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Page 1 of 22 Ford Motor Company

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in . His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. He was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents. As owner of the Ford Motor Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "", that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the , coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration. 's intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the but arranged for his family to Henry Ford (ca.1919)

History of Ford :

Ford was launched in a converted in 1902 with $31,000 in cash (approximately US $687 thousand, adjusted for inflation) from twelve investors, most notably John and Horace , who would later found the Dodge Brothers Motor Vehicle Company. Henry Ford was 40 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on to become one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the . The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years.

During its early years, the company produced a range of vehicles designated, chronologically, from the (1903) to the Model K and Model S (Ford's last right-hand steering model)[1] of 1907.[2] The K, Ford's first six-cylinder model, was knows as "the gentleman's " and "the silent cyclone", and sold for US$2800 (approximately US$63.8 thousand, adjusted for inflation);[3] by contrast, around that time, the Enger 40 was priced at US$2000,[4] the Colt US$1500,[5] the high-volume Runabout [6] US$650, Western's Gale Model A US$500,[7] and the Success hit the amazingly low US$250 (approximately US$5.7 thousand, adjusted for inflation).[8]

The next year, Henry Ford introduced the Model T. Earlier models were produced at a rate of only a few a day at a rented factory on Mack Avenue in , , with groups of two or three men working on each from components made to order by other companies (what would come to be called an "assembled car"). The first Model Ts were built at the Piquette Road Manufacturing Plant, the first company-owned factory. In its first full year of production, 1909, about 18,000 Model Ts were built. As demand for the car grew, the company moved production to the much larger Highland Park Plant, and in 1911, the first year of operation there, 69,762[9] Model Ts were produced, with 170,211 in 1912.[10] By 1913, the company had developed all of the basic techniques of the assembly line and mass production. Ford introduced the world's first moving assembly line that year, which reduced chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Ford assembly line (1913) Page 2 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY October to 2 hours 40 minutes (and ultimately 1 hour, 33 minutes),[11] and boosted annual output to 202,667 units that year[12] After a Ford ad promised profit-sharing if sales hit 300,000 between August 1914 and August 1915,[13] sales in 1914 hit 308,162, and 501,462 in 1915;[14] by 1920, production would exceed one million a year.

These innovations were hard on employees, and turnover of workers was very high, while increased productivity actually reduced labor demand.[15] Turnover meant delays and extra costs of training, and use of slow workers. In , Ford solved the employee turnover problem by doubling pay to $5 a day, cutting shifts from nine hours to an eight hour day for a 5 day work week (which also increased sales; a line worker could buy a T with less than four months' pay),[16] and instituting hiring practices that identified the best workers, including disabled people considered unemployable by other firms.[17] Employee turnover plunged, productivity soared, and with it, the cost per vehicle plummeted. Ford cut prices again and again and invented the system of franchised dealers who were loyal to his name. Wall Street had criticized Ford's generous labor practices when he began paying workers enough to buy the products they made.[18] While Ford attained international status in 1904 with the founding of Ford of , it was in 1911 the company began to rapidly expand overseas, with the opening of assembly plants in and , followed by (1923), (1925), (1925),[19] and (1925),[20] and also in (1924)[21] and (1925) as of Ford of Canada due to preferential tariff rules for Commonwealth countries. By the end of 1919, Ford was producing 50 percent of all in the , and 40% of all British ones;[22] by 1920, half of all cars in the U.S. were Model Ts. (The low price also killed the cyclecar in the U.S.)[23] The assembly line transformed the industry; soon, companies without it risked bankruptcy. Of 200 U.S. car makers in 1920, only 17 were left in 1940.[24]

It also transformed technology. Henry Ford is reported to have said, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black." Before the assembly line, Ts had been available in a variety of colors, including red, blue, and green, but not black. Now, paint had become a production bottleneck; only Black dried quickly enough, and not until Duco lacquer appeared in 1926 would other colors reappear on the T.[25]

In 1915, Henry Ford went on a peace mission to Europe Ford 1916 Model T Field Ambulance. This canvas aboard a ship, joining other pacifists in efforts to stop World War on wood frame model was used extensively by the I. This led to an increase in his personal popularity. Ford would British & French as well as the American subsequently Expeditionary Force in . Its top speed was 45 mph (72 km/h), produced by a 4 cylinder water cooled go on to support the war effort with the Model T becoming the underpinnings for Allied military vehicles, like the Ford 3-Ton M1918 tank, and the 1916 ambulance.

• 1896: Henry Ford builds his first vehicle – the Quadracycle – on a buggy frame with 4 wheels.

• 1898: Ford creates the Detroit Automobile Company; two and a half years later it is dissolved. • 1901: Ford wins high-profile car race in , Mi • 1901: Company is incorporated but discontinued the following year only to be reinvigorated by Henry Leland as the Motor Company

