GHOST in the MACHINE (O Fantasma Na Mquina)

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GHOST in the MACHINE (O Fantasma Na Mquina) PONTÍFICIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FAMECOS - PPGCOM Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Mestrado em Comunicação Social Arquivo X e o Pensamento Tecnológico Civilização Maquinística e Projeção Utópica do homem e do mundo PEDRO HENRIQUE BAPTISTA REIS Porto Alegre Março de 2009 1 Pedro Henrique Baptista Reis Arquivo X e o Pensamento Tecnológico: Civilização Maquinística e Projeção Utópica do homem e do mundo Dissertação apresentada como requisito para obtenção do grau de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade dos Meios de Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Orientador: Prof. Dra. Ana Carolina D. Escosteguy 2 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) R375a Reis, Pedro Henrique Baptista Arquivo X e o pensamento tecnológico : civilização maquinística e projeção utópica do homem e do mundo / Pedro Henrique Baptista Reis. – Porto Alegre, 2009. 186 f. il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação Social) – Faculdade de Comunicação Social, PUCRS, 2009. Orientador: Profa. Dra. Ana Carolina Damboriarena Escosteguy. 1. Comunicação. 2. Estudos Culturais. 3. Pensamento Tecnológico. 4. Novas Utopias. 5. Cibercultura. 6. Ficção Científica. I. Escosteguy, Ana Carolina Damboriarena. II. Título. CDD 301.14 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada por Nívea Bezerra Vasconcelos e Silva CRB 10/1255 Pedro Henrique Baptista Reis Arquivo X e o Pensamento Tecnológico: Civilização Maquinística e Projeção Utópica do homem e do mundo Dissertação apresentada como requisito para obtenção do grau de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade dos Meios de Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Aprovada em ____ de ________________ de ______________ BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Francisco Rüdiger – PUC-RS _________________________________ Prof. Dr. Bernardo Lewgoy – UFRGS _________________________________ 3 RESUMO Arquivo X e o Pensamento Tecnológico: Civilização Maquinística e Projeção Utópica do homem e do mundo Apoiados pelas proposições teóricas de Francisco Rüdiger (2002, 2006, 2007, 2008) e Lucien Sfez (1994, 1996, 2002), acrescidas de proposições de autores que versam sobre o gênero específico da Ficção Científica – como Isaac Asimov (1984) e Adam Roberts (2000) – e sobre o fenômeno da cibercultura – como André Lemos (2002), Sydney Eve Matrix (2006), Scott Bukatman (1998) e Erick Felinto (2005) – balizaremos a análise de um produto cultural em específico: três episódios da série de televisão norte-americana da rede Fox, Arquivo X (1993-2002). A partir destas recuperações teóricas, relacionadas com a mídia e as novas tecnologias, prosseguiremos a uma análise de um produto cultural específico – três episódios da série de televisão Arquivo X (1993-2002) – que nos levará à reflexão sobre como esse produto cultural de ficção articula ou não categorias e índices do pensamento tecnológico e das novas utopias tecnológicas. Trata-se de uma retomada, uma discussão dos problemas apresentados pela recuperação teórica através da perspectiva de um produto cultural, que se insere ao mesmo tempo em que se associa ao gênero da Ficção Científica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Comunicação, Estudos Culturais, Pensamento Tecnológico, Novas Utopias, Cibercultura. 4 ABSTRACT X-Files and the Technological Thought: Mechanistic Civilization and the Utopic Projection of Men and World Based on the theoretical propositions of Francisco Rüdiger (2002, 2006, 2007, 2008) and Lucien Sfez (1994, 1996, 2002), and acknowledging authors such as Isaac Asimov (1984), Adam Roberts (2000), that analyze Science Fiction, Scott Bukatman (1998), André Lemos (2002), Sydney Eve Matrix (2006) and Erick Felinto (2005), that analyze the phenomena of cyberculture, we intend to guide an analyses of a specific cultural product: three selected episodes from the sucessful television show from the 1990’s and early 2000’s, X-Files (1993-2002). Those backgrounds speak of the transformations that contemporary society experiences in relation to the new technologies. From this point of view, the objective here is to identify the articulation of certain imaginaries related to the technological thinking and the utopic projection of the world as they reveal themselves in the narrative of this Science Fiction TV show. KEYWORDS: Communication, Cultural Studies, Technological Thinking, New Utopias, Cyberculture. