Chandrika Kumaratunga (Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga)

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Chandrika Kumaratunga (Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga) Chandrika Kumaratunga (Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga) Sri Lanka, Presidenta de la República; ex primera ministra Duración del mandato: 12 de Noviembre de 1994 - de de Nacimiento: Colombo, Western Province, 29 de Junio de 1945 Partido político: SLNP ResumenLa presidenta de Sri Lanka entre 1994 y 2005 fue el último eslabón de una dinastía de políticos que, como es característico en Asia Indostánica, está familiarizada con el poder tanto como la tragedia. Huérfana del asesinado primer ministro Solomon Bandaranaike, hija de la tres veces primera ministra Sirimavo Bandaranaike ?con la que compartió el Ejecutivo en su primer mandato, protagonizando las dos mujeres un caso único en el mundo- y viuda de un político también asesinado, Chandrika Kumaratunga heredó de aquellos el liderazgo del izquierdista Partido de la Libertad (SLNP) e intentó, infructuosamente, concluir la sangrienta guerra civil con los separatistas tigres tamiles (LTTE), iniciada en 1983, por las vías de una reforma territorial federalizante y la negociación directa. http://www.cidob.org 1 of 10 Biografía 1. Educación política al socaire de su madre gobernante 2. Primera presidencia (1994-1999): plan de reforma territorial para terminar con la guerra civil 3. Segunda presidencia (1999-2005): proceso de negociación con los tigres tamiles y forcejeos con el Gobierno del EJP 1. Educación política al socaire de su madre gobernante Único caso de estadista, mujer u hombre, hija a su vez de estadistas en una república moderna, la suya es la familia más ilustre de la élite dirigente de Sri Lanka, de etnia cingalesa y fe budista. El padre, Solomon Bandaranaike, fue primer ministro del país asiático desde 1956 hasta su asesinato en 1959, mientras que la madre, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, heredera política de su malogrado esposo, fue igualmente primera ministra en los períodos 1960-1965, 1970- 1977 y 1994-2000, año este último en que falleció; personalidad destacada del Movimiento de Países No Alineados en las décadas de los sesenta y setenta del siglo XX, Bandaranaike tuvo el honor de ser la primera mujer en alcanzar la jefatura de un gobierno en el mundo Chandrika, con dos hermanas y un hermano, cursó su formación en el Convento de Santa Brígida de Colombo, regido por monjas católicas, y en la Universidad de París, en cuyo Instituto de Estudios Políticos (IEP) recibió docencia coincidiendo con las protestas estudiantiles de 1968, en las que tomó parte. Tras graduarse en Ciencias Políticas y completar su bagaje con sendos diplomas en Economía, Derecho y Periodismo, volvió a su país para integrarse en la vida política, dejando sin terminar un doctorado en la primera especialidad. En 1974, dos años después de promulgarse a iniciativa del Gobierno de su madre una Constitución que proclamó la República, poniendo fin al condominio de la corona británica, y cambió el nombre del país de Ceylán por Sri Lanka, la joven fue elegida miembro del Comité Ejecutivo de la Liga Femenina del Partido de la Libertad de Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka Nidahas Pakshaya, SLNP), la formación socialista fundada por el padre en 1951 y que desde 1960 dirigía su viuda. También, se involucró en la Comisión para la Reforma Agraria y en 1976 asumió la presidencia de la Comisión Janawasa, órgano gubernamental encargado de poner en marcha el sistema de granjas colectivas. El 20 de febrero de 1978 contrajo matrimonio con el actor de cine Vijaya Kumaratunga. Juntos lanzaron en 1984 el Partido Popular de Sri Lanka (SLMP), que se sumó al juego político en estrecha alianza con el SLNP, que sobrellevaba con dificultades su octavo año en la oposición al Gobierno de la formación conservadora rival, el Partido Nacional Unido (EJP) del presidente Junius Richard Jayewardene. El SLMP surgió como una reacción contra la línea impuesta en el SLNP por el propio hermano de Chandrika, Anura, acusado por ella de escorarse a la derecha. Cabeza de una facción rival, Anura se había hecho con las riendas del partido familiar en 1980 cuando su madre fue despojada de su escaño parlamentario y de sus derechos civiles por abusar de su poder como gobernante. Chandrika compatibilizó los puestos de vicepresidenta y, desde 1986, presidenta del SLMP con las pertenencias a los comités Ejecutivo y de Trabajo del SLNP, para los que fue nombrada el mismo 1984. En estos años, Kumaratunga cultivó también una faceta intelectual, como asesora de la FAO (1976-1979), editora del periódico Dinakara Sinhala Daily News (1977-1985), investigadora en el Instituto de Estudios de la Commonwealth adscrito a la Escuela de Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad de Londres (1988-1991), investigadora en la Universidad de las Naciones Unidas-Instituto Mundial de Investigaciones de Economía del Desarrollo (UNU- WIDER) y conferenciante en las universidades de Bradford (Reino Unido, 1989) y Jawaharlal Nehru (India, 1991). El asesinato el 16 de febrero de 1988 de Vijaya, presuntamente a manos de extremistas cingaleses (los magnicidios han sido una trágica constante en Sri Lanka), dejó a su esposa como líder indiscutible del SLMP, aunque su actividad política quedó drásticamente limitada al optar por marchar al Reino Unido, donde reemprendió las labores académicas en la UNU- http://www.cidob.org 2 of 10 WIDER y la Universidad de Londres. En 1992, sin dejar de pertenecer al SLMP, el SLNP le dio asiento en su Comité Central. Como responsable del aparato de organización, Kumaratunga se situó de hecho como número dos del partido detrás de su ya anciana madre, hasta recibir el puesto oficial de vicelíder. 