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 3 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY • 1903: Ford Motor Company incorporated with 11 original investors. The Model A "Fordmobile" is introduced - 1,708 cars are produced. • 1904: Ford Motor Company of Canada incorporated in Walkerville, • 1904: Henry Ford teams up with Harvey Firestone of Firestone • 1906: Ford becomes the top selling brand in the US, with 8,729 cars produced. • 1908: Model T is introduced. 15 million are produced through 1927. • 1909: Ford Motor Company (England) established, otherwise referred to as • 1911: Ford opens first factory outside North America – in , England. • 1913: The moving assembly line is introduced at Highland Park assembly plant, making Model T production 8 times faster. • 1913: Ford opens second world branch in Argentina as • 1914: Ford introduces $5 ($106, adjusted for inflation) workday minimum wage – double the existing rate. • 1918: Construction of the Rouge assembly complex begins. • 1919: Ford succeeds Henry as Company President. • 1921: Ford production exceeds 1 million cars per year, nearly 10 times more than - the next biggest selling brand. • 1922: Ford purchases for US $8 million ($102 million, adjusted for inflation). • 1925: Ford introduces Ford Tri-Motor airplane for airline services • 1926: is founded in , , Australia. • 1927: Model T production ends, Ford introduces the next generation Model A, from the Rouge complex. • 1929: Ford regains production crown, with annual production peaking at 1.5 million cars • 1931: Ford and Chevy begin to alternate as U.S. production leaders, in battle for automobile sales during the Great Depression. • 1932: Ford introduces the one-piece cast V8 block. It makes the Model 18 the first low-priced V8-powered car. • 1936: Lincoln-Zephyr is introduced. • 1938: The German consul at awards Henry Ford the Grand Cross of the German , the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner. There is some evidence Ford had Nazi sympathies, at least before World War II. He may have financed some Nazi activities, and was active in anti-semitic efforts. • 1939: division is formed to fill the gap between economical Fords and luxury Lincolns. Operated as a division at Ford until 1945 • 1941: The is introduced. Ford begins building general purpose "" for the military. First labor agreement with UAW-CIO covers North American employees. • 1942: Production of civilian vehicles halted, diverting factory capacity to producing B-24 Liberator bombers, tanks, and other products for the war effort. • 1943: dies of cancer at the age of 49, Henry Ford resumes presidency. • 1945: Henry Ford II becomes president. • 1945: Lincoln and Mercury are combined into a single division. • 1946: Ford sues the allies for damages done to his in Dresden during the infamous bombing, and wins compensation. • 1946: The , former US Army Air Force officers, are hired to revitalize the company. Automobile production resumes. • 1947: Henry Ford dies of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 83; Henry Ford II becomes new chairman. • 1948: F-1 Truck introduced. Lincoln Continental is introduced. • 1949: The '49 Ford introduces all-new post-war era cars. The "Woody" is introduced. • 1953 Ford Canada Headquarters and Car Plant opens in Oakville, Ontario • 1954: Thunderbird introduced as a personal with a V8. Ford begins crash testing, and opens Arizona Proving Grounds. • 1956: $10,000 ($79.3 thousand, adjusted for inflation) Lincoln Continental Mark II introduced. Ford goes public with common stock shares. Ford's emphasis on safety with is Lifeguard option package, including belts and dash padding, earns the company 's "" award.[38] RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 4 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY • 1957: Ford launches the Edsel brand of automobiles in the fall of 1957 as 1958 models. Ford is top selling brand, with 1.68 million automobiles produced. • 1959: Ford Credit Corporation formed to provide automotive financing. • 1959: Ford withdraws the 1960 model from the market in November 1959. • 1960: and compact introduced. • 1960: Robert Mcnamara is appointed President of Ford by Chairman Henry Ford II. • 1960: Ford President Robert McNamara appointed Secretary of Defense by President elect John F. Kennedy. • 1964: creates segment, Ford GT40 challenges and at LeMans. • 1965: Ford brand US sales exceed 2 million units. • 1965: Ford Galaxie 500 LTD debuts, advertised as quieter than a Rolls Royce • 1966: introduced. • 1967: is established. • 1967: Ford opens Talbotville car plant in St. Thomas, Ontario • 1968: Lincoln Mark Series is introduced as the company's first to compete with the • 1970: Ford establishes Asia Pacific operations. • 1972: Retractable seat belts introduced. • 1973: Ford US brand sales reaches an all time high of 2.35 million vehicles produced. • 1974: Ford Mustang II debuts as a smaller more economical pony car. • 1975: and Mercury introduced, Maverick continues • 1979: Ford acquires 25% stake in . • 1981: The and are introduced. • 1984: Ford and Mercury Topaz are introduced. • 1985: name launched based on several successful European vehicles. • 1985: introduced with dramatic "aero design" styling, along with . • 1987: Ford acquires and Hertz Rent-a-Car. • 1988: , built in Korea by is introduced. • 1989: Ford acquires Jaguar. Mazda MX-5 Miata is unveiled. • 1990: Ford Aerostar is Motor Trend's Truck Of The Year, while Lincoln Town Car is Motor Trend's Car Of The Year. • 1990: Merkur brand of automobiles production discontinued. • 1991: is introduced, turning the traditionally rural and recreational SUV into a popular family vehicle. • 1992: Ford Taurus becomes America's top selling car, displacing the Accord. • 1994: and Mercury Topaz are discontinued - replaced by Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique. • 1994: Ford Aspire replaces Festiva, becoming the first car in its class to offer standard dual air bags and optional 4-wheel ABS. • 1995: Ford's first front wheel drive V8 is introduced, the 4.6L V8-powered Lincoln Continental. • 1995: New front wheel drive minivan is introduced. Aerostar remains in production. Redesigned Ford Explorer released, now with standard safety features such as dual air bags, 4-wheel ABS as standard equipment. • 1996: Ford certifies all plants in 26 countries to ISO 9000 quality and ISO 14001 environmental standards. The V12-powered Jaguar XJS is discontinued. • 1996: Controversially redesigned "Ovoid" Ford Taurus and are introduced. Exit of leaves full size fleet market to . • 1996: Ford increases investment stake in a troubled Mazda Corporation to a controlling interest of 33.4%. • 1997: Full size 4-door SUV introduced replace the Ford Bronco. introduced. Redesigned Ford Escort and also introduced. • 1997: Ford Aerostar production ends, along with Ford Probe, , , Mazda MX-6, and Ford Aspire, without immediate replacement. RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 5 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY • 1997: Sculpted redesign of Ford's top-selling F-150 pickup, overcomes controversy to set sales records. • 1998: creates domestic luxury SUV class. Mark VIII is in its final year, introduces HID- . • 1999: Ford acquires car division from Volvo. Bill Ford becomes Chairman of the Board, replacing . • 1999: A smaller sporty Mercury Cougar is reintroduced with front wheel drive. • 1999: Jaguar Racing team is formed, with Jackie Stewart at the helm. • 1999: Ford splits its full-sized pick-ups into two distinct models (the first to do so) with the introduction of the Ford F-Series Super Duty (F-250 - F-550). (based on Super Duty) is introduced, and has the distinction of being the largest SUV sold anywhere. • 2000: Ford purchases Land brand from BMW. Lincoln LS and Jaguar S-Type are introduced, along with a refreshed Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable. The Lincoln LS becomes the 2000 Motor Trend Car of the Year. • 2001: Retro-styled Ford Thunderbird is introduced, based on the Lincoln LS/Jaguar S-Type DEW98 platform, and is also named Motor Trend Car of the Year for 2002. • 2002: Lincoln Continental is discontinued after a roughly fifty year run. Jaguar X-Type is introduced (first AWD Jaguar). • 2003: Ford Motor Company's 100th Anniversary. The Ford GT is released, along with limited Centennial editions of some Ford vehicles. • 2004: Jaguar Racing team sold to Red Bull GmbH. sales decline, losing the title as top-selling compact pickup. The similar Mazda B-series pickup is withdrawn from the US market. The Hybrid, the first -electric hybrid SUV, is introduced. Major redesign of the Ford F-150 and introduction of the Lincoln Mark LT. Ford Freestar and are introduced, replacing the Ford Windstar and . • 2005: Ford Mustang redesigned with retro styling reminiscent of the 1960s models. The , , and are introduced. Mercury Sable production ends, and Ford Taurus production is limited to rental car, taxi, and other fleet sales. • 2006: Ford Taurus ends production after a 20-year run. , Mercury , and Lincoln Zephyr introduced. Ford announces major restructuring program , which includes plans to shut unprofitable factories. Bill Ford steps down as CEO, remains as Executive Chairman. elected President and CEO. Ford Freestar and Mercury Monterey minivans are discontinued without replacement. Ford mortgages all assets to raise $23.4 billion cash in secured credit lines, in order to finance product development during restructuring through 2009.[37] According to J. D. Power and Associates quality surveys, the Ford Fusion is rated higher in quality than its chief rivals, the Camry and . • 2007: Ford reports losses of $12.7 billion for 2006. and Lincoln MKX introduced. The Lincoln Zephyr is replaced with the Lincoln MKZ. A redesigned Ford Expedition (including the longer "EL" version) and Lincoln Navigator are introduced. Ford unveils the and Lincoln MKR concept cars, and a pre-production Lincoln MKS is introduced. The Ford Five Hundred, Ford Freestyle and Mercury Montego nameplates are dropped and replaced with the previously retired Ford Taurus, Ford Taurus X, and Mercury Sable nameplates.[39] • 2007: Ford sells Aston Martin to a British consortium led by chairman David Richards,[40] and announces plans to sell Jaguar and . • 2008: Ford sells Jaguar and Land Rover to .

