules, and carry to camp, where the meat must be cured. This Is done by cutting It Into thin sheets, and hanging It over poles In hot sunshine, where It Is soon dried thoroughly; then It Is packed fresh. In packages of about one hundred pounds each, and enclosed In a nice folding sack of thick buffalo skin, prepared especially for the purpose. The Indians used skins that were taken In summer for tlpls; while those that were taken In winter they used for robes. i4 Joslah Gregg wrote of the buffalo: ^Ibld., 232-233. Garretson says, "By 1820 they were practically extinct east of the Mississippi River. ..." The American Bison, 92. l^Garretson, The American Bison, 19-25. ^^Ibld., 5 8 . For a survey of literature on the num­ ber of buffalo see Roe, The North American Buffalo, 489-520. ^^Thomas C . Battey, The Life and Adventures of' a Qu^er Among the Indians (Boston, Lee and Shepard, 1875)> 186-187. Cited hereinafter as Battey, Life and Adventures. l^ibid., 187-188. 14 Joslah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, Max L. Moorhead, ed. (Norman, University of Oklahoma, 1954), 369. This animal furnishes almost the exclusive food of the prairie Indians, as well as covering for their wigwams and most of their clothing; also their bedding, ropes, bags for their meat, etc; sinews for bow-strings, for sewing moccasins, leggins, and the like .
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