2. Primera presidencia (1994-1999): plan de reforma territorial para terminar con la guerra civil En mayo de 1993 Kumaratunga resultó elegida primera ministra de la Western Province, en cuyo Gobierno, inaugurado el 2 de junio, asumió también las carteras de Orden Público, Finanzas y Planificación, Educación, Empleo y Asuntos Culturales. De cara a las elecciones generales de 1994, constituyó y se erigió en vicepresidenta de la Alianza del Pueblo (BNP), integrada por el SLMP, el SLNP y otras tres fuerzas progresistas: el Partido Comunista de Sri Lanka (CPSL), el Frente Democrático Nacional Unido (DUNF) y el Partido de la Sociedad Igualitaria (LSSP, trotskista). En las legislativas del 16 de agosto de 1994 la BNP obtuvo una mayoría relativa de 105 escaños con el 48,9% de los votos. Esto concedió el derecho a Kumaratunga, en tanto que cabeza de la lista más votada, a formar el Gobierno; el 19 de agosto prestó juramento como primera ministra, además de ministra de Finanzas y Planificación, Asuntos Étnicos e Integración Nacional, en sustitución de Ranil Wickremasinghe, del EJP. No obstante, la meta de Kumaratunga era la Presidencia de la República, un cargo que la Constitución de 1978 revestía de amplios poderes ejecutivos. En las elecciones al cargo del 9 de noviembre, Kumaratunga batió con un contundente 62,3% de los sufragios a su rival del EJP, Srima Dissanayake, cuyo esposo, Gamini Dissanayake, había sido asesinado semanas atrás por los extremistas tamiles. La prensa local, no sin cierto humor negro, describió la lid electoral como una "guerra de viudas", y en todo caso fue un testimonio notable de la singular escena política srilankesa. El 12 de noviembre de 1994 Kumaratunga se estrenó en la jefatura del Estado para un período de seis años, tomando el relevo a Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (del EJP y sucesor a su vez de Ranasinghe Premadasa, asesinado en mayo de 1993), y su primera decisión fue nombrar primera ministra a su propia madre, quien el 14 de noviembre volvió al Gobierno tras 22 años de travesía en la oposición y numerosas peripecias provocadas por su enfrentamiento con el EJP. Considerando lo avanzado de su edad, su mala salud y las propias limitaciones del puesto, se esperaba de la veterana estadista una gestión meramente técnica de las rutinas del Gabinete, descargando toda acción política en su hija. Kumaratunga retuvo las carteras ministeriales adquiridas en agosto y además añadió la de Defensa. No sólo se trató de la primera coincidencia en las dos altas magistraturas de una nación de una madre y una hija en la historia mundial, sino también de la primera vez que dos mujeres accedían a las mismas en un sistema republicano, existiendo el precedente británico de la reina Isabel II y la primera ministra Margaret Thatcher. Aunque Bandaranaike siguió como presidenta nominal del SLNP, desde ese momento la líder efectiva fue Kumaratunga. La gran victoria electoral de Kumaratunga respondió a un ansia popular de paz civil, de vivificación del sistema democrático y moralización de los usos políticos, capítulos que habían sufrido graves deterioros bajo los gobiernos nacionalistas y de los que el SLNP prometió ocuparse. En particular, la flamante presidenta había basado su campaña en la promesa de concluir la guerra civil con la organización armada Tigres de Liberación de Tamil-Eelam (LTTE), fundada en 1976 por antiguos estudiantes marxistas liderados por Velupillai Prabhakaran y cuya rebelión, a caballo entre la lucha guerrillera y el terrorismo puro y duro, había costado desde julio de 1983 unos 55.000 muertos. Los separatistas pretendían establecer en las provincias Eastern, Northern y North Western, es decir a todo lo largo de la franja oriental, septentrional y noroccidental de la isla, un espacio soberano para los tamiles de religión hindú, lengua propia y especificidades culturales que les vinculaban con los tamiles del sur de India. Esta entidad independiente recibía el nombre de http://www.cidob.org 3 of 10 Tamil-Eelam, que significa Tierra Tamil. Kumaratunga propuso a los LTTE un marco de tipo federal en el que unas autoridades provinciales elegidas democráticamente dispondrían de autogobierno en una serie de áreas. Las dos provincias reclamadas, Eastern y Northern, podrían fusionarse en una, la North Eastern, pero segregando las áreas donde que los cingaleses (muchos de ellos colonos) y los musulmanes de lengua tamil fueran mayoría.
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