Corporate governance :

Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, known as the Glass House.Members of the board as of early 2007 are: Chief Sir John Bond, Richard Manoogian, Stephen Butler, Ellen Marram, Kimberly Casiano, Alan Mulally in RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Dearborn, Michigan, known as the Glass House. Page 6 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY (President and CEO), Edsel Ford II, Homer Neal, William Clay Ford Jr., Jorma Ollila, Irvine Hockaday Jr., John L. Thornton and William Clay Ford (Director Emeritus).[12]

The main corporate officers are: (Executive Vice President, Chairman (PAG) and Ford of Europe), Mark Fields (Executive Vice President, President of The Americas), Donat Leclair (Executive Vice President and CFO), Mark A. Schulz (Executive Vice President, President of International Operations) and Michael E. Bannister (Group Vice President; Chairman & CEO Ford Motor Credit).[12] Paul Mascarenas (Vice President of Engineering, The Americas Product Development)

Recent company developments :

During the mid to late , Ford sold large numbers of vehicles, in a booming American economy with soaring stock market and low fuel prices. With the dawn of the new century, legacy healthcare costs, higher fuel prices, and a faltering economy led to falling market shares, declining sales, and sliding profit margins. Most of the corporate profits came from financing consumer automobile loans through Ford Motor Credit Company.[13]

By 2005, corporate bond rating agencies had downgraded the bonds of both Ford and GM to junk status,[14] citing high U.S. health care costs for an aging workforce, soaring gasoline prices, eroding market share, and dependence on declining SUV sales for revenues. Profit margins decreased on large vehicles due to increased "incentives" (in the form of rebates or low interest financing) to offset declining demand.[15]

In the face of demand for higher and falling sales of minivans, Ford moved to introduce a range of new vehicles, including " SUVs" built on unibody car platforms, rather than more body-on-frame chassis. In developing the hybrid electric powertrain technologies for the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV, Ford licensed similar Toyota hybrid technologies[16] to avoid patent infringements.[17] Ford announced that it will team up with electricity supply company Southern Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings," according to Ford.[18][19]

In December 2006, the company raised its borrowing capacity to about $25 billion, placing substantially all corporate assets as collateral to secure the line of credit.[20] Chairman Bill Ford has stated that "bankruptcy is not an option".[21] In order to control its skyrocketing labor costs (the most expensive in the world), the company and the , representing approximately 46,000 hourly workers in North America, agreed to a historic contract settlement in November 2007 giving the company a substantial break in terms of its ongoing retiree health care costs and other economic issues. The agreement includes the establishment of a company-funded, independently-run Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (more commonly known as a VEBA) trust to shift the burden of retiree health care from the company's books, thereby improving its balance sheet. However, this arrangement will not begin to take effect until January 1, 2010. The agreement also gives hourly workers the job security they were seeking by having the company commit to substantial investments in most of its factories.

The automaker reported the largest annual loss in company history in 2006 of $12.7 billion,[22] and estimated that it would not return to profitability until 2009.[23] However, Ford surprised Wall Street in the second quarter of 2007 by posting a $750 million profit. Despite the gains, the company finished the year with a $2.7 billion loss, largely attributed to finance restructuring at Volvo.[24]

In June 2, 2008, Ford sold its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors for $2.3 billion.[25][26]

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 7 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY In January 2008, Ford launched a website listing the ten Built Ford Tough rules as well as a series of webisodes that parodied the show COPS.

During November 2008, Ford, together with and , sought financial aid at Congressional hearings in Washington D.C. in the face of worsening conditions caused by the crisis. The three companies presented action plans for the sustainability of the industry.[27] The Detroit based automakers were unsuccessful at obtaining assistance through Congressional legislation. GM and Chrysler later received assistance through the Executive Branch from the T.A.R.P. funding provisions.[28] On December 19, the cost of credit default swaps to insure the debt of Ford was 68 percent the sum insured for five years in addition to annual payments of 5 percent. That means it costs $6.8 million paid upfront to insure $10 million in debt, in addition to payments of $500,000 per year.[29] In January 2009, Ford announced a $14.6 billion loss in the preceding year, making 2008 its worst year in history. Still, the company claimed to have sufficient liquidity to fund its business plans and thus, did not ask for government aid. Through April 2009, Ford's strategy of debt for equity exchanges, erased $9.9 B in liabilities (28% of its total), in order to leverage its cash position.[30] This resulted in a $2.3 B 2nd Quarterly profit for 2009.