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Começarei agradecendo minha família, principalmente meu pai, Paulo, e minha mãe, Maria Inês, pelo apoio financeiro e emocional concedido ao longo destes últimos dois anos de perseguições teóricas. Porém, agradeço mais do que tudo à minha mulher, Débora, que sempre me apoiou, amou e incentivou, nunca deixando que eu desistisse ou me entristecesse ao longo da trilha de autores, pesquisas, artigos, aulas e discussões. Ela foi minha rocha, minha vida inteira, sempre disposta a discutir tudo aquilo que para mim era mais importante e para ela eram apenas palavras. Também agradeço muito à minha querida orientadora, a Professora Doutora Ana Carolina Escosteguy, a qual me acompanha desde os tempos de Bolsa de Iniciação Científica e Trabalho de Conclusão ainda nos tempos de Graduação. Se não fosse pela força, inteligência e empenho que ela dedica a todos os seus alunos interessados esse trabalho jamais teria existido e os conhecimentos e percepções de mundo oriundas dele também não. Como guia nesta senda teórica entre a tecnologia e o homem, encontrei no professor doutor Francisco Rüdiger um amigo, um mentor – quase co-orientador – e, mais do que tudo isso, uma referência a ser seguida e admirada. Ficam como marcos de eficiência, produtividade e também de carinho e paciência. Espero que a fé e amizade depositadas em mim nestes quase 10 anos de estudo da sociedade, da comunicação, do homem e da tecnologia, possam encontrar eco nestas mais de 180 páginas que certamente ecoam as tantas pessoas, livros, momentos e palavras que me marcaram nesta estrada sinuosa, mas não sem seus atrativos e recompensas. “Teu pai encarregou-me de ensinar-te tudo isto, para seres um dizedor de palavras e um fazedor de feitos” O discurso da Fênix, Ilíada, ix. 443. 6 “Psychologists often speak of the denial of an unthinkable evil or a misplacement of shared fears. Anxieties taking the form of a hideous monster for whom the most horrific human attributes can be ascribed. What we can’t possibly imagine ourselves capable of we can blame on the ogre, the hunchback, on the lowly half-breed” -- Dana Scully, no episódio Post-Modern Prometheus. “Fear. Its’s the oldest tool of power. If you’re distracted by fear of those around you, it keeps you from seeing the actions of those above you” -- Fox Mulder, no episódio Blood. 7 SUMÁRIO 1. ILUDA, SEDUZA, OFUSQUE:....................................................................9 Introdução. 2. A VERDADE ESTÁ LÁ FORA..................................................................17 2.1.˙˙EL ˙AANIGOO ˙AHOOT˙E˙˙........................................................................17 Pensamento Tecnológico, Civilização Maquinística e Projeção Utópica. 2.2. RESISTA OU SIRVA:..............................................................................36 Kellner e o embate interno inerente aos produtos culturais. 3. TODAS AS MENTIRAS APONTAM PARA A VERDADE ....................42 3.1. NEGUE TUDO:........................................................................................42 A Ficção Científica e Os Arquivos X. 3.2. ACREDITE NA MENTIRA.....................................................................62 Os Arquivos X: Três episódios, três análises. 3.2.1 GHOST IN THE MACHINE (O Fantasma na Máquina) ........................62 3.2.2 KILL SWITCH (Vivendo no Ciberespaço) .............................................98 3.2.3 FIRST PERSON SHOOTER (Mundo Virtual)......................................130 4. TUDO MORRE .........................................................................................163 Conclusão. 5. NÃO CONFIE EM NINGUÉM.................................................................174 5.1 MAS SE MOVE SIM...............................................................................174 Bibliografia Teórica. 5.2 DESCULPAS SÃO POLÍTICA...............................................................182 Bibliografia Ficcional. Filmografia. 5.3 O FIM.......................................................................................................185 Episódios analisados e filmes da série Arquivo X. 8 1. ILUDA, SEDUZA, OFUSQUE1 Introdução O período pré-moderno viu nascer uma época que colocou o homem como centro do mundo, centralizando-o na existência de tudo que pudesse ser apreciado entre a terra e as estrelas. O velho teocentrismo dava, então, lugar à razão e ação instrumentais; era chegada a era da razão, antropocentrismo para o mundo e heliocentrismo para o universo. O homem, por pensar, existia; o mundo, por ser pensado, poderia ser transformado. Surgia a figura da máquina: um aparato técnico e científico que poderia exercer as funções até então restritas ao intelecto e capacidades físicas humanas. Ainda no século XVII, quando o mundo via em Descartes (1596-1650), Leibniz (1646-1716), Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), o surgimento, pela primeira vez desde os gregos quase dois milênios antes, de uma ciência experimental que contemplava o cosmos para poder reorganizá-lo, compreendê-lo, retirar-lhe o mistério mágico-religioso que cercava suas origens e cerceava seus rumos desde a origem da humanidade nas primeiras civilizações; aí ressugiria a máquina como proposição
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