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Evolution of Ubiquitous Computing with Sensor Networks in Urban Environments

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Evolution of Ubiquitous Computing with Sensor Networks in Urban Environments Evolution of Ubiquitous Computing with Sensor Networks in Urban Environments Eiko Yoneki University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory Cambridge CB3 0FD, United Kingdom [email protected] ABSTRACT of smart WSNs with a bigger network such as the Internet A significant increase in real world event monitoring capability increases the coverage area and application domain of the with wireless sensor networks will lead to a further evolution of ad hoc network. Based on such a technological vision, new ubiquitous computing. This paper describes this evolution, lead- types of applications will rely on ad hoc connections between ing to humans being connected to the real world via comput- nearby nodes to establish multi-hop dynamic routes in order ers without awareness. We address an ad hoc communication to propagate data and messages between out-of-range nodes. paradigm, a data-centric approach, and a middleware’s task, to Sensors could be attached to any object, which may move understand the ultimate goal of this new world. We also briefly around, or be placed stationally. Furthermore sensors could explain our upcoming new traffic monitoring project in the city be attached to the human body creating Personal Area Net- of Cambridge. work (PAN). The communication among objects, humans, and computers happens at home, at an office, on a street, at EMERGENCE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NET- the train station, in a car, in a restaurant, or in other places at any time. Fig.1 shows application spaces for ubiquitous WORKS computing with WSNs. Ubiquitous Computing opens com- The evolution of cyber space started from mainframe com- munications over tiny sensor networks through Internet scale puters and moved to PCs. Then Internet glues comput- peer-to-peer networks. WSNs on local ad hoc communica- ers for information sharing. Later, ubiquitous computing tions may connect occasionally to the Internet via gateway named as the third wave by Mark Weiser [5]. A rapid in- or mobile nodes, which collect the data from an isolated crease of event monitoring capability by wireless devices ad hoc network, or delay/connection tolerant networks [2], brought a further evolution in ubiquitous computing. This where the ad hoc network itself could be created based on new paradigm is about networked microprocessors embed- the social contacts. ded in everyday objects, surrounding us, talking to each other over wireless links. There will be small nodes with sensing and wireless communication capabilities and they DATA CENTRIC APPROACH are able to organize themselves flexibly into a network for WSNs revolutionize information gathering and processing data collection and delivery [1]. Wireless Sensor Networks both in urban environments and inhospitable terrain. Sen- (WSNs), which are composed of wireless sensor nodes dis- sors can detect atomic pieces of information, and the infor- tributed in the environment, include various sensors (e.g., mation gathered from different devices will be analyzed and cameras as vision sensors, microphones as audio sensors, and provide data that has never been obtained before without temperature sensors). Each node is equipped with a wire- these technologies. Combining regional sensed data from the less communication transceiver, sensor, power supply unit, different locations spawns further information. Localized al- machine controllers, and microcontrollers on a MEMS (Mi- gorithms, in which simple local node behavior achieves a cro Electro Mechanical System) chip which are only several desired global object, may be necessary for sensor network millimeters square. coordination. Modeling such system is attempted by study- ing biological systems, distributed robotics, and amorphous AD HOC COMMUNICATIONS computing. These WSNs can cover a large space by integrating data An important issue is that the sensed data should be fil- from many sensors, and can gather diverse and precise in- tered, correlated, and managed at the right time and place formation on the environment. Moreover, the integration when they flow over heterogeneous network environments. It is not easy to provide reliable and useful data among the massive information from WSNs. Mining new information from sensed data is one thing, and deploying how to obtain Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for the desirable information over WSNs is another thing. Com- personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are bining both approaches will enhance data quality, including not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies users intentions such as receiving data, providing data and bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to passing data. Imagine an urban scenery such at a train sta- republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. tion, and your phone obtains a high volume unwanted data. UbiComp'05 September 10-11, 2005, Tokyo, Japan At the same time, data should be managed as openly as Copyright 2005 ACM 1-58113-964-0/05/0003 ...