"The Way Forward" :

In the latter half of 2005, Chairman Bill Ford asked newly-appointed Ford Americas Division President Mark Fields to develop a plan to return the company to profitability. Fields previewed the Plan, dubbed The Way Forward, at the December 7, 2005 board meeting of the company; and it was unveiled to the public on January 23, 2006. "The Way Forward" includes resizing the company to match current market realities, dropping some unprofitable and inefficient models, consolidating production lines, and shutting fourteen factories and cutting 30,000 jobs.[31]

These cutbacks are consistent with Ford's roughly 25% decline in U.S. automotive market share since the mid-late 1990s. Ford's target is to become profitable again in 2009, a year later than projected.[citation needed] Ford's realignment also includes the sale of its wholly owned , Hertz Rent-a-Car to a private equity group for $15 billion in cash and debt acquisition. The sale was completed on December 22, 2005. A 50–50 with Mahindra and Mahindra Limited of , called Mahindra , Limited (MIFL), ended with Ford buying out Mahindra's remaining stake in the company in 2005.[32] Ford had previously upped its stake to 72% in 1998.[33]

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Ford also became President of the company in April 2006, with the retirement of Jim Padilla. Five months later, in September, he stepped down as President and CEO, and naming Alan Mulally as his successor. Bill Ford continues as Executive Chairman, along with an executive operating committee made up of Mulally, Mark Schulz, Lewis Booth, Don Leclair, and Mark Fields.

Online :

The domain ford.com attracted at least 11 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey.

Brands and marques :

Today, Ford Motor Company manufactures automobiles under several names including Lincoln and Mercury in the United States. In 1958, Ford introduced a new marque, the Edsel, but poor sales led to its discontinuation in 1960. Later, in 1985, the Merkur brand was introduced to market Fords from Europe in the United States; it met a similar fate in 1989.

Ford has major manufacturing operations in Canada, , the , Germany, , , Argentina, Australia, the People's Republic of , and several other countries, including South Africa where, following

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 8 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY divestment during apartheid, it once again has a wholly owned subsidiary. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with Russian automaker GAZ.

Ford acquired British maker Aston Martin in 1989, but sold it on March 12, 2007,[34] retaining a small minority stake,[35] and of . In November 2008 it reduced its 33.4% Controlling interest in Mazda of Japan, to a 13.4% non-controlling interest.[36][37] It shares an American joint venture plant in Flat Rock, Michigan called Auto Alliance with Mazda. It has spun off its parts division under the name .

Ford sold the United Kingdom-based Jaguar and Land Rover companies and brands to Tata Motors of India in March 2008.

Also in 2008, Ford Motor is in negotiations with Automotive Industry Corporation to sell its Volvo cars division.[38]

Ford's FoMoCo parts division sells aftermarket parts under the brand name.

Ford's non-manufacturing operations include organizations such as automotive finance operation Ford Motor Credit Company. Ford also sponsors numerous events and sports facilities around the nation, most notably Ford Center in downtown and in downtown Detroit.

Overall the Ford Motor Company controls the following operational car marques: Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, and Volvo Cars.

In 2008 the Lincoln-Mercury brand dropped on the American Customer Satisfaction Index list to 83, from 86 in 2007.

Global markets :

Initially, Ford Motor Company models sold outside the U.S. were essentially versions of those sold on the home market, but later on, models specific to Europe were developed and sold. Attempts to globalize the model line have often failed, with Europe's selling poorly in the United States as the Ford Contour, while U.S. models such as the Ford Taurus have fared poorly in Japan and Australia, even when produced in right hand drive. The small European model Ka, a hit in its home market, did not catch on in Japan, as it was not available as an automatic. The Mondeo was dropped by Ford Australia, because the segment of the market in which it competes had been in steady decline, with buyers preferring the larger local model, the Falcon. One recent exception is the European model of the Focus, which has sold strongly on both sides of the Atlantic.

From 2003, Toyota outsold Ford Motor worldwide.[39] From the second quarter 2006, Toyota has passed Ford as the #2 automaker, by sales, in the United States.[40]

Ford is in partnership talks to license hybrid technology from the Toyota Motor Corporation in a deal that could help establish Toyota's system as a standard for the industry.[41]

Europe :

At first, Ford in Germany and Ford in Britain built different models from one another until the late 1960s, with the Ford Escort and then the being common to both companies. Later on, the and Ford Cortina became identical, produced in left hand drive and right hand drive respectively. Rationalization of model ranges meant that production of many models in the UK switched to elsewhere in Europe, including and as well as

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 9 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Germany. The Ford Sierra replaced the Taunus and Cortina in 1982, drawing criticism for its radical aerodynamic styling, which was soon given nicknames such as "Jellymould" and "The Salesman's Spaceship."

Increasingly, the Ford Motor Company has looked to Ford of Europe for its "world cars," such as the Mondeo, Focus, and Fiesta, although sales of European-sourced Fords in the U.S. have been disappointing. In Asia, models from Europe are not as competitively priced as Japanese-built rivals, nor are they perceived as reliable. The Focus has been one exception to this, which has become America's best selling since its launch in 2000.[citation needed]

In February 2002, Ford ended car production in the UK. It was the first time in 90 years that Ford cars had not been made in Britain, although production of the Transit continues at the company's facility, at and , and transmissions at . Development of European Ford is broadly split between Dunton in (powertrain, Fiesta/Ka, and commercial vehicles) and (body, chassis, electrical, Focus, Mondeo) in Germany. Ford also produced the Thames range of commercial vehicles, although the use of this brand name was discontinued circa 1965. Elsewhere in continental Europe, Ford assembles the Mondeo range in (Belgium), Fiesta in (Spain) and Cologne (Germany), Ka in Valencia, and Focus in Valencia, (Germany) and Vsevolozhsk (). Transit production is in Kocaeli (Turkey), Southampton (UK), and Transit Connect in Kocaeli.

Ford also owns a joint-venture production plant in Turkey. Ford-Otosan, established in the 1970s, manufactures the Transit Connect compact as well as the "Jumbo" and long wheelbase versions of the full-size Transit. This new production facility was set up near Kocaeli in 2002, and its opening marked the end of Transit assembly in Genk.

Another joint venture plant near Setúbal in , set up in collaboration with , formerly assembled the Galaxy people-carrier as well as its sister ships, the VW Sharan and Seat Alhambra. With the introduction of the third generation of the Galaxy, Ford has moved the production of the people-carrier to the Genk plant, with Volkswagen taking over sole ownership of the Setubal facility.

In 2008, Ford acquired a majority stake in , . Starting 2009, Connect will be Ford's first model produced in Craiova, followed, in 2010, by low-capacity car engines and a new small class car.[42]

Ford Europe has broken new ground with a number of relatively futuristic car launches over the last 50 years.

Its 1959 Anglia two-door saloon was one of the most quirky-looking small family cars in Europe at the time of its launch, but buyers soon became accustomed to its looks and it was hugely popular with British buyers in particular. It was still selling well when replaced by the more practical Escort in 1967.

The third incarnation of the Ford Escort was launched in 1980 and marked the company's move from rear-wheel drive saloons to front-wheel drive in the small sector. It also offered levels of style, comfort and refinement which were almost unmatched on comparable cars of this era.

The fourth generation Escort was produced from 1990 until 2000, although its successor – the Focus – had been on sale since 1998. On its launch, the Focus was arguably the most dramatic-looking and fine-handling small family cars on sale, and sold in huge volumes right up to the launch of the next generation Focus at the end of 2004.

The 1982 Ford Sierra – replacement for the long-running and massively popular Cortina and Taunus models – was a style-setter at the time of its launch. Its ultramodern aerodynamic design was a world away from a boxy, sharp-edged Cortina, and it was massively popular just about everywhere it was sold. A series of updates kept it looking relatively fresh until it was replaced by the front-wheel drive Mondeo at the start of 1993.

The rise in popularity of small cars during the 1970s saw Ford enter the -car market in 1976 with its Fiesta . Most of its production was concentrated at Valencia in Spain, and the Fiesta sold in huge figures from the RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 10 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY very start. An update in 1983 and the launch of an all-new model in 1989 strengthened its position in the small car market.

Asia Pacific :

In Australia and , the popular Ford Falcon has long been considered the average family car and is considerably larger than the Mondeo, Ford's largest car sold in Europe. Between 1960 and 1972, the Falcon was based on a U.S. madel of the same name, but since then has been entirely designed and manufactured in Australia, occasionlly being manufactured in New Zealand. Like its General Motors rival, the Commodore, the Falcon utilizes a rear wheel drive layout. High performance variants of the Falcon running locally-built engines produce up to 362 hp (270 kW). A (short for "utility," known in the US as ) version is also available with the same range of . In addition, Ford Australia sells highly-tuned limited production Falcon sedans Ford dealership in Ho Chi Minh City, and utes through its performance car division, Vehicles. Vietnam (August 2005)

In Australia, the Commodore and Falcon have traditionally outsold all other cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand, Ford was second in market share in the first eight months of 2006 with 14.4 per cent.[43] More recently Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup – the Fairlane and LTD ranges, and announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant may be shut down from 2013. They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011.

However, with the acquisition of a stake in Japanese manufacturer Mazda in 1979, Ford began selling Mazda's Familia and Capella (also known as the 323 and 626) as the and Telstar, replacing the European-sourced Escort and Cortina.

In Australia, the Laser was one of Ford Australia's most successful models and was manufactured in Ford's Homebush plant from 1981 until the plant's closure in September 1994. It outsold the Mazda 323, despite being almost identical to it, due to the fact the Laser was manufactured in Australia and Ford was perceived as a local brand.

In New Zealand, the Ford Laser and Telstar were assembled alongside the Mazda 323 and 626 until 1997, at the Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in Wiri, Auckland. The Sierra wagon was also assembled in New Zealand, owing to the popularity of station wagons in that market.

Through its relationship with Mazda, Ford also acquired a stake in South Korean manufacturer Kia, which built the (Mazda-based) Ford Festiva from 1988 to 1993, and the Ford Aspire from 1994 to 1997 for export to the United States, but later sold their interest to Hyundai (which also manufactured the Ford Cortina until the 1980s). Kia continued to market the Aspire as the Kia Avella, later replaced by the Rio and once again sold in the US.

Ford's presence in Asia has traditionally been much smaller, confined to , Singapore, Hong Kong, the , and , where Ford has had a joint venture with Lio Ho since the 1970s. Ford began assembly of cars in Thailand in 1960, but withdrew from the country in 1976, and did not return until 1995, when it formed a joint venture with Mazda called Auto Alliance.[44]

Ford India began production in 1998 with its Ford Escort model, which was later replaced by locally produced in 2001. It has since added Fusion, Fiesta, Mondeo and Endeavour to its product line.

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 11 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY

In South America, Ford has had to face protectionist government measures in each country, with the result that it built different models in different countries, without particular regard to rationalization or economy of scale inherent to producing and sharing similar vehicles between the nations. In many cases, new vehicles in a country were based on those of the other manufacturers it had entered into production agreements with, or whose factories it had acquired. For example, the Corcel and Del Rey in Brazil were originally based on vehicles.

In 1987, Ford of Brasil and Ford of Argentina merged its operations with those of Volkswagen to form a company called Autolatina, with which it shared models. Sales figures and profitability were disappointing, and Autolatina was dissolved in 1995. With the advent of Mercosur, the regional common market, Ford was finally able to rationalize its product line- ups in those countries. Consequently, the Ford Fiesta and Ford EcoSport are only built in Brazil, and the only built in Argentina, with each plant exporting in large volumes to the neighboring countries. Models like the Ford Mondeo from Europe could now be imported completely built up. Ford of Brazil produces a pick-up truck version of the Fiesta, the Courier, which is also produced in South Africa as the in right hand drive versions.

Africa and

In Africa Ford's market presence has traditionally been strongest in South Africa and neighboring countries, with only trucks being sold elsewhere on the continent. Ford in South Africa began by importing kits from Canada to be assembled at its facility. Later Ford sourced its models from the UK and Australia, with local versions of the Ford Cortina including the XR6, with a 3.0 , and a Cortina 'bakkie' or pick-up, which was exported to the UK. In the mid-1980s Ford merged with a rival company, owned by Anglo American, to form the South African Motor Corporation ().

Following international condemnation of apartheid, Ford divested from South Africa in 1988, and sold its stake in Samcor, although it licensed the use of its brand name to the company. Samcor began to assemble as well, which affected its product line-up, which saw the European Fords like the Escort and Sierra replaced by the Mazda-based Laser and Telstar. Ford bought a 45 per cent stake in Samcor following the demise of apartheid in 1994, and this later became, once again, a wholly owned subsidiary, the Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa. Ford now sells a local sedan version of the Fiesta (also built in India and Mexico), and the Focus and Mondeo Europe. The Falcon model from Australia was also sold in South Africa, but was dropped in 2003.