$5.00. possible. 1 Sensor Types ¢ £ ¡ ¤ ¦ ¦ ¥ §¨ § © ¤ ¦ ¥ §¥ © © ¥ § © § © ¤ ¥§ © ¤ ¤ ¦ § § © © ¦ § §§ © © ¤ § ! ¤ ¤ ¦ ¥ © t g t y c on m i n e y t r j e s o l d r e i t n b e r o i t C u O P R Bu S C o - # & + $ ($)*$ , ' % Scale / . & + ($ 0* , % Sparse ' - " 1/km 1 & + *2 ' 4 - 3 - - 9 - 6 = & & * 2 * > ,2 $7 ' 6 & 5 + $ , * 7 ' " ? ? C @A DAEF 1/m B G Dense H I@F JA F B - - 9: ; - 8 # + *, * , * 4 < ' ' Application Space 1/cm " Density Figure 1: Application Spaces for Ubiquitous Computing with WSNs MIDDLEWARE’S TASK uitous society. From social aspects, with use of sensed data, The middleware in sensor networks can be defined as soft- issues will be who can trace whom, who can obtain data, ware that provides data aggregation and management mech- who controls the technology and use (user, government, or anisms, adapting to the target applications need, where data device owner), monitoring the society vs. risk control, and are collected from sensor networks. This functionality must protection of privacy and security. Who should be controlled be well integrated within the scheme of ubiquitous comput- of cyber meetings by ubiquitous devices could be of political ing. The middleware should offer an open platform for users interest. From cultural aspects, different degrees of ubiqui- to seamlessly utilize various resources in physically interact- tousness may be considered such as SMS (Short Message ing environments, unlike the traditional closed network set- Service) vs. email, or adhocracy vs. deep thinkers. Also ting for specific applications. One of the important issues how we establish a common ground for the innovation in in- here is to support an unambiguous event correlation mech- frastructure of the society and how to set rules over network anism over time and space in heterogeneous network envi- use should be addressed. From the economic aspect, real- ronments, where middleware should take an active role [6]. time sensing will become a new business, and an industry The trend of system architecture to support such platforms will form a new infrastructure for micro payments of new is towards service broker grids based on service manage- business. ment. When designing the middleware for sensor networks, heterogeneity of information over global distributed systems TRANSPORT MONITORING PROJECT must be considered. The sensed information by the devices is aggregated and combined into higher-level information or An upcoming project Transport Information Monitoring En- knowledge. vironment (TIME) at the University of Cambridge is a frame- work for research, application development and deployment ULTIMATE GOAL OF UBIQUITOUS COM- for transport monitoring in the city of Cambridge in United Kingdom. PUTING Cambridge lies approximately 50 miles (80 km) north- What is the ultimate goal of ubiquitous computing? Hu- northeast of London and is surrounded by a number of mans develop the earth in a technology centric way that smaller towns and villages. The population is around 125,000 is bringing pollution, global warming, and extinction of ani- (including 23,000 students). Because of its rapid growth mals. We need to better understand the nature and environ- since the 20th century, Cambridge has a congested road ments, so that our lives improve. What surface of the roads network. Several major roads intersect at Cambridge (see will prevent raising the temperature in tropical countries? Fig.2). The M11 motorway from east London terminates What will prevent freezing the road surface to avoid traffic here. The A14 road east-west trunk route skirts the north- accidents in snow countries? How much is a green belt in a ern edge of the city. This is a major freight route connecting city necessary to produce sufficient oxygen ecologically and the port on the east coast with the Midlands, North Wales, how to improve airplane path control systems with increas- the west coast and Ireland. The A14 road is considered ing possible paths and at the same time avoiding collisions. by many local people to be dangerous, and unnecessarily Now, we have new sets of data that will give entirely new congested. This is particularly true of the section between information to improve our lives on earth. Huntingdon and Cambridge, where the east-west traffic is When smart space is created in an urban society, our life merged with the A1 road to M11 motorway north-south style will get impacts. Communications among family could traffic on just a 2-lane dual carriageway. The A10 road expand via instant messaging when you are in remote lo- is a former Roman road from north London. The city has cations that may tie the relation tighter. Business will be a ring road about 2km in diameter, inside which there are processed over the wireless networks that may produce ex- traffic restrictions intended to improve conditions for pedes- tra time for better life.
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