Ford's market presence in the Middle East has traditionally been even smaller, partly due to previous Arab boycotts of companies dealing with Israel. Ford and Lincoln vehicles are currently marketed in ten countries in the region.[45] Saudi Arabia, , and the UAE are the biggest markets. Ford also established itself in Egypt in 1926, but faced an uphill battle during the 1950s due to the hostile nationalist business environment.[46] Ford's distributor in Saudi Arabia announced in February 2003 that it had sold 100,000 Ford and Lincoln vehicles since commencing sales in November 1986. Half of the Ford/Lincoln vehicles sold in that country were Ford Crown Victorias.[47] In 2004, Ford sold 30,000 units in the region, falling far short of General Motors' 88,852 units and Motors' 75,000 units.

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Environmental initiatives and alternative propulsion systems

Ford announced in late 2008 July that it will bring six of its more fuel-efficient European models to the U.S.[48]

Flexible fuel vehicles See also: Flexible fuel vehicle

Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to operate smoothly using a wide range of available fuel mixtures—from pure gasoline, to bioethanol-gasoline blends such as (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or E100 (neat hydrous ethanol) in Brazil. Part of the challenge of successful marketing alternative and flexible fuel vehicles in the U.S., is the general lack of establishment of sufficient Ford Research Center in . fueling stations, which would be essential for these vehicles to be attractive to a wide range of consumers. Significant efforts to ramp up production and distribution of E85 fuels are underway and expanding.[49]

Ford is also planning to produce 250,000 E85-capable vehicles a year in the US, adding to some 1.6 million already sold in the last 10 years.[50]

Current Ford E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles sold in North America and Europe are: [51] The Ford Focus Flexifuel was the • Ford F-150 first E85 flexible fuel vehicle • Ford Crown Victoria commercially available in the • Ford Focus European market. • Ford C-MAX • Ford Mondeo • Ford S-MAX • • Ford Taurus • • Ford Explorer • • Lincoln Town Car

Current Ford E100 Flex sold in the Brazilian market are: Brazilian Ford Fiesta Flex 1.6L. • Courier • Ford EcoSport • Ford Fiesta • Ford Focus • Ford Ka •

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 13 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Hydrogen

Ford also continues to study -powered electric powertrains, and has demonstrated hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine technologies, as well as developing the next-generation hybrid-electric systems. Compared with conventional vehicles, hybrid vehicles and/or fuel cell vehicles decrease air pollution emissions as well as sound levels, with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of noise health effects. 2006 Ford Escape Hybrid. Ford has launched the production of hydrogen-powered shuttle , using hydrogen instead of gasoline in a standard internal combustion engine, for use at airports and convention centers.[52] At the 2006 Greater Auto Show, Ford showcased a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a combined output of 174 hp (130 kW). It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model’s automatic . The centered position of the tank assists the vehicle reach a notable range of 350 miles (563 km), the farthest for a fuel cell vehicle so far. The fuel cell Explorer the first in a series of prototypes partly funded by the United States 2010 . Department of Energy to expand efforts to determine the feasibility of hydrogen- powered vehicles. The fuel cell Explorer is one of several vehicles with green technology Ford being featured at the L.A. show, including the 2008 Ford Escape Hybrid, PZEV emissions compliant Fusion and Focus models and a 2008 Ford F- Series Super Duty outfitted with Ford's clean diesel technology.

Electric vehicles

Ford Motor Co. expects electric vehicles will represent a "major portion" of its lineup a decade from now as the automaker breaks away from a recent reliance on pickup Mulally (second from left) trucks and SUVs. The stakes are high because Ford's stepped-up investment is with then-President George W. coming at a time when the U.S. government is demanding steep increases in fuel Bush at the City economy and has put money forward to help automakers adopt new fuel-saving Assembly plant in Claycomo, technologies.[53] on March 20, 2007, touting Ford's new hybrid cars. Hybrid electric vehicles Main article: Hybrid

In 2004 both Ford and Toyota agreed on a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology patented by Toyota, in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of their own patents.[54][55][56]

Ford did improve fuel efficiency during 2005, with the introduction of the Hybrid-Electric Escape. With this vehicle, Ford was third to the automotive market with a and the first hybrid electric SUV to market. This was also the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85.[57] The Escape's platform mate was also available with the hybrid-electric system in the 2006 model year—a full year ahead of schedule. The similar will also receive a hybrid-electric powertrain option, along with many other vehicles in the Ford vehicle line.

In 2005 Ford announced its goal to make 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010, but by mid-2006 announced that it would not meet that goal, due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and system components.[58] Instead, Ford has committed to accelerating development of next-generation hybrid- RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 14 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY electric power plants in Britain, in collaboration with Volvo. This engineering study is expected to yield more than 100 new hybrid-electric vehicle models and derivatives. There are also plans for hybrid versions of the Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX.

Ford announced on 2007-07-09 that it will team up with Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug- in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million- dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings," according to Ford.[18][19]

On June 12, 2008 USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a 10-kilowatt (13 hp) lithium-ion battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to 30 miles (48 km) at speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h).[59]

In March 2009 Ford launched to the U.S. market the Ford Fusion Hybrid and the Hybrid, both as 2010 models.[60]

Ford is going to introduce a plug-in hybrid challenge the Chevy Volt by 2012[53][61] and more charge-maintaining hybrids (traditional gas-electric hybrids), beginning with one in 2011.

Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles:

• 2004– Ford Escape Hybrid • 2006– Mercury Mariner • 2009– Ford Fusion Hybrid/Mercury Milan • 2009/10– Ford Edge/Lincoln MKX

All-electric vehicles Main article: All-electric vehicle

Ford ended the Think City experiment and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed, even as many of the people leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and , Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale.

Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of an , a Ford Ranger EV, while the company contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver electric postal based on the Ranger EV platform..Ford discontinued a line of electric Ranger pickup trucks and ordered them destroyed, though it reversed in January 2005, after environmentalist protest.[62]

The North American Focus has been modified to take batteries. The variant, known as the Focus RV, is planned to be launched in 2011. Ford plans to have 10,000 of these battery-powered cars on the road beginning in 2011 in partnership with Magna International and it will be a global vehicle that will be sold in the three key markets of North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. The Focus compact can travel about 160 kilometres before it needs to be charged.[63][64]

Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles:[53][61]

• 2010 All-electric commercial van. • 2011 All-electric small car in 2011 (Ford Focus RV). RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 15 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Ford battery electric vehicle (BEV) demonstrators are included in a British project that is part of the UK government's zero carbon vehicle fleet of Focus BEVs . The BEV demonstrator fleet is being developed partly with public funding from the government's Technology Strategy Board (TSB), which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce CO2 while benefiting the UK's transport system[65]

Compressed

The alternative fossil fuel vehicles, such as some versions of the Crown Victoria especially in fleet and taxi service, operate on —or CNG. Some CNG vehicles have dual fuel tanks – one for gasoline, the other for CNG – the same engine can operate on either fuel via a selector switch.

Increased fuel efficiency All Ford's models with EcoBoost engines are identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge.

Ford Motor Company announced it will accelerate its plans to produce more fuel-efficient cars, changing both its North American manufacturing plans and its lineup of vehicles available in the United States. In terms of North American manufacturing, the company will convert three existing truck and sport utility vehicle (SUV) plants for small car production, with the first conversion starting in December at its Michigan Truck Plant. In addition, Ford's assembly plants All Ford's models with EcoBoost near , Mexico, and in Louisville, , will convert from engines are identified by Ford's pickups and SUVs to small cars, including the Ford Fiesta, by 2011. Ford will leaf road logo badge. also introduce to North America six of its European small vehicles, including two versions of the Ford Fiesta, by the end of 2012. And last but not least, Ford is stepping up its production of fuel- efficient "EcoBoost" V-6 and four-cylinder engines, while increasing its production of hybrid vehicles. See the Ford press release.

Given Ford's new emphasis on its European vehicles, a virtual trip to the British International Motor Show in London is in order. Ford is displaying five models of its all-new Fiesta at the auto show, which opened to the public on July 23. Among the models on display is the world debut of Ford's "ECOnetic" version of the Ford Fiesta, which combines more aerodynamic styling, a lowered suspension, low-rolling-resistance tires, low-friction oil, and a specially tuned, turbocharged, direct-injection . As a result, it achieves 63.6 miles per US gallon (3.70 L/100 km; 76.4 mpg- imp) on the European combined test cycle, which generally yields higher fuel economy numbers than the U.S. test methods (note also that the U.K. gallon is about 20% larger than the U.S. gallon, so we've adjusted these numbers accordingly). The standard diesel version of the Fiesta achieves 52.3 mpg, while diesel versions of the European Ford Focus achieve 52.3 mpg for most body styles and 54.7 mpg for the ECOnetic model. Of course, the United States has stricter emissions rules than in Europe, so it may not be possible for Ford to offer similar models in the United States.[citation needed]

Ford has challenged University teams to create a vehicle that is simple, durable, lightweight and come equipped with a base target price of only $7,000 The students from Aachen University created the “2015 ”.[66][67]

In 2000, under the leadership of the current Ford chairman, William Clay Ford, the Company announced[68] a planned 25 percent improvement in the average mileage of its light truck fleet – including its popular SUVs – to be completed by the 2005 calendar year. In 2003, Ford announced that competitive market conditions and technological and cost challenges would prevent the company from achieving this goal.[69]

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 16 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Researchers at the University of have, however, listed Ford as the seventh-worst corporate producer of air pollution, primarily because of the manganese compounds, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and glycol ethers released from its casting, truck, and assembly plants.[70] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has linked Ford to 54 Superfund toxic waste sites, twelve of which have been cleaned up and deleted from the list.[71]

For the 2007 model year, Ford had thirteen U.S. models that achieve 30 miles per gallon or better (based on the highway fuel economy estimates of the EPA and several of Ford’s vehicles were recognized in the EPA and Department of Energy Fuel Economy Guide for best-in-class fuel economy. Ford claimed to have eliminated nearly three million pounds of smog-forming emissions from their U.S. cars and light trucks over the 2004 to 2006 model years.[72]

Auto racing

NASCAR: NASCAR Ford Fusion race car

Ford is one of four manufacturers in NASCAR's three major series: Sprint Cup Series, Nationwide Series, and Camping World Truck Series. Major teams include and Yates Racing. Ford is represented by the mid-size Fusion in the Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series, and by the F-150 in the Camping World Truck Series. Some of the most successful NASCAR Fords were the aerodynamic and Mercury Montegos, and the aero-era Ford Thunderbirds. The Ford nameplate has won eight manufacturer's championships in Sprint Cup, while Mercury has won one. NASCAR Ford Fusion race car Formula One Rubens Barrichello driving for the Stewart Grand Prix team in 1997

Ford was heavily involved in Formula One for many years, and supplied engines to a large number of teams from 1967 until 2004. These engines were designed and manufactured by , the racing division that was owned by Ford from 1998 to 2004. Ford-badged engines won 176 Grands Prix between 1967 and 2003 for teams such as and McLaren. Ford entered Rubens Barrichello driving Formula One as a constructor in 2000 under the Jaguar Racing name, after for the Stewart Grand Prix buying the Stewart Grand Prix team which had been its primary 'works' team in team in 1997 the series since 1997. Jaguar achieved little success in Formula One, and after a turbulent five seasons, Ford withdrew from the category after the 2004 season, selling both Jaguar Racing (which became ) and Cosworth (to Gerald Forsythe and ).[73]

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Rally driving the Ford Focus RS WRC 08 in 2008. Main article: BP-

Ford has a long history in and has been active in the since the beginning of the world championship, the 1973 season. Ford took the 1979 manufacturers' title with , Björn Waldegård and driving the Ford Escort RS1800. In the era, Ford achieved success with Ford RS200. Since the 1999 season, Ford has used various versions of the Ford Focus WRC to much success. In the 2006 season, Mikko Hirvonen driving the BP-Ford World Rally Team secured Ford its second manufacturers' title, with Ford Focus RS WRC 08 in the Focus RS WRC 06 built by M-Sport and driven by Flying Finns Marcus 2008. Grönholm and Mikko Hirvonen.[74] Continuing with Grönholm and Hirvonen, Ford successfully defended the manufacturers' world championship in the 2007 season. Ford is the only manufacturer to score in the points for 92 consecutive races; since the 2002 season opener .[75]

Sports cars Ford GT40 Main article: Ford GT#Racing

Ford sports cars have been visible in the world of endurance racing since the 1960s. Most notably the GT40 won the prestigious each year from 1966 to 1969. It still stands today as one of the all-time greatest racing cars and as the only American car to ever win overall at Le Mans. In 2007 Swiss Matech Racing in collaboration with Ford Racing opened a new chapter in the annals of the Ford GT. Matech Racing won the Teams title in the 2008 FIA GT3 European Championship. Ford GT40

Ford Mustang GT (racing GT car) Main article: Ford Mustang#Racing

The Ford Mustang has arguably been Ford's most successful sports car. The Mustang won the SCCA Pro B National Championship in 1965 at the hands of Jerry Titus. Ford won the SCCA Trans-Am Championship in 1966 and 1967 with the Mustang and again in 1970 with Parnelli Jones and George Folmer driving Boss 302 Mustangs for Bud Moore Engineering. Ford took the 1985 and Ford Mustang GT (racing 1986 IMSA GTO Championship with Mustangs driven by John Jones and Scott GT car) Pruett before returning to Trans-Am glory with a championship in 1989 with RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 18 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Dorsey Schrader. Ford dominated Trans-Am in the 1990s with Tommy Kendal winning championships in 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997 with Paul Gentilozi adding yet another title in 1999. In 2005 the Ford Mustang FR500C took the championship in the Rolex Koni Challenge Series in its first year on the circuit. In 2007 and 2008 Eric De Doncker won the GT4 European Cup at the wheel of a Mustang FR500C.[76] 2008 is the first year of the Mustang Challenge for the Miller Cup a new series which pits a full field of identical factory built Ford Mustang race cars against each other. Also in 2008 Ford won both the drivers and manufacturers championship in the Koni Challenge Series with Joe Foster and Steve Maxwell driving HyperSport.

Touring cars Ford car Ford Falcon at Eastern Creek in Australia 2008. Main article: Ford Performance Racing

Ford has campaigned touring cars such as the Focus, Falcon, and Contour/Mondeo and the Sierra Cosworth in many different series throughout the years. Notably, the Mondeo finished 1,2,3 in the British Ford Performance Racing car Championship in 2000, and Falcon drivers finished 1,2,3 in the 2005 V8 Ford Falcon at Eastern Creek Championship Series. in Australia 2008. Other

In the 500, Ford powered IndyCars won 17 times between 1965 and 1996. Ford has also branched out into drifting with the introduction of the new model Mustang. Most noticeable is the Turquoise and Blue Falken Tires Mustang driven by Vaughn Gittin Jr, A.K.A. "JR". with 750 RWHP (Rear Wheel Horsepower). In drag racing, John Force has piloted his Drag Ford Mustang to several NHRA funny-car titles in recent seasons. Formula Ford, a formula for single-seater cars without wings and originally on road tires were conceived in 1966 in the UK as an entry-level formula for racing drivers. Many of today's racing drivers started their car racing careers in this category.

Ford trucks 1961 Ford H-Series trucks 1939 Ford pick-up truck

Ford has produced trucks since 1908. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles are or were made include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada (badged Mercury too), France, Germany, India, , Philippines, Spain (badged Ebro too), Turkey, UK (badged also and Thames) and USA.

Most of all these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longer was the lorries arm of Ford of Britain, that was eventually sold to group in 1986, and whose last significant models were the Transcontinental and the Cargo.

In the USA, Ford's heavy trucks division (Classes 7 and 8) was sold in 1997 to , now part of Daimler AG, 1961 Ford H-Series trucks which rebranded it as Sterling and augmented the lineup with rebranded trucks from Freightliner and Dodge; the division is currently shutting down operations.[77] Ford continues building medium class trucks with RAGHAVENDRA YADAV 1939 Ford pick-up truck Page 19 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY the F-650 and F-750 Ford F-Series and recently introduced the LCF series similar in design to the trucks of the past.

Bus products

Ford has manufactured buses in the company's early history, but today, Ford's role has changed to that of a second stage manufacturer. In North America, the E-Series is still used as a chassis for small school buses and the F-650 is used in commercial markets. In the 1980s and 1990s, the medium-duty B700 was a popular chassis used by school bus body manufacturers, but Ford lost its market share due to industry contraction and agreements between body manufacturers.

Ford Ford

The "Henry Ford and Son Company" began making Fordson tractors in Henry's hometown of Springwells (later part of Dearborn, Michigan from 1907 to 1928, from 1919 to 1932, at , and 1933–1964 at Dagenham, England, later transferred to . They were also produced in Leningrad beginning in 1924. Ford tractor In 1986, Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler, hay tools and implement company from Sperry Corporation and formed Ford- New Holland which bought out Versatile tractors in 1988. This company was bought by in 1993 and the name changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. New Holland is now part of CNH Global.

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Sales

Calendar Year American sales

1999[78] 4,163,369

2000 4,202,820

2001 3,971,364

2002[79] 3,623,709

2003 3,483,719

2004[80] 3,331,676

2005 3,153,875

2006[81] 2,901,090

2007 2,507,366

2008[82] 1,988,376

RAGHAVENDRA YADAV Page 21 of 22 FORD MOTOR COMPANY

Ford Motor Company

Type Public (NYSE: F) Founded June 16, 1903 Founder(s) Henry Ford Headquarters Dearborn, Michigan, United States Area served Worldwide

William C. Ford, Jr.

(Executive Chairman) Key people Alan R. Mulally

(President) & (CEO)

Industry Automotive Mainstream/Performance vehicles Products Automotive parts

Services Automotive finance, Vehicle leasing, Vehicle service

Revenue ▼ US$146.277 billion (2008)[1]

Operating income ▼ US$(-9.293) billion (2008)[2]

Net income ▼ US$(-14.672) billion (2008)[1] Total assets ▼ US$222.977 billion (2008)[3] Total equity ▼ US$(-17.311) billion (2008)[3]

[4] 87,700 (US, 2008) Employees [5] 213,000 (World, 2008)

Ford Credit Ford division Divisions Lincoln Mercury

Automotive Components Holdings Subsidiaries Mazda (13% minority) Volvo (cars only)

Website Ford.com

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RAGHAVENDRA YADAV